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Food Security & Nutrition Experts 1
FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY POLICY
The Profile of Food and Nutrition
Security
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 2
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROFILE OF FOOD & NUTRITION SECURITY
–Nutritional Status–National food balance–Production–Consumption–Stability–Cross-cutting issues
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 3
Nutritional status
Chronic and acute malnutrition
Micronutrient malnutrition
Mortality trends
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 4
Chronic and acute Chronic and acute malnutritionmalnutrition
49
48.7
56.4
57.3
25 27.2
31
30.6
5.5 5.4 3.8 3.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
Stunting Underweight Wasting
2000 DHS
1992 DHS
1981 NSSA
1994 NSSA
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 5
Prevalence of chronic energy Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED – BMI<18.5)deficiency (CED – BMI<18.5)
1992 MDHS1992 MDHS(%)(%)
2000 MDHS2000 MDHS(%)(%)
National CED 9.8 8.8
Regional CED•North•Centre•South
7.27.3
12.4
7.57.79.9
Residential CED•Urban•Rural
7.110.1
5.59.4
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 6
Micronutrient Malnutrition - 2001Micronutrient Malnutrition - 2001
Group Anaemia (%) WHO class VAD (%)
Preschool 79.7 Severe 59.2
School age 22.3 Moderate 38.3
Women 27.0 Moderate 57.4
Men 17.4 Mild 36.9
Only 36% of Only 36% of households consume households consume
adequately iodised adequately iodised salt (salt (25 ppm)25 ppm)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 7
Mortality Trends
Indicator 1986 -1990 1991 - 1995
1996 - 2000
NMR/1000 51.9 50.4 41.8
IMR/1000 135.5 122.7 103.8
UMR/1000 247.4 219.7 188.6
MMR/100,000 N/a 620 1120
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 8
National food balance
• 1961- 1995 food deficit in 19 out of 34 years
• 1995- 2003 food deficit in 5 out of 8 years
• In 2004, there is a high likelihood of food deficit in the southern region
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 9
Domestic Production
Food production index Maize production trend Estate and smallholder agriculture Agriculture as % of recurrent
expenditure Constraints to agricultural
production
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 10
Food Production Index (Annual % Change)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: World Development Indicators 2003
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 11
MAIZE PRODUCTION IN METRIC TONNES 1982/83 - 2001/02
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
2,200,000
198
2/83
198
3/84
198
4/85
198
5/86
198
6/87
198
7/88
198
8/89
'198
9/90
199
0/91
199
1/92
199
2/93
199
3/94
199
4/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
year
Tota
l Pro
duct
ion
(mt)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 12
Smallholder Versus Largescale Agriculture (% of GDP) [1978-2004]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Largescale [Estate] Agriculture
Smallscale Agriculture
Total Agriculture Sector / GDP ratio
Source: NSO & Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (EP&D)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 13
Share of Agriculture in Total Recurrent Expenditure
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 14
Constraints to agriculture production
• Small landholdings < 0.5 ha• Low soil fertility• Dependence on rain fed agriculture• Limited access to agriculture inputs• Limited access to credit• Labour shortages on own farm due to ganyu• Declining land and labour productivity due to
– Population pressure– HIV/AIDS– High input costs
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 15
Constraints to agriculture production continued
• Maize pricing– 1995/96 price band introduced– Price band abolished in 2001/02– Government still controlling maize price currently at
K10/kgConsequences• Maize flows out due to the artificially low at MK10/kg• No incentive for farmers to produce more maize than
they need.• No incentive for estates to grow maize• Private traders cannot plan for imports
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 16
Input/output marketing• Output marketing liberalized; maize and
tobacco exports controlled.• Imports of raw agricultural products subject to
duty-free entry.• Malawi remains a net food importer • Private sector participation in import and
export trade in food is liberalized and active• Export and Import bans effected.
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 17
Exports & Imports (in MK'000)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Imports of Goods (fob)
Exports of Goods (fob)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 18
Consumption
• Declining income levels
• Inequalities in consumption
• Dietary patterns
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 19
Chart2: GNI per capita (Atlas Method, current US$)
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
25019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Cu
rren
t U
S$
Source: World Bank :World Development Indicators 2003
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 20
Inequalities in consumption• 2/3 of population unable to meet the
minimum energy requirements (i.e.,2200 Kilocalorie)
• 64% of population below poverty line• 65% of rural population below poverty
line• The poorest 20% consume 6% of total
national consumption• The richest 10% consume 32%
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 21
type of safety net programes recommended
for Malawi • Expanded Public works programmes • Targeted inputs program • Targeted nutrition programs • Direct voucher transfer to disadvantaged
groups
Are these safety nets effective for enhancing food security
Are they useful for development or how about during disasters??
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 22
Challenges for implementation of safety
nets• identification of appropriate type of safety nets
• targeting of the safety nets to the vulnerable groups
• financial, human and institutional capacity to implement
• effective monitoring systems to ensure effective delivery
• phasing out strategy
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 23
Dietary patterns • General diet – BULKY with LOW meal
frequency• Infant and young child feeding practices (98%
breastfeeding, 72% initiated within 1 hour BUT EBF only 63% (2000) up from 3% 1992.– Complementary food – plain porridge mostly
cereal based (about 80%), BULKY with low frequency eg.
<4 months 0.34-5 months 1.46-9 months 1.5
Source: MDHS, 2000
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 24
Stability
• Disasters and emergencies
• Seasonality of food production
• Food and nutrition security information systems
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 25
Occurrence and impact of disasters in Malawi
• Floods and drought, most frequent natural disasters in Malawi
1991/92 drought: National maize production fell by nearly 60% to 657,000 MT
• In 2001, floods occurred in 13 districts, contributed to about 32% drop in maize output
• 2002/2003-food crisis the government spent about US$80 million to import maize
• WFP has spent >US$250 million on food aid for Malawi in the past 25 years due to disasters
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 26
Tools for disaster management
• Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act, 1991. Provisions of the act include establishment of:– Office of the Commissioner – capacity limited– National Disaster Preparedness and Relief
Committee (NDPRC)– A disaster fund – not yet established/ not
budgeted for– Disaster management plan – still in draft since
1997
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 27
Tools for disaster management continued
• Strategic grain reserve (SGR) established in 1981 with capacity of 180,000 tones – objectives and uses of the SGR – not well
defined– management and financing of the SGR & NFRA
problematic– size of the SGR (physical stocks or financial
resources)– High cost of maintaining physical stocks
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 28
Current data/information domains relevant to FSN
• Agricultural statistics (crop production estimates, livestock census, input output market prices, food supply/demand)
• Health and nutrition information (nutrition indicators, health statistics)
• Demographic and health statistics• Poverty statistics• Population statistics• Socio-economic information (trade statistics,
exchange rates, inflation) • Natural resources information (land, water,
meteorology, environmental factors)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 29
Major challenges on FSNIS
• Unavailability of accurate timely and up-to-date data and information
• Non-existence of a well structured and coordinated food security and nutrition information system.
• Inadequate analytical capacity to provide accurate and timely information
• Inadequate access by most users (e.g. private sector and NGOs)
Food Security & Nutrition Experts 30
Cross-cutting issues
• Gender imbalances• Environment• HIV/AIDS pandemic
– National adult prevalence (15 – 49) = 14.4%– Urban = 23.0% – Rural = 12.4% – Number of infected children (0 – 14) : 70,000– 60,000 – 80,000– No. infected adults over 50 years of age : 60,000– Total HIV+ population :900,000
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