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Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Electrolytes
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) help keep fluids in the proper compartments– Intracellular water– Extracellular water
Electrolytes
Enable nerves to respondSignal muscles to contract
Primary electrolytes-major minerals
More than 0.1 grams (or 100 mg) required per day in the diet
These include:– Sodium – Potassium– Chloride– Phosphorus
Sodium: + ion of table salt (NaCl)
No known human diet lacks sodiumMinimum requirement about 500 mg/day
– estimated safe and adequate Daily intake
Average intake in US for men = 3300 mg/day(equal to 8 grams of salt/day)
AI = 1500 mg/day<2400 mg/day most common rec.
Sodium Functions
Scientific MethodGoogle Image Result for www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/eustruct/images/sppump.gif
Fluid balanceBlood pressureAcid-base balanceNerve transmissionActive transport mechanism
Hypertension
DefinitionDiastolic Blood Pressure
– > 90 mm HgSystolic Blood Pressure
– >140 mm HgDesirable < 120/80
Hypertension and DiseaseStroke
– 2/3rds with first stroke have HTN– 7 times more likely than normal
Coronary heart disease– 1/2 with first MI have HTN– 3 times more likely than normal
End-stage Renal FailureBlindness
Blood Pressure
Risk Factors
AgeEthnicityFamily HistoryObesity
Diet and Hypertension
Weight LossModerate weight lossRegular exercise
Diet and Hypertension
Alcohol– < 1-2 servings per day– >2 servings increases risk of HTN
Potassium– fruits and vegetables
Fish Oils CalciumCalcium, Linus Pauling
Institute's Micronutrient Information Center
The DASH Diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop
HypertensionDiet rich in
– fruit– vegetable– grain products
Low/non fat dairy, fish and meats
DASH-Na Conclusions
DASH diet lowers BP Sodium reduction lowers BPCombination of DASH and Na reduction
effects greater than separately– DASH+low-Na reduced Systolic BP by:
• 11.5mm Hg in HTN subjects
• 7.1 mm Hg in borderline HTN subjects
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