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9/3/2010
1
Fish Screening and Guidance at Water DiversionsL S P E
1
FSOC Fish Passage Class
September 13 -16, 2010
Yakima, WA
Larry Swenson, P.E.
Hydraulic Engineer, NOAA Fisheries
The “Design” Fish
Pacific Salmon and Steelhead
Downstream-migrating salmonids
2
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Chinook Fry
Objectives
1. Hazards for fish2 Biological basis of design
Practical Knowledge of:
2. Biological basis of design3. Educate participants in
project4. Data requirements5. Apply design data6. Screen types7. Screen materials8. Perform calculations9. Draw conceptual layouts10. Expedite permit review
process 4
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Topics
1. The Typical Water Diversion
2. Swimming Capabilities of Juvenile Salmonids
3. Behavior of Juvenile Salmonids
4. Basic Methods of Guiding Juvenile Salmonids
5. Placeholder – Not Used
6. Facility Planning – Data Requirements
7. Design Objectives
5
Topics - continued
8. Selecting the Screen Structure Site
9. Facility Design
Criteria
Velocity
S M t i lScreen Materials
10. Types of Screen Facilities
11. Debris
12. Screen Velocity - Balancing
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Topic 1. – Generic Water Diversion
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On-Channel Screens
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Topic 2. Swimming Capability of Juvenile Capability of Juvenile Fish
University of Washington Fisheries Research Institute study (Smith and Carpenter, 1987) was used to develop fishCarpenter, 1987) was used to develop fish screen criteria
USFWS Bull Trout studies
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Factors Related to Swimming Capability
Approach velocity, sweeping velocity, and canal velocity
Water Temperature
Fish SizeFish Size
Swimming Time Duration
Dissolved Oxygen Level
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Swimming Speeds Classification
Cruising
Speed
Sustained
Speed
Darting
Speed
Use MigrationAvoid
Obstacles
Escape
PredatorsObstacles Predators
Duration Hours Minutes Seconds
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Juvenile Fish Swimming Speeds
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Effect of Temperature on Cruising Velocity
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Effect of Temperature on Critical Velocity
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Effect of Fish Size on Critical Velocity
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Topic 3. Behavior of Juvenile Topic 3. Behavior of Juvenile Salmonids
Physiology and Migration
Design issues
Dams and Water Diversions
R i P t b lReservoir Passage - turbulence
Guidance in dam forebays
Routes
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Behavior of Juvenile Fish-contd.
Reluctance to enter small bypasses
Preference for day or night migration past screen structures
Migration corridors in lakes (shoreline?
contd.
g (deep?)
Lateral line function
Dissolved Oxygen Level
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PhysiologySmolt characteristics compared with parr
Body silvering (+)
Salinity tolerance (+)
Growth rate (+)
Weight per unit length (-)
Body total lipid content (+)
Blood glucose (+)
Gill microsome, Na, K, ATPase enzyme activity (+)
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Migration Timing and Fish Size
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Migration Timing and Fish Size
70
mm
)
sand
s)
50
60 A70
mm
)
sand
s)
50
60 A
70
60
50
40
30
20
50
60
Ave
rage
fork
leng
th o
f mig
rant
s (m
of m
igra
ting
fry
and
sm
olts
(th
ous
30
10
0
20
40
0
20
16
12
BTemporal Pattern of Fry andSub-Yearling Smolts in TwoRivers on Vancouver Island
CHINOOK RUN TIMING
70
60
50
40
30
20
50
60
Ave
rage
fork
leng
th o
f mig
rant
s (m
of m
igra
ting
fry
and
sm
olts
(th
ous
30
10
0
20
40
0
20
16
12
BTemporal Pattern of Fry andSub-Yearling Smolts in TwoRivers on Vancouver Island
CHINOOK RUN TIMING
10 20 2010 2010 2010
40
30
20
A
Num
bers
o
8
4
0
March April May June
A - Cowichan River - 1967B - Nanaimo River - 1980
Source: Groot and Margolis 199110 20 2010 2010 2010
40
30
20
A
Num
bers
o
8
4
0
March April May June
A - Cowichan River - 1967B - Nanaimo River - 1980
Source: Groot and Margolis 1991
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Effect of River Flows
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Effect of River Flows
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Topic 4. Basic Methods of Guiding Juvenile Salmonids
A. Physical Barriers—1. Fish screen or rack to prevent fish entry into
diversion
—2. Preferred screen design - guide fish to bypass without contacting screen
B. Behavioral Devices
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Vertical and Non-Vertical Fixed-Plate S
Examples of Physical Barriers
Screens
Traveling Screens
Cylindrical Screens—Rotating Drum Screens
—Fixed Cylindrical Screen
Eicher Screens and Modular Inclined Screens
Pump Intake Screens
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Examples of Behavioral Devices
Sound
Light
Electric Fields
H d li A iHydraulic Action
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Topic 5. Prioritizing Screen Projects
Number of fish entrained
Existing level of protection
Funding
ESA
Land ownership
Proximity to other projects
Frequency of diversion
T f di iType of diversion
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Topic 6. Facility Planning - Data Requirements
See Site Survey Form in Notebook
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Topic 7. Design Objectives
Guide Fish Past Screens:Guide Fish Past Screens:
—Without contacting screen - impingement
—Without entrainment through seals, mesh, other gaps
—Without delay - guidance—Without delay - guidance
—Without injury or mortality
—Minimizing stress to fish
—Minimizing predation
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Topic 8. Selecting the Screen Structure Site
Minimizing delayO&MO&MOn-River siteOff-River siteHydraulics, HydrologyHeadBank characteristicsData Collection See NotebookData Collection – See Notebook
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Off-Channel Diversion
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On-Channel Diversion
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Channel Configuration –Approach Flow Conditions
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Other Site Considerations
Diversion Canal as Fish Habitat
Diversion Operations – Pitfalls
Starting and Stopping of Diversions
33
Topic 9. Facility Design
A. Recommend references included in Notebook
B. Design Features—Flow-Screen Angle
—Uniform Approach VelocityUniform Approach Velocity
—Channel Configuration
—Trashracks
—Seals
—Cleaning System34
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Facility Design - Velocity
Sweeping Component of Velocity—45 degrees or less between flow and screen
—Smaller angles provide higher sweep component
—Fish move towards bypass by swimming and by sweeping componentby sweeping component
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Discharge, Q, calculations
LJ S
NOAA Fisheries
4-28-03
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37
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Velocity Components
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Velocity Components
OV canalV=Osin= VcanalaV s cos
Canal
OV canalV=Osin= VcanalaV s cos
Canal
VV
V
V
V
Vsa
a
canal canal O
O
Canal
VV
V
V
V
Vsa
a
canal canal O
O
Canal
Vs
Screen
Vs
Screen
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•Fish Orientation in Front of Screens
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NOAA Fisheries Velocity Criteria(Northwest Region)
S l id F
Va < 0.4 fps
Vs > Va
Uniform Flow Distribution
(S L h)/(V ) 60 d
Salmonid Fry
(Screen Length)/(Vs) < 60 seconds
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Screen Materials Criteria
NOAA Fisheries Screen Criteria included in Notebook
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Screen Materials
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Screen Materials
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Profile Bar
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Profile Bar
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Vee-Wire Profile Bar - Criteria
Salmonid FrySa o d y
Maximum Bar Spacing = 1.75 mm
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Woven Wire
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Woven Wire
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Woven Wire Fabric - Criteria
Salmonid FrySalmonid Fry
Max. Mesh Opening = 3/32 inch (2.38 mm)
Minimum Porosity = 27% Open AreaMinimum Porosity 27% Open Area
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Perforated Plate
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Perforated Plate - Criteria
Salmonid FrySalmonid Fry
Maximum Opening = 3/32 inch (2.38 mm)
Minimum Porosity = 27% Open AreaMinimum Porosity 27% Open Area
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Other Materials - Intralox
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Topic 10. Types of Positive Barrier Screens
Rotary Drum
Fixed Vertical Plate
Vertical Traveling belt and panelVertical Traveling – belt and panel
Non-Vertical Fixed Plate
Horizontal Fixed Plate
Eicher Screen
Modular Inclined Screens
End-Of-Pipe (Pump) Intake ScreensEnd Of Pipe (Pump) Intake Screens
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Rotating Drum Screens
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Rotary Drum Screens
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Rotating Drum Screens
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Rotating Drum Screens
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Seals
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Seals
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Rotating Drum Screens Rotating Drum Screens -Advantages
Proven fish protection
Self-cleaning by rotation
Passes debris downstreamPasses debris downstream
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Rotating Drum Screens -Disadvantages
Susceptible to direct hits from large debris
Large civil works are required.
Seals require much maintanance.
Susceptible to abrasions by sand -p ymesh requires periodic replacement.
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Vertical Fixed PlateScreens
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Advantages
Easy to seal
Mechanically simple
Can be installed on river’s edge - small screens—No bypass required
—Can use profile wire (very strong)
Mechanical/brush cleaning usually effective
Air burst cleaning system is on back side of screen.
Cleaning is started by timer or head loss.70
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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Disadvantages
Must be cleaned mechanically
Large bypass flows required
Brush arms can be damaged by large debris.
Circular air burst cleaners do not clean tientire screen.
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Vertical Traveling Screens
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Traveling Screens
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Traveling Screens
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Traveling Screens
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Traveling Screens
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Traveling Screens - Advantages
Small screens can be installed on river.
Compact civil works
Self cleaned by rotation
Jet sprays provide additional p y pcleaning.
77
Traveling Screens -Disadvantages
Mechanically complex
Seals can be a problem.
Make sure meets all NMFS criteria.
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screen
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screen
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Flat Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens
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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Advantages
No moving partsNo moving parts
No bypass required if built in-river
87
Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Disadvantages
Self-cleaning may not be reliable
Risk of injury on screen during low flow
Must raise water surface
Tricky, unreliable flow rate controly,
Adult concerns
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Eicher Screens and Modular Inclined Screens
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End-Of-Pipe Screens
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Fixed Cylinder Screens
Source: Johnson Screens, Inc..
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Pump Screens (Active)
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Pump Screens(Active)
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Pump Screens (Active)
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Fixed Cylindrical Screens -Advantages
Good option for deep intakes
Air burst cleaning system can be made to be effective
Some off-the-shelf models with water backwash systems meet NMFS criteria for active screens.
95
Fixed Cylindrical Screens -Disadvantages
Out of sight, out of mind
Need current to transport debris from screen site.
Air burst systems on large installations don’t always clean entire screen -especially the bottom.
Long, stringy vegetation is a problem on small pump screens.
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Pump Screens
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Pump Screens
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Pump Screens
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Pump Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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Passive Screens
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11. Debris Management
Trashracks
Screen Cleaning Systems
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Trash racks - Criteria
“Open channel intakes shall include a trashOpen channel intakes shall include a trash rack which shall be kept free of debris.”
“In certain cases, a satisfactory profile bar screen can substitute for a trash rack.”
Comment - No trashrack would be rare situation - such as an on-river screen.
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Trashracks
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Trashracks
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Trashracks
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning Systems - Criteria
Screens shall have automatic cleaningScreens shall have automatic cleaning system.
Effective, reliable, proven, approved by NMFS
Head differential to initiate cleaning = 0.1 ft
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Cleaning System - ?
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Cleaning System - ?
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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Cleaning System
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12. Balancing Screen Velocities
Flat Plate ScreensFlat Plate Screens
Rotary Drum Screens
Cylindrical Screens
Case Study
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Approach Flow Conditions
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Approach Flow Conditions
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Channel Configuration – Hydraulic Modeling
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Channel Configuration – Hydraulic Modeling
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Channel Configuration –Approach Flow Conditions
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Balancing Screen Velocities
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Balancing Screen Velocities
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Uniform Approach Velocity
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Uniform Approach Velocity
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Balancing Rotary Drum Screens
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Cylindrical Screen Without Internal Baffles
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Cylindrical Screen With Internal Baffles
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Useful Link
Link to “Anadromous Salmonid Facility Design” document:
http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Publications/Reference-Documents/Passage-Refs.cfm
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Recent Innovative Projects
Rocky Reach Dam – Chelan Co. PUD - Columbia River, WA
Upper Baker Dam – Puget Sound Energy - Baker River, WA
Round Butte Dam – Portland General Electric –Deschutes River ORDeschutes River, OR
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Rocky Reach Dam
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Rocky Reach Dam
144
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
146
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Upper Baker Lake
147
Upper Baker Lake
148
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
150
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
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Upper Baker Lake
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Round Butte Dam
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Round Butte Dam
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Round Butte Dam
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9/3/2010
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Supplemental Screen Slides
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Rocky Reach Dam
160
9/3/2010
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Rocky Reach
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Rocky Reach
162
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Rocky Reach
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Rocky Reach
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9/3/2010
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Howard Hanson
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Howard Hanson
166
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167
Howard Hanson
168
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Howard Hanson
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Entrance Horn / Fish Screen / Bypass ConduitLooking D/S
Fish Pathway
(Representative)
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171
Turbine Intake Screens
172
Screen
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TurbineIntakeScreens
Screen
Model
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Turbine Intake Screens
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Turbine Intake Screens
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Turbine Intake Screens
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Turbine Intake Screens
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Thank-you
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