Fish Screening and Guidance at Water Diversionsfishscreensoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Section-7-Juvenile... · Fish Screening and Guidance at Water Diversions LS PE 1 ... Objectives

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Fish Screening and Guidance at Water DiversionsL S P E

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FSOC Fish Passage Class

September 13 -16, 2010

Yakima, WA

Larry Swenson, P.E.

Hydraulic Engineer, NOAA Fisheries

The “Design” Fish

Pacific Salmon and Steelhead

Downstream-migrating salmonids

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Chinook Fry

Objectives

1. Hazards for fish2 Biological basis of design

Practical Knowledge of:

2. Biological basis of design3. Educate participants in

project4. Data requirements5. Apply design data6. Screen types7. Screen materials8. Perform calculations9. Draw conceptual layouts10. Expedite permit review

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Topics

1. The Typical Water Diversion

2. Swimming Capabilities of Juvenile Salmonids

3. Behavior of Juvenile Salmonids

4. Basic Methods of Guiding Juvenile Salmonids

5. Placeholder – Not Used

6. Facility Planning – Data Requirements

7. Design Objectives

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Topics - continued

8. Selecting the Screen Structure Site

9. Facility Design

Criteria

Velocity

S M t i lScreen Materials

10. Types of Screen Facilities

11. Debris

12. Screen Velocity - Balancing

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Topic 1. – Generic Water Diversion

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On-Channel Screens

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Topic 2. Swimming Capability of Juvenile Capability of Juvenile Fish

University of Washington Fisheries Research Institute study (Smith and Carpenter, 1987) was used to develop fishCarpenter, 1987) was used to develop fish screen criteria

USFWS Bull Trout studies

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Factors Related to Swimming Capability

Approach velocity, sweeping velocity, and canal velocity

Water Temperature

Fish SizeFish Size

Swimming Time Duration

Dissolved Oxygen Level

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Swimming Speeds Classification

Cruising

Speed

Sustained

Speed

Darting

Speed

Use MigrationAvoid

Obstacles

Escape

PredatorsObstacles Predators

Duration Hours Minutes Seconds

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Juvenile Fish Swimming Speeds

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Effect of Temperature on Cruising Velocity

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Effect of Temperature on Critical Velocity

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Effect of Fish Size on Critical Velocity

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Topic 3. Behavior of Juvenile Topic 3. Behavior of Juvenile Salmonids

Physiology and Migration

Design issues

Dams and Water Diversions

R i P t b lReservoir Passage - turbulence

Guidance in dam forebays

Routes

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Behavior of Juvenile Fish-contd.

Reluctance to enter small bypasses

Preference for day or night migration past screen structures

Migration corridors in lakes (shoreline?

contd.

g (deep?)

Lateral line function

Dissolved Oxygen Level

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PhysiologySmolt characteristics compared with parr

Body silvering (+)

Salinity tolerance (+)

Growth rate (+)

Weight per unit length (-)

Body total lipid content (+)

Blood glucose (+)

Gill microsome, Na, K, ATPase enzyme activity (+)

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Migration Timing and Fish Size

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Migration Timing and Fish Size

70

mm

)

sand

s)

50

60 A70

mm

)

sand

s)

50

60 A

70

60

50

40

30

20

50

60

Ave

rage

fork

leng

th o

f mig

rant

s (m

of m

igra

ting

fry

and

sm

olts

(th

ous

30

10

0

20

40

0

20

16

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BTemporal Pattern of Fry andSub-Yearling Smolts in TwoRivers on Vancouver Island

CHINOOK RUN TIMING

70

60

50

40

30

20

50

60

Ave

rage

fork

leng

th o

f mig

rant

s (m

of m

igra

ting

fry

and

sm

olts

(th

ous

30

10

0

20

40

0

20

16

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BTemporal Pattern of Fry andSub-Yearling Smolts in TwoRivers on Vancouver Island

CHINOOK RUN TIMING

10 20 2010 2010 2010

40

30

20

A

Num

bers

o

8

4

0

March April May June

A - Cowichan River - 1967B - Nanaimo River - 1980

Source: Groot and Margolis 199110 20 2010 2010 2010

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30

20

A

Num

bers

o

8

4

0

March April May June

A - Cowichan River - 1967B - Nanaimo River - 1980

Source: Groot and Margolis 1991

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Effect of River Flows

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Effect of River Flows

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Topic 4. Basic Methods of Guiding Juvenile Salmonids

A. Physical Barriers—1. Fish screen or rack to prevent fish entry into

diversion

—2. Preferred screen design - guide fish to bypass without contacting screen

B. Behavioral Devices

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Vertical and Non-Vertical Fixed-Plate S

Examples of Physical Barriers

Screens

Traveling Screens

Cylindrical Screens—Rotating Drum Screens

—Fixed Cylindrical Screen

Eicher Screens and Modular Inclined Screens

Pump Intake Screens

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Examples of Behavioral Devices

Sound

Light

Electric Fields

H d li A iHydraulic Action

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Topic 5. Prioritizing Screen Projects

Number of fish entrained

Existing level of protection

Funding

ESA

Land ownership

Proximity to other projects

Frequency of diversion

T f di iType of diversion

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Topic 6. Facility Planning - Data Requirements

See Site Survey Form in Notebook

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Topic 7. Design Objectives

Guide Fish Past Screens:Guide Fish Past Screens:

—Without contacting screen - impingement

—Without entrainment through seals, mesh, other gaps

—Without delay - guidance—Without delay - guidance

—Without injury or mortality

—Minimizing stress to fish

—Minimizing predation

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Topic 8. Selecting the Screen Structure Site

Minimizing delayO&MO&MOn-River siteOff-River siteHydraulics, HydrologyHeadBank characteristicsData Collection See NotebookData Collection – See Notebook

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Off-Channel Diversion

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On-Channel Diversion

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Channel Configuration –Approach Flow Conditions

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Other Site Considerations

Diversion Canal as Fish Habitat

Diversion Operations – Pitfalls

Starting and Stopping of Diversions

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Topic 9. Facility Design

A. Recommend references included in Notebook

B. Design Features—Flow-Screen Angle

—Uniform Approach VelocityUniform Approach Velocity

—Channel Configuration

—Trashracks

—Seals

—Cleaning System34

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Facility Design - Velocity

Sweeping Component of Velocity—45 degrees or less between flow and screen

—Smaller angles provide higher sweep component

—Fish move towards bypass by swimming and by sweeping componentby sweeping component

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Discharge, Q, calculations

LJ S

NOAA Fisheries

4-28-03

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Velocity Components

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Velocity Components

OV canalV=Osin= VcanalaV s cos

Canal

OV canalV=Osin= VcanalaV s cos

Canal

VV

V

V

V

Vsa

a

canal canal O

O

Canal

VV

V

V

V

Vsa

a

canal canal O

O

Canal

Vs

Screen

Vs

Screen

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•Fish Orientation in Front of Screens

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NOAA Fisheries Velocity Criteria(Northwest Region)

S l id F

Va < 0.4 fps

Vs > Va

Uniform Flow Distribution

(S L h)/(V ) 60 d

Salmonid Fry

(Screen Length)/(Vs) < 60 seconds

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Screen Materials Criteria

NOAA Fisheries Screen Criteria included in Notebook

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Screen Materials

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Screen Materials

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Profile Bar

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Profile Bar

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Vee-Wire Profile Bar - Criteria

Salmonid FrySa o d y

Maximum Bar Spacing = 1.75 mm

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Woven Wire

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Woven Wire

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Woven Wire Fabric - Criteria

Salmonid FrySalmonid Fry

Max. Mesh Opening = 3/32 inch (2.38 mm)

Minimum Porosity = 27% Open AreaMinimum Porosity 27% Open Area

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Perforated Plate

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Perforated Plate - Criteria

Salmonid FrySalmonid Fry

Maximum Opening = 3/32 inch (2.38 mm)

Minimum Porosity = 27% Open AreaMinimum Porosity 27% Open Area

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Other Materials - Intralox

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Topic 10. Types of Positive Barrier Screens

Rotary Drum

Fixed Vertical Plate

Vertical Traveling belt and panelVertical Traveling – belt and panel

Non-Vertical Fixed Plate

Horizontal Fixed Plate

Eicher Screen

Modular Inclined Screens

End-Of-Pipe (Pump) Intake ScreensEnd Of Pipe (Pump) Intake Screens

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Rotating Drum Screens

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Rotary Drum Screens

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Seals

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Seals

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Rotating Drum Screens Rotating Drum Screens -Advantages

Proven fish protection

Self-cleaning by rotation

Passes debris downstreamPasses debris downstream

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Rotating Drum Screens -Disadvantages

Susceptible to direct hits from large debris

Large civil works are required.

Seals require much maintanance.

Susceptible to abrasions by sand -p ymesh requires periodic replacement.

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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens

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Vertical Fixed PlateScreens

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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Advantages

Easy to seal

Mechanically simple

Can be installed on river’s edge - small screens—No bypass required

—Can use profile wire (very strong)

Mechanical/brush cleaning usually effective

Air burst cleaning system is on back side of screen.

Cleaning is started by timer or head loss.70

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Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Disadvantages

Must be cleaned mechanically

Large bypass flows required

Brush arms can be damaged by large debris.

Circular air burst cleaners do not clean tientire screen.

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Vertical Traveling Screens

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Traveling Screens

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Traveling Screens

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Traveling Screens

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Traveling Screens

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Traveling Screens - Advantages

Small screens can be installed on river.

Compact civil works

Self cleaned by rotation

Jet sprays provide additional p y pcleaning.

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Traveling Screens -Disadvantages

Mechanically complex

Seals can be a problem.

Make sure meets all NMFS criteria.

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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screen

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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screen

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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens

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Non-Vertical Flat Plate Screens

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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Advantages

No moving partsNo moving parts

No bypass required if built in-river

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Non-Vertical Fixed Plate Screens - Disadvantages

Self-cleaning may not be reliable

Risk of injury on screen during low flow

Must raise water surface

Tricky, unreliable flow rate controly,

Adult concerns

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Eicher Screens and Modular Inclined Screens

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End-Of-Pipe Screens

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Fixed Cylinder Screens

Source: Johnson Screens, Inc..

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Pump Screens (Active)

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Pump Screens(Active)

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Pump Screens (Active)

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Fixed Cylindrical Screens -Advantages

Good option for deep intakes

Air burst cleaning system can be made to be effective

Some off-the-shelf models with water backwash systems meet NMFS criteria for active screens.

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Fixed Cylindrical Screens -Disadvantages

Out of sight, out of mind

Need current to transport debris from screen site.

Air burst systems on large installations don’t always clean entire screen -especially the bottom.

Long, stringy vegetation is a problem on small pump screens.

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Pump Screens

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Pump Screens

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Pump Screens

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Pump Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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Passive Screens

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11. Debris Management

Trashracks

Screen Cleaning Systems

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Trash racks - Criteria

“Open channel intakes shall include a trashOpen channel intakes shall include a trash rack which shall be kept free of debris.”

“In certain cases, a satisfactory profile bar screen can substitute for a trash rack.”

Comment - No trashrack would be rare situation - such as an on-river screen.

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Trashracks

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Trashracks

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Trashracks

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning Systems - Criteria

Screens shall have automatic cleaningScreens shall have automatic cleaning system.

Effective, reliable, proven, approved by NMFS

Head differential to initiate cleaning = 0.1 ft

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Cleaning System - ?

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Cleaning System - ?

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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Cleaning System

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12. Balancing Screen Velocities

Flat Plate ScreensFlat Plate Screens

Rotary Drum Screens

Cylindrical Screens

Case Study

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Approach Flow Conditions

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Approach Flow Conditions

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Channel Configuration – Hydraulic Modeling

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Channel Configuration – Hydraulic Modeling

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Channel Configuration –Approach Flow Conditions

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Balancing Screen Velocities

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Balancing Screen Velocities

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Uniform Approach Velocity

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Uniform Approach Velocity

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Balancing Rotary Drum Screens

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Cylindrical Screen Without Internal Baffles

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Cylindrical Screen With Internal Baffles

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Useful Link

Link to “Anadromous Salmonid Facility Design” document:

http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Publications/Reference-Documents/Passage-Refs.cfm

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Recent Innovative Projects

Rocky Reach Dam – Chelan Co. PUD - Columbia River, WA

Upper Baker Dam – Puget Sound Energy - Baker River, WA

Round Butte Dam – Portland General Electric –Deschutes River ORDeschutes River, OR

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Rocky Reach Dam

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Rocky Reach Dam

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Upper Baker Lake

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Round Butte Dam

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Round Butte Dam

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Round Butte Dam

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Supplemental Screen Slides

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Rocky Reach Dam

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Rocky Reach

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Rocky Reach

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Rocky Reach

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Rocky Reach

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Howard Hanson

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Howard Hanson

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Howard Hanson

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Howard Hanson

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Entrance Horn / Fish Screen / Bypass ConduitLooking D/S

Fish Pathway

(Representative)

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Turbine Intake Screens

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Screen

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TurbineIntakeScreens

Screen

Model

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Thank-you

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