First List of the Wild Mushrooms of Jordan

First List of the Wild Mushrooms of Jordan

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Al-Raddad Al-Momany

Royal Botanic Garden1st Annual Scientific Day

Thursday January 12, 2012Amman, Jordan

Project Objectives

1- Establish a checklist of the wild mushrooms of Jordan as a part of the National species Database (NSD)2- Establish the national museum of wild mushrooms of Jordan at the Royal Botanic Garden at Tell Ar-Rumman3- Produce a book, a field guide and an online gallery about the wild mushrooms of Jordan

The Nutritional Value of Mushrooms100 grams for daily body requirements

1- Mushrooms are a good source of vitamins, essential amino acids and proteins.2- Mushrooms are a great source of minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and selenium.3- In addition, mushrooms contain virtually no fat or cholesterol, and are naturally low in sodium.4- Mushrooms are also a good source of fiber.5- They are antioxidants and help in cancer treatment.6- Mushrooms are low in calories and are an anti-aging food.

What is a mushroom?

A mushroom is actually the fruiting structure of a fungus.

The fungus is simply a net of thread-like fibers, called a mycelium, growing in soil, wood or decaying organic matter.

Most mushrooms are edible and

highly delicious.

Others are not edible, and the rest are deadly poisonous.

Wild MushroomsPoisonous Edible

The function of a mushroom is to

produce spores, which are the propagative structures of the fungus.

Spore identification is the master key for mushroom classification.

Basidiospores of Agaricus Spore print of Mycena

Mushroom Groups

1. Ascomycota which includes morels,cup fungi, and truffles. They producetheir spores in a closed ascus whichopens upon maturity. They are calledspore shooters.

Ascomycota/ Cup Fungi

2. Basidiomycota, which includes mostof the mushrooms present in thisstudy as gilled agarics, the boletes,the polypores and jelly fungi. Theybear their spores on naked basidiaand they are called spore droppers.

Basidiomycota

Agarics Jelly Fungi

The mushrooms most people

recognize are the gilled fungi.

These typical parasol-shaped mushrooms have caps with blade-like gills on the underside and stems, with or without rings.

These are also mushrooms.

Are these mushrooms? Yes• Spores in pouches

Gilled Mushrooms with and without Rings

The pore fungi are similar inappearance but have a spongy layerof tubes of pores on the undersideof the cap, instead of gills.

Pore Mushrooms

Pore Mushrooms

Mushroom collection requires simple equipment, but it is tedious work and

time consuming.

Our Lab and Office

It is very important to record where the mushroom is growing (on wood, soil, moss); whether it grows singly or in clusters, the color of the cap, gills and stem; and any other distinctive features. These will facilitate classification.

• To date, I have found in this study 55 different species belonging to 33 different genera.

• We have more than 75 preserved samples under identification, and we are still in the beginning of the season.

Agaricus 12 speciesClitocybe 2Coprinus 4Inocybe 5Pleurotus 2Tricholoma 3

Rhizopogon luteolus Fr.Ascomycota - Discomycetes Order: PezizalesFamily: Helvellaceae – Not edibleLocation: Sakeb and near Ajloon,11/4/2011

Peziza repandaAscomycota - DiscomycetesOrder: PezizalesFamily: Pezizaceae – not edibleLocation: Sakeb,11/4/2011

Peziza succosaAscomycota - DiscomycetesOrder: PezizalesFamily: Pezizaceae – not edibleLocation: Aljob,11/4/2011

1. Agaricus altipes2. Agaricus bernardii3. Agaricus bisporus4. Agaricus bresadolianus5. Agaricus campestris6. Agaricus excellens7. Agaricus lanipes8. Agaricus littoralis9. Agaricus micromegethus10. Agaricus placomyces11. Agaricus porphyrizon12. Agaricus porphyrocephalus

Agaricus altipesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: RBG, Tell Ar-Rumman, 6/6/2011

Agaricus bernardiiBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Wadi sawadeh and Ras Altaf-Salt, 22/5/2011

Agaricus bisporusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, 19/5/2011 and 16/3/2011 Ghor-Deir alla

Agaricus bresadolianusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, Tell Ar- Rumman, 6/6/2011

Agaricus campestrisBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, Almuamaryeh-Irbid and Alzarqa, 17-20/8/2011

Agaricus excellensBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: University of Jordan, Amman, 25/4/2011

Agaricus lanipesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Deir alla, 16/3/2011

Agaricus littoralisBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: EdibleLocation: Thugret ASfor, 9/3/2011

Agaricus micromegethusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae : EdibleLocation: Tell Ar- Rumman, 26/10/2011

Agaricus placomycesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Marsa, 9/3/2011

Agaricus porphyrizonBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: PoisonousLocation: Alzarqa, 12/10/2011

Agaricus porphyrocephalusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: PoisonousLocation: Alganeeh-Alsukneh, 6/8/2011

Boletus bicolorBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: BoletalesFamily: Boletaceae – EdibleLocation: Hashemite University

Calvatia cyathiformisEdibleLocation: RBG, Madaba-Humret Alazaydeh and Ramtha, 30/11/2011 and 20/12/2011

Chondostereum purpureum (Fr.) Pouz.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AphyllophoralesFamily: StereaceaeLocation: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011

Chroogomphus rutilis (Fr.) Miller.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: BoletalesFamily: Gomphidiaceae. EdibleLocation: Sakeb, 23/3/2011 and 11/4/2011

Clitocybe nudaBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: Tricholomataceae: Edible without alcohol.Location: Thugret Asfor, 9/3/2011

Clitocybe rivulosaBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Tricholomataceae: Edible without alcoholLocation: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011

Conocybe pseudopilosella (Kühn.) Kühn. & Romagn.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: BolbitiaceaeLocation: RBG, Tell AR Rumman,12/1/2011. The first sample in this study, found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG .

Coprinopsis lagopusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011

Coprinus disseminatusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Jubaiha, 5/5/2011

Coprinus micaceusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Orjan-Ajloon, 23/3/2011

Coprinus truncorumBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Kilda-Amman, 19/4/2011

Cyathus ollaRBG, 12/1/2011. The second sample in this study found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG.

Disciotis venosaLocation: Sakeb, 11/4/2011

Entoloma subpolitumLocation: Sakeb,11/4/2011

Fomes fomentariusLocation: Salt,1/8/2011

Fuligo septicaLocation: Suwimeh,18/12/2011

Ganoderma applantumUniversity of Jordan, 28/3/2011

Inocybe atripesLocation: Sakeb, 11/4/2011

Inocybe cincinnataLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011

Inocybe geophyllaLocation: Ajloon, 11/4/2011

Inocybe hirtellaLocation: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011

Inocybe laceraLocation: Amman, 11/4/2011

Laetiporus sulphureusEdible when young and freshLocation: Faisal Nursery-Jarash, 5/12/2011

Leucoagaricus americanusEdibleLocation: Amman, 18/9/2011

Leucoagaricus naucinusEdibleLocation: Umalbasateen, 25/10/2011

Lyophyllum decastesEdibleLocation: Burma, 30/3/2011

Marasmius epiphyllusInedibleLocation: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011

Mycena delicatellaLocation: Ajloon, 11/4/2011

Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr) Maire.Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Strophariaceae - Not edible. PoisonousLocation: Umalbasateen, 26/10/2011

Phellinus piniLocation: Almagdas-Ghor, 28/3/2011

Psathyrella candolleanaBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Coprinaceae - Edible Location: Amman, 28/3/2011

Sarcosphaera crassa Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011

(Ascospores)

Scleroderma verrucosumInedibleLocation: Alramtha, 20/12/2011

Tremella mesentericaLocation: Aljabal al Akhdar, Dibeen, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012

Tricholoma terreumEdibleLocation: Thugret Asfor and Sakeb, 30/3/2011

Volvariella speciosaEdibleLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011 and Alramtha, 20/12/2011

Calvatia utriformisLocation: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011

Lepiota sp.Location: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012

Schizophyllum commune Fr.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: PolyporalesFamily: Schizophyllaceae - Not edibleLocation: Sakeb, 30.3.2011

Pleurotus eryngii (D.C.ex Fr.) QuelBasidiomycota – HymenomycetesOrder: PolyporalesFamily: Polyporaceae p.p. (gill fungi) – EdibleLocation: Tell AR Rumman,21.3.2011 and 26.12.2011

Local Community Collecting Mushrooms with Us in Ajloon

Wild Mushroom Cultivation

Goal: Low-cost and low-technology methods applicable to small-scale village mushroom production.

How ???

1- Identification of the best nutritious wild mushrooms and production of pure cultures.2- Identification of the best growing substrates.3- Identification of the best growing conditions.

Good Substrate Means Good

Mushroom Growth

Some fungi are primary and some are secondary decomposers of cellulose and lignin, and some are mycorrhizal, i.e. symbiotic on living roots.

- Some fungi grow on straw- Some fungi grow on logs- Some fungi grow on standard compost (fermented and pasteurized compost).

Neutralizing the ph of the substrate is very important, by adding limestone or gypsum CaCo3 or Ca(OH)2 to the substrate.

The best temperature for mushroom growth is between 25°C and 30°C with a relative humidity of 80% to 90%.

Substrate Preparation and Fermentation

Pasteurization or sterilization is very important, even for the simplest growing mushrooms.

Spawning (about 3% of fresh weight), and then substrate colonization takes 3 to 8 weeks.

For some mushrooms, the substrate needs to be cased or covered with peat and soil to initiate fruiting after cold shock.

Our results:

Spawn production: We tried to grow mycelium on1- Popcorn seeds: slow growth2- Millet seeds: slow growth3- Sorghum seeds: slow growth4- Wheat seeds: best mycelium growthJars must not be shaken or agitated during spawn production, but need ventilation by not tightly covering.

SubstrateWe used:1- Weeds collected from Tell Ar-Rumman: gave poor mycelium2- Pine needles: gave slow but better mycelium3- Wheat straw: was the best4- Fermented and sterilized compost: was ideal and gave superior growth

Promising Wild Mushrooms 1- Salt mushroom:

Agaricus bernardi2- Tell Ar-Rumman mushroom:

Pleurotus eryngii3- Jarash mushroom:

Tricholoma terreum

The Salt and Tell Ar-Rumman mushrooms require fermented and pasteurized compost for ideal growth, but using wheat straw takes a longer time and gave lower yields.

The Jarash mushroom, Tricholoma, can be grown directly near pine tree roots in winter without any substrate.

Autocalving Media and Glassware

Pure Cultures Produced in Petri Dishes

Mixing Substrate with Spawn

Preparing the Growing Box

Washing Perlite

Small Boxes for Growing Mushrooms

Fruiting Stage

Our Spawn Commercially Produced

Spawn Running

Pleuorotus eryngii, lower surface. RBGفطر تل الرمان

Upper Surface of the RBG Mushroom

Producing Spawn in Glass Jars

Mushroom Production

Fully Developed Fruits

Training of Local Community on Mushroom Production

Straw Sterilization

Inoculation of Growing Sacks

Thank You