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First List of the Wild Mushrooms of Jordan
Prof. Dr. Ahmad Al-Raddad Al-Momany
Royal Botanic Garden1st Annual Scientific Day
Thursday January 12, 2012Amman, Jordan
Project Objectives
1- Establish a checklist of the wild mushrooms of Jordan as a part of the National species Database (NSD)2- Establish the national museum of wild mushrooms of Jordan at the Royal Botanic Garden at Tell Ar-Rumman3- Produce a book, a field guide and an online gallery about the wild mushrooms of Jordan
The Nutritional Value of Mushrooms100 grams for daily body requirements
1- Mushrooms are a good source of vitamins, essential amino acids and proteins.2- Mushrooms are a great source of minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and selenium.3- In addition, mushrooms contain virtually no fat or cholesterol, and are naturally low in sodium.4- Mushrooms are also a good source of fiber.5- They are antioxidants and help in cancer treatment.6- Mushrooms are low in calories and are an anti-aging food.
What is a mushroom?
A mushroom is actually the fruiting structure of a fungus.
The fungus is simply a net of thread-like fibers, called a mycelium, growing in soil, wood or decaying organic matter.
Most mushrooms are edible and
highly delicious.
Others are not edible, and the rest are deadly poisonous.
Wild MushroomsPoisonous Edible
The function of a mushroom is to
produce spores, which are the propagative structures of the fungus.
Spore identification is the master key for mushroom classification.
Basidiospores of Agaricus Spore print of Mycena
Mushroom Groups
1. Ascomycota which includes morels,cup fungi, and truffles. They producetheir spores in a closed ascus whichopens upon maturity. They are calledspore shooters.
Ascomycota/ Cup Fungi
2. Basidiomycota, which includes mostof the mushrooms present in thisstudy as gilled agarics, the boletes,the polypores and jelly fungi. Theybear their spores on naked basidiaand they are called spore droppers.
Basidiomycota
Agarics Jelly Fungi
The mushrooms most people
recognize are the gilled fungi.
These typical parasol-shaped mushrooms have caps with blade-like gills on the underside and stems, with or without rings.
These are also mushrooms.
Are these mushrooms? Yes• Spores in pouches
Gilled Mushrooms with and without Rings
The pore fungi are similar inappearance but have a spongy layerof tubes of pores on the undersideof the cap, instead of gills.
Pore Mushrooms
Pore Mushrooms
Mushroom collection requires simple equipment, but it is tedious work and
time consuming.
Our Lab and Office
It is very important to record where the mushroom is growing (on wood, soil, moss); whether it grows singly or in clusters, the color of the cap, gills and stem; and any other distinctive features. These will facilitate classification.
• To date, I have found in this study 55 different species belonging to 33 different genera.
• We have more than 75 preserved samples under identification, and we are still in the beginning of the season.
Agaricus 12 speciesClitocybe 2Coprinus 4Inocybe 5Pleurotus 2Tricholoma 3
Rhizopogon luteolus Fr.Ascomycota - Discomycetes Order: PezizalesFamily: Helvellaceae – Not edibleLocation: Sakeb and near Ajloon,11/4/2011
Peziza repandaAscomycota - DiscomycetesOrder: PezizalesFamily: Pezizaceae – not edibleLocation: Sakeb,11/4/2011
Peziza succosaAscomycota - DiscomycetesOrder: PezizalesFamily: Pezizaceae – not edibleLocation: Aljob,11/4/2011
1. Agaricus altipes2. Agaricus bernardii3. Agaricus bisporus4. Agaricus bresadolianus5. Agaricus campestris6. Agaricus excellens7. Agaricus lanipes8. Agaricus littoralis9. Agaricus micromegethus10. Agaricus placomyces11. Agaricus porphyrizon12. Agaricus porphyrocephalus
Agaricus altipesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: RBG, Tell Ar-Rumman, 6/6/2011
Agaricus bernardiiBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Wadi sawadeh and Ras Altaf-Salt, 22/5/2011
Agaricus bisporusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, 19/5/2011 and 16/3/2011 Ghor-Deir alla
Agaricus bresadolianusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, Tell Ar- Rumman, 6/6/2011
Agaricus campestrisBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Salt, Almuamaryeh-Irbid and Alzarqa, 17-20/8/2011
Agaricus excellensBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: University of Jordan, Amman, 25/4/2011
Agaricus lanipesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Deir alla, 16/3/2011
Agaricus littoralisBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: EdibleLocation: Thugret ASfor, 9/3/2011
Agaricus micromegethusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae : EdibleLocation: Tell Ar- Rumman, 26/10/2011
Agaricus placomycesBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: AgaricaceaeLocation: Marsa, 9/3/2011
Agaricus porphyrizonBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: PoisonousLocation: Alzarqa, 12/10/2011
Agaricus porphyrocephalusBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Agaricaceae: PoisonousLocation: Alganeeh-Alsukneh, 6/8/2011
Boletus bicolorBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: BoletalesFamily: Boletaceae – EdibleLocation: Hashemite University
Calvatia cyathiformisEdibleLocation: RBG, Madaba-Humret Alazaydeh and Ramtha, 30/11/2011 and 20/12/2011
Chondostereum purpureum (Fr.) Pouz.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AphyllophoralesFamily: StereaceaeLocation: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011
Chroogomphus rutilis (Fr.) Miller.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: BoletalesFamily: Gomphidiaceae. EdibleLocation: Sakeb, 23/3/2011 and 11/4/2011
Clitocybe nudaBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: Tricholomataceae: Edible without alcohol.Location: Thugret Asfor, 9/3/2011
Clitocybe rivulosaBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Tricholomataceae: Edible without alcoholLocation: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011
Conocybe pseudopilosella (Kühn.) Kühn. & Romagn.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: BolbitiaceaeLocation: RBG, Tell AR Rumman,12/1/2011. The first sample in this study, found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG .
Coprinopsis lagopusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011
Coprinus disseminatusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Jubaiha, 5/5/2011
Coprinus micaceusBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Orjan-Ajloon, 23/3/2011
Coprinus truncorumBasidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: CoprinaceaeLocation: Kilda-Amman, 19/4/2011
Cyathus ollaRBG, 12/1/2011. The second sample in this study found by Princess Basma bint Ali at the RBG.
Disciotis venosaLocation: Sakeb, 11/4/2011
Entoloma subpolitumLocation: Sakeb,11/4/2011
Fomes fomentariusLocation: Salt,1/8/2011
Fuligo septicaLocation: Suwimeh,18/12/2011
Ganoderma applantumUniversity of Jordan, 28/3/2011
Inocybe atripesLocation: Sakeb, 11/4/2011
Inocybe cincinnataLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011
Inocybe geophyllaLocation: Ajloon, 11/4/2011
Inocybe hirtellaLocation: Ajloon Castle, 11/4/2011
Inocybe laceraLocation: Amman, 11/4/2011
Laetiporus sulphureusEdible when young and freshLocation: Faisal Nursery-Jarash, 5/12/2011
Leucoagaricus americanusEdibleLocation: Amman, 18/9/2011
Leucoagaricus naucinusEdibleLocation: Umalbasateen, 25/10/2011
Lyophyllum decastesEdibleLocation: Burma, 30/3/2011
Marasmius epiphyllusInedibleLocation: Tell Ar-Rumman, 21/3/2011
Mycena delicatellaLocation: Ajloon, 11/4/2011
Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr) Maire.Basidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Strophariaceae - Not edible. PoisonousLocation: Umalbasateen, 26/10/2011
Phellinus piniLocation: Almagdas-Ghor, 28/3/2011
Psathyrella candolleanaBasidiomycota - Hymenomycetes Order: AgaricalesFamily: Coprinaceae - Edible Location: Amman, 28/3/2011
Sarcosphaera crassa Location: Sakeb, 30/3/2011
(Ascospores)
Scleroderma verrucosumInedibleLocation: Alramtha, 20/12/2011
Tremella mesentericaLocation: Aljabal al Akhdar, Dibeen, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012
Tricholoma terreumEdibleLocation: Thugret Asfor and Sakeb, 30/3/2011
Volvariella speciosaEdibleLocation: Sakeb, 30/3/2011 and Alramtha, 20/12/2011
Calvatia utriformisLocation: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011
Lepiota sp.Location: Aljabal Al Akhdar, Ajloon, 11/12/2011 and 8/1/2012
Schizophyllum commune Fr.Basidiomycota - HymenomycetesOrder: PolyporalesFamily: Schizophyllaceae - Not edibleLocation: Sakeb, 30.3.2011
Pleurotus eryngii (D.C.ex Fr.) QuelBasidiomycota – HymenomycetesOrder: PolyporalesFamily: Polyporaceae p.p. (gill fungi) – EdibleLocation: Tell AR Rumman,21.3.2011 and 26.12.2011
Local Community Collecting Mushrooms with Us in Ajloon
Wild Mushroom Cultivation
Goal: Low-cost and low-technology methods applicable to small-scale village mushroom production.
How ???
1- Identification of the best nutritious wild mushrooms and production of pure cultures.2- Identification of the best growing substrates.3- Identification of the best growing conditions.
Good Substrate Means Good
Mushroom Growth
Some fungi are primary and some are secondary decomposers of cellulose and lignin, and some are mycorrhizal, i.e. symbiotic on living roots.
- Some fungi grow on straw- Some fungi grow on logs- Some fungi grow on standard compost (fermented and pasteurized compost).
Neutralizing the ph of the substrate is very important, by adding limestone or gypsum CaCo3 or Ca(OH)2 to the substrate.
The best temperature for mushroom growth is between 25°C and 30°C with a relative humidity of 80% to 90%.
Substrate Preparation and Fermentation
Pasteurization or sterilization is very important, even for the simplest growing mushrooms.
Spawning (about 3% of fresh weight), and then substrate colonization takes 3 to 8 weeks.
For some mushrooms, the substrate needs to be cased or covered with peat and soil to initiate fruiting after cold shock.
Our results:
Spawn production: We tried to grow mycelium on1- Popcorn seeds: slow growth2- Millet seeds: slow growth3- Sorghum seeds: slow growth4- Wheat seeds: best mycelium growthJars must not be shaken or agitated during spawn production, but need ventilation by not tightly covering.
SubstrateWe used:1- Weeds collected from Tell Ar-Rumman: gave poor mycelium2- Pine needles: gave slow but better mycelium3- Wheat straw: was the best4- Fermented and sterilized compost: was ideal and gave superior growth
Promising Wild Mushrooms 1- Salt mushroom:
Agaricus bernardi2- Tell Ar-Rumman mushroom:
Pleurotus eryngii3- Jarash mushroom:
Tricholoma terreum
The Salt and Tell Ar-Rumman mushrooms require fermented and pasteurized compost for ideal growth, but using wheat straw takes a longer time and gave lower yields.
The Jarash mushroom, Tricholoma, can be grown directly near pine tree roots in winter without any substrate.
Autocalving Media and Glassware
Pure Cultures Produced in Petri Dishes
Mixing Substrate with Spawn
Preparing the Growing Box
Washing Perlite
Small Boxes for Growing Mushrooms
Fruiting Stage
Our Spawn Commercially Produced
Spawn Running
Pleuorotus eryngii, lower surface. RBGفطر تل الرمان
Upper Surface of the RBG Mushroom
Producing Spawn in Glass Jars
Mushroom Production
Fully Developed Fruits
Training of Local Community on Mushroom Production
Straw Sterilization
Inoculation of Growing Sacks
Thank You
