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www.mgtraining.org.uk
First Aid at WorkDay One
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Who am I and who is MG Training?
• Introduction to your trainer…
• MG Training is a provider of a variety of Health and Safety courses throughout the UK – visit www.mgtraining.org.uk for more details.
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Health and Safety
•Toilets
•Fire Exits
•Assembly Point
•Smoking Areas
•Food/Drink areas
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SUMMARY OF DAY ONE
Course is 24 hours usually over 4 days
HSE Approved Course
Written and Practical Assessments on Day Four
You Will be Able to Administer Basic First Aid
Please Sign the Register Every Morning
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WHAT IS FIRST AID?
Definition of First Aid:
The immediate assistance or treatment given to someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the
arrival of an ambulance, Doctor or other appropriately qualified person
WE ARE NOT DOCTORS!!
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WHAT IS FIRST AID?
Aims of First Aid:
Preserve Life:
Not just the casualty but you too
Prevent Deterioration:
Learn skills to prevent a situation getting worse
Promote Recovery:
Use correct techniques to promote recovery
Obtain further medically qualified assistance if required
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Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
Requires employers to protect the health, safety and welfare of their employees and non-employees who use their facilities
Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981
Duty upon the employers to provide adequate equipment, facilities and personnel to render FIRST AID to their employees if they are injured or
become ill at work
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)
Any serious work–related or public accident is reported within 7 days to nearest HSE Office
ACTS AND REGULATIONS
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Guidance Cards
20 Adhesive Dressings
6 Medium Sterile Dressings
2 Large Sterile Dressings
2 Extra Sterile Dressings
2 Sterile Eye Pads
6 Triangular Bandages
6 Safety Pins
Disposable Gloves
Plastic Face ShieldCleansing Wipes
FIRST AID KITS
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ASSESSMENT OF FIRST AID NEEDS
Factors affecting provision:
•Workplace hazards and risks•The size of the organisation
•The organisations history of accidents•The nature and distribution of the workforce
•The remoteness of the site from emergency services•Remote and lone workers
•Employees working on shared or multi-occupied sites•Annual leave and other absences of first Aiders
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ACCIDENT DETAILS
• Name Of Casualty
• Home Address
• Name Of Person Writing The Report
• When The Accident Happened
• Where The Accident Happened
• What Happened
• Treatment Given
• Method Of Disposal e.g Hospital, Home or Return To Work
Accident Book A/B06/01
Name
Address
Date
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
AS A FIRST AIDER YOUR ULTIMATE RESPONSIBILITY IS FOR YOURSELF,
FOLLOWED CLOSELY BY THE CASUALTY AND OTHER BYSTANDERS
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TRIAGE OR PRIORITIES
Breathing
Bleeding
Burns
Bones
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FIRST AIDER RESPONSIBILITIESArriving at the scene
Dealing with the Casualties
The Clearing Up Process
Assess the Situation, Make the area safe, Deal with bystanders, Any other trained personnel, Get History, Send for help, Send for first aid box, Is there anybody with the
casualty
Put gloves on, Follow ABC, Make diagnosis, Treat injuries, Give care, Act Calmly, Get Help
Make area safe, dispose of dressings, complete reports, contact families, be aware of your feelings, replenish first aid box
What are the processes of each stage?
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L LocationI IncidentO Other Services RequiredN Number Of CasualtiesE Extent Of InjuriesL Repeat Location
SUMMONING HELP
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Keep Eye Contact Tell The Truth
Be Aware Of Body LanguageSpeak Clearly and Slowly
Use Their NameAllow Time For The Casualty To Answer
Act In A Calm and Confident Manner
CASUALTYCOMMUNICATION
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“SET UP”Stop Take a Breath
Think Assessment
Environment Consider The Limitations
Traffic Safe Approach
Remain Alert
Unknown Hazard Gas, Electrical, Fire ?
Protect Self and Casualty Use Barriers
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THE “AVPU” SCALE
A Alert
V Responds To Voice
P Responds To Pain
U Unresponsive
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DR SAB
D Danger
R Response
S HOUT FOR HELP
A Airway
B Breathing
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PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
D DangerIs it safe for you to help? Can you remove the danger or move the casualty away from danger? Try
to find out the history, Are there too many casualties, can you cope?
R ResponseSigns of consciousness, gently shake the shoulders, TALK to the casualty ALL THE TIME
S HOUTYou never know who will here you, so make it loud
A AirwayOpen the airway, check for any obstructions, ALWAYS consider the possibility of a spinal injury
B BreathingRise and fall of the chest, listen for sound of breathing, feel for breath on your cheek
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B – BREATHING
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SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
Once you are sure the patient is breathing effectively, you can then start the secondary survey
Top to Toe (remember triage)Look for bleeding, bruising, swelling, deformity, spinal injury,
fractures, medi-alert bracelets, needle marks, pockets. DO NOT MOVE if you suspect a spinal injury, check the neck area.
GLOVES
Recovery Position
Keep warm (treat for shock)
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RECOVERY POSITION
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BREATHING
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BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
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BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
What does the heart do?
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BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
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New Resuscitation for 2006
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DISORDERS OF RESPIRATION
HypoxiaWhat is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is a term describing low levels of oxygen in the blood
What can cause hypoxia?
•Insufficient oxygen in inspired air
•Airway obstruction
•Conditions affecting the chest wall
•Impaired lung function
•Damage to brain or nerves
•Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues
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EXERCISE
Condition CausesInsufficient Oxygen in inspired
airFume Inhalation
Airway obstruction Choking, Drowning
Conditions affecting the chest wall
Crushing, Broken Ribs
Impaired lung function Asthma, Hyperventilation, punctured lung
Damage to Brain or Nerves Trauma, poison
Impaired O2 uptake by the tissues
Fume Inhalation, Bleeding
What can cause low levels of oxygen in the blood?
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B – BREATHING
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DISORDERS OF RESPIRATION
Choking
Drowning
Fume Inhalation
Asthma
Hyperventilation
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CHOKING
What is Choking?
Choking is either a full or partial blockage of the airway
What are Some of the Causes of Choking?
•Food
•Toys
•Pen Tops
•General Objects.
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CHOKING
Blueness (Cyanosis), Usually clutching the throat, difficulty orBlueness (Cyanosis), Usually clutching the throat, difficulty or unable to unable to breathbreath
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CHOKING ADULT
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CHOKING CHILD & BABY
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DROWNING
What is Drowning?When a persons face is
immersed in liquid
What different types are there?
Wet / Dry / Secondary
What are the recognition features?
Possibly face down in liquidCoughing & spluttering
Blueness of the face and lips.
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DROWNING
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT?
•Check for danger (don’t put yourself at risk)
•Either remove from water or lift head above water
•Check ABC and act accordingly
•Beware of water in the lungs and call 999 if unsure
•Beware of the onset of hypothermia.
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FUME, GAS & SMOKE INHALATION
When treating anyone for the above condition we must ensure our own safety
and make sure we have identified all casualties as it is possible to have to deal
with more than one
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TYPES OF GASSES, FUMES & RECOGNITION
Smoke – possible spasm of air passages, swelling & burning
Carbon monoxide – Headaches, confusion, nausea, breathing
difficulties, cherry red colour
CO2 – breathlessness, headaches, dizziness, rapid unconsciousness
Solvents – headaches, vomiting, possible unconsciousness, can
stop the heart
Lighter Fuels – can possibly stop the heart.
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TREATMENT?
•Call 999 [ambulance, fire etc]
•Remove casualty from danger, ensuring
not to endanger yourself
•Check ABC
•Treat any burns found
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ASTHMA
WHAT IS ASTHMA?
This is a condition where the air passages go into spasm and the lining of the airway
becomes inflamed and starts to swell.There can also be a secretion of thick
sticky mucus which further reduces the air passages.
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ASTHMA
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ASTHMA
What are the Cause of Asthma?•Animal fur or dust
•Nervous Tension
•Exercise
•Colds and viral infections
•Smoking
•Pollen
•Work
•Weather
•Food
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RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Difficulty in breathing with wheezy phases• Distress & anxiety• Unable to talk• Can become exhausted• May have blueness of lips and skin
TREATMENT?Remain calm & position the casualty comfortablyAssist them to take their own inhalerIf the condition does not ease within 3 minutes, get them to take the same inhaler againIf the attack is still present after 5 minutes call 999If the symptoms disappear recommend they see their GP
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HYPERVENTILATION
This is a condition which is a lack of carbon dioxide caused by excessive or over breathing, which will eventually lead to unconsciousness and possibly
death.
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WHAT ARE THE CAUSES?• Anxiety • Panic• Underwater Swimming
RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Flushed skin• Panicky / Anxious• Shallow Breathing• Can become weak
TREATMENT?Sit casualty down in a comfortable positionCalm them downGet them to breath into a paper bag or their cupped hands
If in doubt call 999.
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HYPERVENTILATION
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BEFORE YOU GO…
Workbook paper!!
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SUMMARY OF DAY TWO
Everyone OK with Resus?Today we will cover:Circulation Disorders
Disorders of ConsciousnessWounds and BleedingIncident ManagementCPR for baby and child
Bites and StingsPlease sign the register
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But First….
Recap paper!!!
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DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
THERE ARE VARIOUS DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION WHICH WE AS FIRST AIDERS CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ON.
WE WILL BE LOOKING AT THE FOLLOWING;
•Shock•Fainting
•Anaphylactic Shock•Angina
•Heart Attack
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SHOCK
Shock is an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the vital organs
of the body, thus causing these organs not to function properly
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SHOCK
What are Some of the Causes?•Some heart conditions
•Severe Bleeding•Loss of Bodily Fluids•Bad News / Fright
What are the Recognition Features•Pale, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse
•Nausea•Thirst
•Weakness•Cyanosis
•Shallow Breathing
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TREATMENT OF SHOCK
Treat the Cause of ShockLie the Casualty Down and Raise the Legs if PossibleKeep Them WarmContact 999 if NeededDo Not Give Anything to Eat or Drink
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DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
FaintingAnaphylactic Shock
AnginaHeart Attack
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FAINTING
This is a condition caused by a temporary reduction in the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain
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FAINTING
What Can Cause a Faint?•Fear
•Bad News•Hot Atmosphere
•Standing For a Long Period of Time
•Tiredness•Hunger
Recognition Features•Pale Face, Possibly Sweating
•Possibly Yawning•Slow Pulse
•Brief Unconsciousness
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TREATMENT
Lie Them Down Loosen Any Tight ClothingRaise Their Legs if PossibleOnce They Have Returned to Normal They can Sit up and Sip Cold WaterReassure Them and Try to Get Them Into a Supply of
Fresh Air
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ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
This is a condition where there is a severe allergic reaction
within the body which causes the blood vessels to dilate and can cause the air passages to
constrict
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CAUSES?
•Bee Stings•Nuts
•Medicine•Seafood
•Dairy Products•Wheat
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RECOGNITION FEATURES?• Blotchy Red Skin
• Swelling Around The Face And Neck
• Possible Difficulty in Breathing [Wheezy]
• Tight Chest
• Rapid Pulse
• Anxiety.
TREATMENT?999 Straight Away
Reassure Them and Position Them Comfortably
Ask if They Have Their Medication, If They Have Assist Them To Administer It [DO NOT GIVE IT]
Be Prepared to Resuscitate.
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ANGINA
This is a condition which is brought about by a narrowing of the arteries which supply
the heart with blood
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CAUSES?•Poor Diet
•Diabetes
•Smoking
•Hereditary
•Stress.
RECOGNITION FEATURES?•Chest Pain, Spreading to the Arms, Jaw, Back and Stomach
•Pain or Tingling in the Hand
•Shortness of Breath
•Signs and Symptoms of Shock.
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TREATMENT ?Reassure the Casualty and Make Them as Comfortable as PossibleIf They Have Their Medication Assist Them To Take It [DO NOT GIVE IT]IF The Pain Subsides Allow Them to Carry onIf the Pain Continues For 15 Mins Call 999Be Prepared to Resuscitate.
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ANGINA
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HEART ATTACK
This is where one of the coronary arteries
becomes blocked, causing possible
damage due to part of the heart being starved of oxygen
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HEART ATTACKWhat are Some of The Causes?
• Blockage of the Arteries• Bad Diet• Smoking
• Hereditary
Recognition Features• Severe Chest Pain, Radiating Down Arm
• Shortness of Breath• Pale Skin, Possible Cyanosis
• Irregular Weak Pulse• Signs and Symptoms of Shock
• Possible Sense of Impending Doom• could have been Complaining of Indigestion
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TREATMENT
Put casualty in Comfortable positionCalm them down and reassureKeep them warmCall 999Be Prepared to Resuscitate.
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
What is it?
A network of impulses that control the functions of the body
Made up primarily of the brain and the spinal cord
The spine protects the spinal cord which is the message sender
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DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
F I S H S H APED
faintinginjury to brain or spinal cordshockheart attackstrokehead injuryasphyxiapoisoningepilepsydiabetic
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DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
ConcussionSkull Fractures and Compression
StrokeEpilepsyDiabetes
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CONCUSSION
This is a condition when there has been a blow to the head severe enough to shake the brain
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Brief or Partial Loss of Consciousness
• Signs and Symptoms of Shock
• Dizziness
• Loss of Memory
• Feeling Sick
• Headache
• Shallow Breathing
TREATMENT
Call 999 if Needed
If Not Necessary Advise to See Their GP
Keep Them Comfortable With Their Head, Neck and Torso in Line
If No Spinal is Suspected Raise Their Head and Shoulders
Monitor Casualty Constantly
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SKULL FRACTURE & CEREBRAL COMPRESSION
This is where via a direct blow the skull has broken, this can either lead to a build up of fluid or part
of the broken bone putting pressure on the brain
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SKULL FRACTURE
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COMPRESSION
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RECOGNITION FEATURES• History of a blow to the head• Hot flushed face• Slow strong pulse• Noisy slow breathing• Unequal pupils in severe cases• Intense headache• Watery fluid possibly coming out of the ear & nose• Confusion and Possible change in personality
TREATMENTCall for an ambulancePlace in a comfortable position, if no spinal injury suspected, head and shoulders raisedIf fluid coming from the ear place a sterile dressing over it and keep a sample for hospitalIf unconscious check ABC and place in the recovery positionBe prepared to resuscitate
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STROKEThis is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly and seriously impaired by
a blood clot or a ruptured artery
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RECOGNITION FEATURES•Sudden severe headache
•Confused and emotional state•Sudden or gradual loss of consciousness
•Signs of paralysis or loss of power•Dribbling
•Slurred speech
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TREATMENTLay casualty down and raise head and shoulders
Reassure casualty
Support any paralyzed limb
Do not give anything to eat or drink
If unconscious check ABC and place in recovery position
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EPILEPSY
This is a condition where there is an abnormal amount of electrical activity in the brain, causing the muscles of the body going into spasm which the
person cannot control
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TYPES OF EPILEPSY
Petit Mal - Minor Epilepsy
Grand Mal - Major Epilepsy
RECOGNITION OF PETIT MAL•Repetitive twitching movements
•Strange behaviour, lip smacking, plucking at clothing
•Possibly followed by a major seizure
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MINOR EPILEPSY
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TREATMENT OF PETIT MAL
If possible sit them down
Remove any sources of danger
Talk to and reassure the casualty until they fully recover
Advise the casualty of what has happened, if this is the first time advise them to see their GP
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RECOGNITION FEATURES OF GRAND MAL
•There could be a warning period [AURA]•Suddenly fall into unconsciousness, often letting
out a cry•Become rigid, arching their back
•Breathing could cease•Signs of cyanosis
•Convulsive movements begin•Frothing at the mouth
•Possible loss of bladder control
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MAJOR EPILEPSY
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TREATMENT• If possible support or eases the casualties
fall• Make space around them• Ask bystanders to move away• Protect the casualties head• Record how long the fit lasts
Dial 999 If Unconscious for longer than 10 minutesConvulsing for longer than 5 minutesRepeated convulsionsFirst convulsion
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DIABETES
This is a condition brought about by the bodies inability to regulate
its own blood sugar levels
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TYPES OF DIABETES
(TYPE 1) HYPERGLYCAEMIAnot enough insulin secreted resulting in high blood sugar levels (IDD Insulin Dependant
Diabetes)
(TYPE 2) HYPOGLYCAEMIAtoo much insulin secreted resulting in low blood
sugar levels (NIDD Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes)
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RECOGNITION FEATURES• Pale, cold skin with profuse sweating• Deteriorating levels of consciousness• Can be aggressive• Confusion• Weakness and palpitations• Look for evidence such as bracelet,
necklace, warning card
TREATMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIAMake the casualty as comfortable as possibleGive something sugary [sugary not sweet]If they start to improve give more sugar until full recoveredAdvise them to eat a meal a soon as possible
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TYPES OF WOUND
P – uncture = NailC – ontusion = Blunt blow / Bruise
G – unshot = BulletA – brasion = Scrape / Graze I – ncision = Neat cutL – aceration = Rough tear
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TYPES OF BLEEDING
We have 8 – 12 pints in our bodies!!
ARTERIAL
Bright Red blood, spurting in time with heart
VENOUS
Same volume as arterial but blood will ooze
CAPILLARY
Blood loss is usually slight and is easily controlled
Always use GLOVES
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ARTERIAL BLEEDClose your eyes if you’re squeamish!!
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TREATMENT FOR WOUNDS AND BLEEDING
Put gloves onExpose and examine the woundRaise and support injured limbsIf ok apply direct pressureUse up to two dressings and change if blood coming throughOnce the bleeding stops bandage firmlySupport injured area if necessaryTreat for shockDial 999 if necessary
USE GLOVES
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EXTERNAL BLEEDING
R - estPlace them in an appropriate position for the location of their injury
E - levateElevate the wound, Ensure it is above the level of the heart, Gravity
will reduce the blood flow
D – irect PressureApply direct or indirect pressure to stem the flow of blood
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R E D
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Penetrating Chest Wound
Abdominal Wound
Nose Bleeds
Amputations
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PENETRATING CHEST WOUND
This is a condition where something has penetrated the skin and the chest
cavity, including the ribs at the back.Because of where the lungs are situated
this can include them as well
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RECOGNITION• Signs of shock
• Coughing up frothy red blood
• Crackling feeling around the site of wound
• Blood bubbling out of/around wound
• Sound of air being sucked into chest as casualty breaths in
TREATMENTMain aim is to stop air entering chest cavity
Ensure ambulance is on its way
Expose the wound and cover initially
Assist casualty into comfy position usually [w]
Incline casualty to injured side
Cover wound with sterile dressing, then plastic
Seal the plastic on three sides with tape
Monitor constantly and be ready to resuscitate
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ABDOMINAL WOUND
This type of wound is classified as anything from the diaphragm down to the hips.This has the potential to be dangerous
because of the amount of vital organs in that area.
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RECOGNITION
• Possibly see something protruding from the wound [usually the intestines]
• Signs and symptoms of shock
• Complaining of pain in that area
• Bystanders may be able to give you a history of what happened
TREATMENT
Main aim is to reduce the risk of infection
Lay casualty down, supporting there knees
If nothing protruding cover with a sterile dressing and secure in place
If something is protruding cover it with a plastic bag/cling film if this isn't available use a damp sterile dressing
Drape a dressing over the top
Call for an ambulance
Treat for shock
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NOSEBLEEDS
Generally these are more of a nuisance, however if the casualty
looses a lot of blood they can be dangerous
TREATMENT
Sit the casualty down leaning slightly forward
Assist them to pinch there nose for approximately 10 minutes
Repeat this if required, if the bleed lasts longer than 30
minutes send them to hospital
Once under control advise them not to sniff, cough or blow
their nose for a couple of hours
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AMPUTATIONAmputation is where part of the body has been partly or completely
severed from the body
TREATMENTTreat any general bleeding
Treat for shock, with plenty of reassurance
Place severed section into a clean plastic bag or cling film
Wrap this in fabric or gauze
Place this in/on ice
Ensure casualties details are on the bag
Hand this over personally to emergency services
DO NOT wash the amputated part
DO NOT allow direct contact with ice
DO NOT allow raw surfaces to come into contact with cotton wool
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INDIRECT PRESSURE
If direct pressure is not effective or possible you must apply indirect pressure
Apply for a maximum of 10 minutes at a time
The two arteries where we can effectively apply direct pressure, are:
•BRACHIAL•FEMORAL
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INTERNAL BLEEDING
Bleeding from inside the body is just as important as external bleeding.
Unfortunately as First Aiders it is out of our scope to stop it, we can however reduce its effect until medical help arrives
RECOGNITION•Signs and symptoms of shock
•Could vomit blood
•Could cough up blood
•Could bleed from the ear or nose
•Marble patterning around the affected area
•Area will be hard to touch
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INTERNAL BLEEDING TREATMENT
Treat the casualty for shockCall an ambulanceIf possible retain a sample of blood/fluidBe prepared to resuscitate
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EFFECTS OF BLOOD LOSS
Blood Loss 10% 20% 30% 40%
Consciousness Normal May feel dizzy when stood up
Restless, Anxious Unresponsive
Skin Normal Pale Cyanosis Blue/Cold
Pulse Normal Slightly raised Rapid, Hard to detect Undetectable
Breathing Normal Slightly Raised Rapid Air Hunger
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BLEEDING FROM ORIFICIES
Bleeding from: Appearance Possible causes
Bright Red/Clots Perforated ear drum/fractured skull
Bright Red/Clots Nose Bleed
Bright red and frothy Bleeding in the lungs
Fresh Blood Menstruation
Anus Bright Red Fresh Blood Bleeding from lower bowel
Anus
EarBlood which appears watered
downFractured skull (leaking
cerebral fluid)
Nose Blood which appears watered down
Fractured skull (leaking cerebral fluid)
MouthVomited or coffee brown colour Bleeding in stomach
Vagina
Dark brown Blood Large intestines/bowel
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CRUSH INJURY
IF LESS THAN 15 MINUTES
•Remove object, control bleeding, Monitor ABC, Call 999
IF MORE THAN 15 MINUTES
•DO NOT move the casualty, Call 999, monitor ABC’s
CRUSH SYNDROME
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Incident Management Scenarios
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Junior and Baby CPR
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Bites and Stings
Bee Stings
Wasp Stings
Dog Bites
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Before you go…
Workbook paper!!
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SUMMARY OF DAY THREE
Please Sign The Register• Burns and Scalds• Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries• Poisoning• Incident Management• Foreign Bodies• Effect of Heat and Cold• Resus Recap
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But first….
Recap paper!!!
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HOW ARE BURNS CAUSED?
DRY HEAT BURNSDirect contact with dry heat or friction, Flames, Hot Objects
SCALDSSteam, Hot Liquid
CHEMICAL BURNSAcid, Chlorine, Bleach
RADIATION BURNSNot just Plutonium!! Sun Burn, Sun Beds
COLD INJURYFrostbite, Freezing Metal, Liquid Gas
ELECTRICAL BURNSMains Power
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TYPES OF BURN
SUPERFICIALOnly the outermost layer of skin is effected
Redness swelling & tendernessIf larger than 5% take/send to hospital
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PARTIAL THICKNESS
Rawness and blisters1% must be seen by a doctor
9% will cause shock and must go to hospital
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FULL THICKNESS
All layers are burned and there may possibly be some nerve, fat tissue and
muscle damageRequires urgent hospital treatment
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HOW BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED
THE PALM OF YOUR OWN HAND IS
ROUGHLY 1% OF YOUR OWN
BODY
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TREATMENT OF BURNS
Our main aim is to protect from infectionFlood the area with cold water for at least 10 mins Gently remove watches and jewellery if possibleCover with a sterile dressingElevate if possible & treat for shock
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TREATMENT DO NOT’S
X Break blistersX Apply adhesive dressingsX Apply lotions, ointments or fatsX Remove anything sticking to the
burn
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TREATMENT OF BURNS
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BURNS TO THE FACE AND NECK
These can be very dangerous especially if the airway is affected.
Our main aim here is to get medical help as soon as possible
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TREATMENT
Dial for an ambulance stating burns to the airwayLoosen any tight clothing, get casualty into a supply of fresh air if possibleAdminister oxygen if you have been trained to do so
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CHEMICAL BURNS
The effect of a chemical burn can be a lot slower than normal
burns, the first aider should be aware of this and the chemicals
available in their workplace
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TREATMENT
Ensure your safety whilst you treat the casualty [wear PPE]Flood the affected area for at least 20 minsRemove contaminated clothing whilst flooding the areaFollow guidelines laid down on the relevant COSHH sheetsTake or send the casualty to hospital with a copy of the COSHH sheet
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ELECTRICAL BURNS
Electricity is very dangerous not least because we cannot see it, but also
because it can very easily stop the heart.There are two types of electricity we are likely to come into contact with, these are:
Alternating Current [AC]Direct Current [DC]
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TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
Alternating CurrentThis is the electricity which generally comes from
a plug socket at home or work, once you turn the socket off the electricity stops
Direct CurrentThis is like the electricity stored in a battery or on
railway lines, it is a constant source of power until it is turned off from its source
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• May be an electrical cable/appliance nearby
• Casualty will have an entry burn usually on the hand [but not always]
• Casualty will also have an exit burn, which will be where the casualty was earthed
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TREATMENT
Ensure your safetySwitch off the power supply if it is safe to do soCheck ABC and act accordinglyCall for an ambulanceTreat any burns found, remember entry and exit
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BURNS TO THE EYE
These can be caused by either chemicals or a naked flame the
treatment for both is very similar
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TREATMENT
Run the eye under cold water for at least 10 mins [20 mins with chemicals]
Be prepared to use a gentle but firm approach as the eye may close tight
Cover the eye with an eye pad, and arrange for the casualty to go to hospital
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BRIGHT LIGHT INJURY
Because our eyes are susceptible to bright light we can get this
condition from the sun, a welders flash or even a sun bed.
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RECOGNITION
• Feeling of pain or grit in the eye• Red, watery eyes which are
sensitive to light
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TREATMENT
Constantly reassure the casualtyLeave any contact lenses in placeCover the eyes using a sterile eye padArrange for them to go to hospital
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MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL CONDITIONS
This section we are going to look at the conditions which can effect the muscles of
the body or the skeleton, these will include:
FracturesSpinal Injuries
Strains & Sprains
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FRACTURES
A bone is referred to as fracture when it is chipped, broken, split,
hairline fractured.Any of the bones in our body have
the potential to fracture
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TYPES OF FRACTURES
Closed FracturesThis is a clean break in the bone
Open FracturesThe skin has been broken by the bone. This injury has a
high risk of infection
Complicated FracturesComplications have arisen I.e Trapped blood vessel,
impinging on an organ (lung/brain)
Greenstick FracturesCommon in children, Their bones have split rather than
snapped
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GENERAL CAUSES OF FRACTURES
• Direct Force – this can be caused by a fall, or a blow from a fist or object
• Indirect Force – this can be caused away from the point of impact, such as when you put your hand out as you fall and break your collarbone
• Muscular Contraction – this can happen such as when a player goes to kick a ball and misses, resulting in a fractured kneecap
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RECOGNITION FEATURES• Pain at the site and tender to touch• Swelling• Discoloration• Lack of movement• Abnormal looking compared to other
side• Signs and symptoms of shock• You may hear bones grating together• A crack may have been heard as it
happened
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
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GENERAL TREATMENT
Check ABC and act accordinglyPosition the casualty as comfortably as possiblePad the area to stop any unnecessary movementSling the area if possibleTreat as best possible for shockArrange for transportation to hospital
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GENERAL TREATMENT
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FRACTURED COLARBONE
Recognition Features
• Pain and tenderness at the site• Casualties head may be slightly
inclined to the injured side• Casualty may be supporting their
own elbow on the injured side
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TREATMENT
Position the casualty comfortably
Support their elbow in a sling if possible
Secure their arm to their side using a broad fold bandage
Treat them for shock
Arrange for transportation to hospital
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APPLYING SLINGS
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FRACTURED PELVIS
Recognition Features
• Unable to walk or even stand• Severe pain and tenderness in the
area• Desire to urinate• Signs and symptoms of shock
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TREATMENT
Assist the casualty to lie down on their backSend or call for an ambulanceBend their knees if possible, if not bandage their feet together to help relieve the painTreat them for shock
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SIMPLE RIB FRACTURE
Recognition Features
• History of a blow to the area• Severe pain especially when
breathing in• Movement of the arm on the
injured side causes pain• Possible discoloration
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TREATMENT
Sit the casualty down in a comfortable positionAsk if they have coughed up any bloodSecure the arm on the injured side with a broad fold bandageArrange for transportation to hospital
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FLAIL CHEST
This is where there have been multiple rib fractures and the
chest cage has become ineffective
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COMPLICATED RIB FRACTURE & FLAIL CHEST
Recognition Features
• History of a blow to the area• Severe pain especially when breathing in• Breathing could be shallow• May have coughed up blood• Movement of the arm on the injured side causes
pain• Possible discoloration• An open wound may be visible, making a sucking
noise
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TREATMENT
Treat any open chest woundPut the casualty into the “W” positionIncline them to the injured sideSupport arm on the injured side with a sling if possibleCall 999Treat for shock
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DISLOCATION
This is a condition where the head of a bone has become displaced at the joint
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Severe pain at the site• Abnormal to look at compared with
other side• Possible bruising• Possible swelling• Tender to touch
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TREATMENT
Make the casualty as comfortable as possiblePad the hollow between the injured arm and the chest if possibleApply a support sling if possibleArrange for transportation to hospitalGently apply ice pack if possible
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SPINAL INJURIES
The spine is made up of thirty three irregular shaped bones known as vertebrae, these are divided into five sections, they are as follows:
•Cervical 7•Thoracic 12•Lumber 5•Sacrum 5•Coccyx 4
Their job is to protect the spinal cord from being damaged
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
If Just The Vertebrae Are Damaged• Pain in the neck or at the level of the injury• Step or twist in normal curvature of the
spine• Tenderness to touch
If Spinal Cord Is Damaged As Well• Loss of control of one or more limbs• Burning or tingling sensation• Disorientation or bewilderment• Difficulty in breathing
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TREATMENT
Stabilise the head, neck and shoulders in neutral alignmentTo open airway use jaw thrust methodIf airway still not open, extend airway very slowly until airway achievedCheck ABC and act accordinglyIf breathing maintain in neutral alignment until help arrivesCall 999Remain calm and confident at all times
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BREATHING DIFFICULTIES AND ACTION FOR VOMIT
• Support the casualties head as before
• Straighten the legs of the casualty
• Space helpers evenly on either side of casualty
• On leaders command pull casualty on to their side ensuring neutral alignment all the way
• Once on their side maintain neutral alignment
• If the casualty is to be put onto their back again, this should happen slowly again ensuring neutral alignment
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LAND BASED LOG ROLL
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STRAINS
What Causes a Strain?
Over stretching or tearing
What Do Strains Effect?
Tendons
Muscles
What Do Tendons and Muscles Do?
Tendons – attach the muscle to the bone
Muscles - span joints and generate movement
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Sudden sharp pain• Swelling• Possible cramp in the area• Discoloration• Tenderness• Possible lack of movement
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SPRAINS
What Causes a Sprain?Wrenching or taking a joint beyond its
normal range of movementWhat Does a Sprain Effect?
LigamentsWhat do Ligaments Do?
Ligaments attach bone to bone always over a joint.
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Pain at the site of injury, normally a joint• Possible swelling• Possible discoloration• Lack of movement• Tender to touch
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GENERAL TREATMENT OF STRAINS AND SPRAINS
• R-est the injured area
• I-ce should be applied
• C-ompress the injury with a bandage
• E-levate the injured area if possible
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TREATMENT OF STRAINS AND SPRAINS
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POISON
What Is Poison?Any substance (liquid, solid or gas) that causes damage when entering the body in sufficient
quantity
How Can It Enter The Body?
•Inhaled•Injected•Swallowed•Absorbed•Instilled•Food poisoning
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GENERAL RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Possible vomiting• Raised temperature• Possible burns• Change of facial colour• Irregular pulse• Possible cyanosis• Possible headache
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TREATMENT
Inhaled
Ensure your own safetyRemove casualty danger if possibleCheck ABC and act accordinglyIf resuscitation is necessary ensure you do not inhale their fumesKeep casualty still
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SWALLOWED
Check ABC and act accordinglyKeep casualty as still as possibleIf breathing place in recovery positionTry and find out what was swallowedIf corrosive give sips of cold milk or waterDo not encourage vomiting Keep samples of substances if possibleMonitor and record responsiveness regularlyBe prepared to resuscitate
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ABSORBED
Ensure your own safetyWash away any residue on the skin [20 min]Arrange for transportation to hospitalIf in doubt dial 999 Keep casualty as still as possible
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INJECTED
Keep casualty as still as possibleCheck ABC and act accordinglyApply a cold compressArrange for transportation to hospital
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FOOD POISONING RECOGNITION
• Recurrent vomiting and diarrhoea • Possible raised temperature• Headache• Paleface• Possible history of suspect food
consumption
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TREATMENT
Assist the casualty into a comfortable positionGive sips of water to help replace lost fluidsArrange for them to see a doctorIf condition worsens drastically call 999
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Incident Management Recap
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Foreign Object Treatments
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EFFECTS OF HEAT AND COLD
The body has its own thermostatWhich regulates the normal temperature
at around 37oC
If it varies just 2oC either way there will be an adverse reaction by the body
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HYPOTHERMIA
This is a condition in which the core body temperature falls below 35oC
This can be caused by either a gradual onset over a period of time or very quickly such as falling into freezing
water
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RECOGNITION FEATURES
• Uncontrollable shivering, which will stop when the core temp drops even further
• Cold, pale and dry skin• Slow shallow breathing• Slow weak pulse• Strange or unusual
behaviour• Possible unconsciousness
or even death
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TREATMENT
• Remove or protect from the cause
• Asses the age, health and fitness of the casualty
• Warm them up according to the onset
• Give a warm drink if possible
• Refer to a doctor or hospital depending on severity
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HEAT EXHAUSTION
This is a condition caused by the loss of water and salts from the body
through excessive sweating.
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RECOGNITION
• Pale and clammy skin with a rapid pulse
• Cramps in the limbs
• Possible headache
• Nausea
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TREATMENT
Assist the casualty to a cool place or cool down the environmentGive some fluids to drink [one tsp salt per ltr of water]If possible lay them down and raise their legsIf recovery is rapid encourage to see their own doctorBe prepared for them to go unconscious
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HEAT EXHAUSTION
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HEAT STROKE
• This condition is caused by a failure of the thermostat in the brain to regulate the bodies core temperature.
• As the body continues to heat up damage can be caused to the brain.
• This condition can occur due to prolonged exposure to very hot conditions or illnesses
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RECOGNITION
• Hot flushed and dry skin • Possible headache,
restlessness, dizziness and confusion
• Strong bounding pulse• Body temperature will
be above 40 degrees• Levels of response will
be deteriorating
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TREATMENTAssist the casualty to a cool environment and remove all outer clothingTelephone their doctorWrap casualty in a cool wet sheet and keep it wet, create a wind chill factorKeep cooling until under tongue temperature drops to 38 degreesOnce cooled replace wet sheet with dry oneBe prepared for casualty to go unconscious
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HEAT STROKE
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CPR and Unconscious Casualty Recap
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Before you go…
Workbook paper!!
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