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european school of governance
Dr. Thomas R. Henschel European School of Governance
Portoroz, Slovenia 14-16 June 2007
Conflict Resolution on intergovernmental level
and in politics
First International ConferenceMEDITIONA DAYS
No Borders for Justice
european school of governance
content
Trends in Society and international relations
Democratisation
Global society world and international conflicts
International conflicts and conflict prevention
Concepts of multilateral peacekeeping
Mediation: a concept for international peace keeping
Conclusion and perspective
european school of governance
Trends in Society
Economic development and prosperity:
1871: more than 50% in agriculture
2000: less than 3.2% in agriculture
GDP
1830: 2000:
~130.-€ ~ 25.000.- €
Lifetime: doubled
Better education and access to information
48
3,20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1871 2000
0,13
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
thousands EUR
1830 2000
t
People in agriculture
GDP
european school of governance
The elite today has no longer the monopol of access to information - in the best case they have a little advantage of time
The radical change of the social structure, the revolution in the education and information sector has initiated a change in government:
democratisation
„The Democractic Revolution is the most important trend at the end of the 20th
century“
(Samuel Huntigton)
Trends in Society
european school of governance
Democratisation
Increasing wealfare leads to growing demands for democratic participation
Globalisation promots democratisation Wealfare and developement needs the
autonom and innovative citizizen, who participates in decission making
0
22
58 65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1900 1940 1980 2001
Number of people in % living in democratic societies
european school of governance
The global society world
The emerging of the „society world“ (E.-O. Czempiel)
has
ended the classical international war between states
In 2001 the UN registered 105 violant conflicts and
wars,
all of them „new wars“ (intra-state-wars)
Main issue of those conflicts:
political and economic Participation
Challenge of the 21th century:
how to deal with these conflicts in an alternative
and non-violant way that answers the demand
for participation?
european school of governance
International conflict and conflict prevention
1945: creation of the United Nations
Multilateralism should be institutionalised
Consensus building as a principle in international politics and peace keeping
Rule of international law and international government should be under the control of the United Nations
unilateral policy is a treat for the international community
Challenge today: how can the principle of multilateralism and consensus building in international politics be re-established?
european school of governance
International conflict and conflict preventioncrisis of classical crisis-management
Collapse of security policy: The crisis in Yugoslavia, Somalia and Ruanda made the collapse of the
classical crisis-management obvious Deadly conflicts, failed states, civil war, violence of human rights, genozid –
the international community seamed to be almost helpless A massive conceptionel gap in security and peace policy This became even more true after 9/11
Spending of Ressources: millions of Dollar where spended for reactive crisis management (military
forces, humanitarian aid, recouvery programms)
Development policy became a repair workshop
The international community is in need of a concept
for maintaining security in the new emerging world order
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Prevention before a deadly conflict and Consolidation after such a conflict became important conceptional aspects for new forms of appropriate, effective and cheaper security strategies
Development policy aspects and security aspects (peace building) merged to the new concept of peace-consolidation (UN/OSCE)
International conflict and conflict preventionsearch for new concepts of constructive conflict management
Development Policy Security Policy
Peace Consolidation
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A change in paradigma in Security Policy stresses the “culture of Prevention” (Carnegie Commission 1997) and pledges for a coherend conflict prevention strategy development (UN 1/2001)
“Prevention is the only appropriate security policy.” (Ernst-
Otto Czempiel)
International conflict and conflict preventiona change in paradigma
european school of governance
Concepts of multilateral peacekeeping
Peace building (UN / OSCE)A sytematic and longterm oriented process to deal with the sources of violant conflicts and to build the framework, the institutions and structures for a society to life in peace together
Three phases of Peace Building (UN / OSCE)
I.
Preventing deadly conflicts
Preventing escalation
Preventing rebirth of conflict
II.
III.
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Concepts of multilateral peacekeeping
The current modell of peace building:
Peace Bulding
Experts:
Operative Prevention
•Early warning and intervention•Preventive diplomacy•Economic measures (Sanctions, Benefits)•Erzwingungsmaßnahmen
Structurell prevention
•Security (in and between states)•Well-Beeing (i.e. social justice,
political participations, sustainableDevelopement)
•Rule of law and just society (in and between states)
short term mid term long term
european school of governance
Current modell of UN and OSCE: Experts are analysing the conflict, it structure
etc. and developing strategies for peace building.
Experts are doing the job and they are trying to bring peace to the people
Concepts of multilateral peacekeeping
A good modell for de-escalation of deadly conflicts by force,but
also the best modell for a sustainable peace building?
european school of governance
Problems of the current concept
Peace Consolidation is basicaly seen as a technological project concerning ressources, techical support, capacities, methods of external acteurs to act most effective according to the operational needs on the ground
Gap between early warning and eraly action
Lack of co-ordination cohrrent approaches between state and non-state actors
One track classical diplomacy
Almost non bottom-up information flow and network
High-tech military warning systems not suited to the prevalling of new wars
european school of governance
Empowering civic society by empowering the people
Mediation is an approach that empowers the civiv society by empowering the people itself.
conflict owners and experts The conflict groups and partners are experts
for their problems and conflicts they could be experts for peace building
Mediation: an approved process approach and tool
Mediation is an additional approved instrument for sustainable peace building
When people participate it enhances the acceptance of the result
Sustainability is a result of the process itself
Mediation: a concept for international peace keeping
european school of governance
supports the conflict parties in understanding their conflict:
Methods to stimulate the exchange about differences
Mapping the conflict by using visualiziation techniques
creates a room for the differences and for the mutual acceptances of those differences
Helps the conflict parties to find optimal regulations for their situations based on a better understanding of the interests and needs of everybody involved in the conflict
Conducts the creation of a contract and ensures – if needed - that a third party overlooks and guards the implementation process
Mediation: a concept for international peace keepingHow mediation could be usefull
Mediation
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Where mediation could make a difference:
Phase I: Prevention: transfering preventive diplomacy into
early mediation processes (by professional mediators and not diplomats, only)
Support of early mediation approaches by economic measurements (sanctions or benefits)
Phase III: Sustainable Peace-building Establishing sustainable structures for
peace keeping through the participations of the conflict parties in the strategie developement process
european school of governance
Mediation: an instrument for all phases and on all political levels in the process of peace building Mediation could help to overcome structurell gaps in
the current concept of peace building: Definition of Interest of the conflict parties, politicians etc.
activation of ressources (from non-action to effective action)
Coherence building of acteurs in all fields of politics
Better coherence and co-operation in foreign policy, security and development policy in an complex and multilevel environment (regional and national governments, international organisations, NGO`s)
Better co-operation of government and private sector
Effective support oriented at the needs and interests of the people on the ground
Humanitarian assistance and development local cpacities for peace could be forstered and their capacity could be strengthened
european school of governance
Mediation
UN and OSCE should promote the integration of Mediation as a complementary instrument and approach for conflict prevention
Mediation supports the parties, the responsibilty for the content stays with the conflict parties
Mediation forsters the civic society by empowering the people itself and giving them back the responsibility for their conflicts and conflict-resolution strategies
european school of governance
Conclusion Most important trend: democratisation Democratisation demands participation of the citizien and a
strong civic society Democratisation and the growing global society has ended
the classical international war between states Today deadly conflicts are civil wars and terroristic acts The UN / OSCE modell is an approved - however imperfect
it may be - instrument to de-escalate deadly conflicts Peace building would profit from mediation in three
aspects: Early prevention (preventive mediation etc.)I Continous prevention (developing sustainable structures
and regulations for peace building and keeping) Mediation is a key ressource for all aspects of peace
building
european school of governance
Perspective
In a more and more complex and dynamic world, in which one men could destroy the whole world, we need mediation as a suffienced approach and tool to deal in a peacefull and participative way with international conflicts.
An approach that empowers the civiv society by empowering participation and the citiziens itself.
An approach that is dialog and process orientated and leaves the responsibility with the people.
Within the states and between the states.
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