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Euphemism
A euphemism is when you make a word
sound less harsh.
Example:
“The old man passed away.”
We use passed away as a less intense
way of saying died.
Simile
A simile compares something using the
words “like” or “as... as ....”
For example:
“As quick as a flash.”
“Muscles like iron.”
Metaphor
A metaphor compares something by ac-
tually saying it is like another object
being described.
For example:
“The teacher was an ogre.”
“The carpet of snow.”
Adverbials
Words or phrases that describe the
time, manner or place of an action.
“At midnight, (time)”
“quickly (manner)”
“behind the door (place).”
Onomatopoeia
Words that sound like the sound it is
describing.
For example:
“Crash”
“Swoop”
“Boing”
Subjunctives
Words or phrases that give someone’s
opinion or show their feelings/mood.
For example:
“In my opinion...”
“I do not recommend ...”
Connectives/
Conjunctions
Words that connect sentences or
clauses together.
For example:
“because”
“so”
“although”
The
Articles
There are two types of articles:
Indefinite articles (a, an, any)
Definite articles (the, those)
Can you see that the definite articles
make you definitely know which one
you want? (Those shoes, that bag.)
Ellipsis
Ellipsis is when words are missed out
of sentences or phrases. It is used to
create suspense.
For example:
“He found .... a half-eaten finger.”
Parenthesis
Parenthesis is used by the author to
take a break in the main text to give
extra information to the reader. You
can use commas, brackets or dashes.
David didn’t like his present (which is
fine because it was from Poundland).
Determiner
A word that determines: (which one)
Possession (my, your)
Amount (lots, three)
Articles (a, the)
Demonstratives (that, those)
It doesn’t describe the appearance of
a noun, only the relevance. Imagine
your buying in a shop.
Verb
An action. These words are doing
words and can be in past, present or
future tense.
Regular verbs have “ed” on the end in
the past tense. Irregular verbs don’t.
Preposition
Any word that describes the position
of an object.
Adjective
A word that describes a noun only.
adverb
A word that describes a verb only.
Noun
A naming word for an object.
You may have abstract nouns (such as
love or hate. You can’t touch them but
they exist.)
Compound nouns are nouns made up of
two nouns joined together. (shoelace)
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the
place of a noun (it, she, herself).
Proper Noun
A word that is a unique place or name.
These will have capitals.
Proper nouns are company names, per-
sonal names or names of towns, cities
or countries (Dave, Australia, Google).
Italics
Italics is when words are written on a
slant or slightly leaning over.
This has the effect of emphasising the
word for the reader.
It can also be used instead to show
speech or quotations.
“Inverted
Commas”
Inverted commas around words can be
used for speech or to quote someone
or something.
They can also be used to be sarcastic
or indicate another meaning.
For example:
Mum’s soup tasted “amazing”.
Types of
Sentences
1. Command “Go over there.”
2. Statement “Squirrels are lovely.”
3. Exclamation “I’m on fire!”
4. Question “Where is Dave?”
W.A.S.A.B.I
(Complex Sentence)
1.While
2.After
3.Since
4.Although
5.Because
6.If
Subordinator
F.A.N.B.O.Y.S
(Compound Sentence)
1.For
2.And
3.Nor
4.But
5.Or
6.Yet
7.So
Co-ordinator
Me or I?
Think of the sentence: “I went to the
cinema.” If you went with a friend how
would you say it? “David and I went to
the cinema.”
“Dad gave me a present”. Add another
person in. “Dad gave me and mum a
present.” If you cover up the name of
the extra person, it still makes sense.
The Main Clause
The main clause is like a simple sen-
tence. It must have a subject and a
verb. It must also make sense. It may
even be part of a bigger sentence.
“I went home.” (main clause)
“Because I went home.” (not a main
clause-doesn’t make sense)
“After the storm, the boat sank.” (the
main clause in red– makes sense on own)
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