eudicots.ppt

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots

Eudicots

• Palynological apomorphy:

tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grain

EudicotsCORE EUDICOTS

CARYOPHYLLALES

Nyctaginaceae

Amaranthaceae

Plumbaginaceae

ROSIDS

MYRTALES

Myrtaceae

CUCURBITALES

Cucurbitaceae

FABALES

Fabaceae= Leguminosae

MALPIGHIALES

Euphorbiaceae

ROSALES

Rosaceae

Moraceae

MALVALES

Malvaceae

SAPINDALES

Rutaceae

ASTERIDS

GENTIANALES

Rubiaceae

Apocynaceae s.l.

LAMIALES

Lamiaceae=Labiatae

SOLANALES

Solanaceae

ASTERALES

Asteraceae=Compositae

Asteraceae: 21 000 spp.Orchidaceae: 17 500 spp.Leguminosae: 16 500 spp.Rubiaceae: 13 000 spp.Graminae: 8 000 spp.Mammalia: 5 000 spp.

CORE EUDICOTSCARYOPHYLLALES

encompass a traditional group formerly known as

the Centrospermae (or Caryophyllidae, after

Cronquist, 1981, and Takhtajan, 1999).

Higher CaryophyllalesBetalain pigments (instead of anthocyanins)

HO

HO COOH

COOH

N N

COOHHOOC

H

N COOHHOOC

H

N

sieve tube plastids with protein crystalloid inclusions surrounded by proteinaceous filaments

campylotropous ovule

campylotropous ovule

perispermous seeds

- storage tissue in nucellus, not endosperm

NYCTAGINACEAE

• Herbs, shrubs, sometimes trees• Leaves simple• Alternate or opposite• Exstipulate

NYCTAGINACEAE

• Flowers uni- or bisexual• Involucre of bracts• Perianth tube petaloid• Bracts usually colored• CymeK (5) A ? G ? [Bougainvilla spectabilis]

NYCTAGINACEAE

• Unicarpellate• 1-ovulate• Fruit achene• Fruit usually inside persistent calyx tube• Endospermous

NYCTAGINACEAE

• Bougainvillea spectabilis

• Mirabilis jalapa “alas cuatro” or “four o’ clock plant”

• Pisonia “lettuce tree”

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots: Rosids

ROSIDS

• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots• Linked by no clear non-molecular

apomorphies• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &

crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

• trees and shrubs• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves• Usually epiperigynous flowers with

numerous stamens.• Papery or flaky bark• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin• Leaves pellucid-dotted

Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with hypanthium.

MYRTACEAE

• Psidium guajava “guava”• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring to

operculum covering stamens in bud• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia jambolana• Callistemon

Leptospermum laevigatum

CUCURBITACEAE

• Climbing herbs• Tendrils • Leaves cordate• Palmately veined• Alternate• Exstipulate

CUCURBITACEAE

• Flowers unisexual• 5-merous• Calyx gamosepalous• Corolla poly- or gamopetalous• Stamens 5, coherent into a synandrium

CUCURBITACEAE

• Gynoecium inferior• Carpels 3• Uniloculate• 3 parietal placentae• Fruit pepo, sometimes capsule• Exalbuminous

Melothria pendula

Coccinea grandis

CUCURBITACEAE

• Cucurbita maxima – “squash”• Cucumis – “cucumber”, “melon”• Momordica charantia – “ampalaya”/”bitter

gourd”• Luffa cylindrica – “patola”• Citrullus – “pakwan”/”watermelon”

CUCURBITACEAE

• Lagenaria – “upo”/”bottle gourd”• Benincasa hispida – “kundol”• Sechium – “sayote”• Melothria• Trichosanthes

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Bean/Pea family

(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species

• trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs,

• stipulate, often compound leaves

• Single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal placentation

• legume (or modified legume)

Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ G 1 superior, hypanthium sometimes present

worldwide distribution

ecologically important for nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules

pulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.), fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums, dyes, and insecticides.

Fabaceae: 3 subfamiliesCaesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct.

MimosoideaeFlowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate;

stamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated.

Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous; posterior

petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.

Caesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphicPetals distinctPosterior petal inner to lateralsStamens distinct

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

posterior petalinner to laterals

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

stamensdistinct

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

ovary

style

stipe

Cassia alata- akapulko

Purgative, for cough, fungicidestomatitis.

CAESALPINOIDEAE

• Caesalpinia pulcherrima – “caballero”• Caesalpinia inerma• Cassia fistula – “golden shower”• Cassia alata – “Acapulco”

CAESALPINOIDEAE

• Delonix regia – “flame tree”• Bauhinia purpurea – “alibangbang”• Cynometra• Tamarindus indica• Intsia – “ipil”

Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated

Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes present

Stamens often ∞, showy

Mimosoideae

Acacia spp.

heads

Acacia spp.: phyllodinous

phyllode

rachillae with leaflets

phyllode

Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)

spike

ovary (removed)

flowers actinomorphic,stamens ∞

Calliandra haematocephala

Mimosa sp.

Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw

MIMOSOIDEAE

• Mimosa pudica – “makahiya”• Samanea saman – “acacia”• Acacia sp.• Leucaena leucocephala – “ipil-ipil”• Calliandra• Pithecellobium dulce – “camachile”

Flowers zygomorphicPerianth papilionaceous

Terminology:Posterior petal = banner or standardLateral petals = wingsAnterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct;

distally connate; collectively called the keel)Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings)

Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous

Faboideae (Papilionoideae)

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Phaseolus – “abitsuelas”, “lima bean”, “patani”

• Vigna – “munggo”, “sitaw”• Psophocarpus – “sigarillas”• Sesbania – “katuray”

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Dolichos lablab – “batao” = Lablab purpureus• Pterocarpus indica – “narra”• Arachis pintoi – “ornamental peanut”• Arachis hypogea – “peanut”

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Pisum sativum – “sitsaro”, “peas”• Centrosema• Clitorea• Desmodium

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Gliricidia – “kakawate” or “madre de cacao”• Crotalaria (with inflated pods)• Mucuna pruriens – “lipa”• Pachyrrizus erosus – “singkamas”• Abrus precatorius

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

bannerouter to

laterals

wing petals

keel

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

keel petal

stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)

in Wisteria

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

style(ovary hidden)

Erythrina caffra

banner

wing petals

stamens calyx

Erythrina caffra

stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)

style

pistil removedstipe

ovarystyle

Erythrina caffra

pistil unicarpellous

placentation marginal

(l.s.)

(c.s.)

Clitoria mariana-a resupinate papilionoid

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century). 313

genera / 8,100 species

unisexual flowers with a superior,

usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel,

apical-axile in placentation;

Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or

usually white (“milky”) latex

Euphorbioideae -cyathium inflorescence.

K0 A 1 G 0

K0 A0 G (3)

cyathium

An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower.

EUPHORBIACEAE

• Manihot esculenta “cassava” or “kamoteng kahoy”

• Euphorbia spp.• Euphorbia pulcherrima “poinsettia”• Jatropha spp.• Ricinus communis “castor plant”• Antidesma “bignay”

EUPHORBIACEAE

• Phyllanthus acidus “karmay”• Acalypha hispida “chenille plant”• Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Aleurites moluccana “lumbang”, “candlenut

tree”

• Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil

and the deadly poison ricin

• Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural

rubber;

• Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc

• Oil (biodiesel, Jatropha), timber, medicinal, dye,

and ornamental plants.

Euphorbia grandicornis

Euphorbia spp.

Manihot esculenta Manioc

Moraceae — Mulberry family (Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100

species

monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs

milky latex,stipulate, simple leaves• Stipules sheathingfruit a multiple of achenes or syconium.

K4 A 0 G (2)K4 A1 G 0

MORACEAE

• Ficus sp. – figs • Artocarpus – “jackfruit”, “marang”, “antipolo”• Broussonetia “himbabao”• Morus alba “mulberry”

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit),

Ficus carica (edible fig),

Morus spp. (mulberry);

paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated ornamentals, -Ficus spp., figs;

the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm moth larvae.

Rosaceae - Rose family (Latin for various roses). 95 genera / 2,800 species

• stipulate leaves

• actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower with hypathium present,

Ca 5 Co 5 A ∞ G ∞, superior

hypanthium present.

ROSOIDEAE

• Carpels numerous, fruit achene or drupelet, cyanogenic glycosides absent

• Rubus “raspberry” “blackberry”• Rosa• Fragaria vesca

PRUNOIDEAE

• Carpel usually 1, fruit a drupe, with HCN• Prunus “peach”, “plum”, “prunes”, “apricot”,

“cherry”, “almonds”

MALOIDEAE

• Carpels usually 2-5, connate or adnate to hypanthim, fruit a pome, with HCN

• Malus “apple”• Pyrus communis “pear”

Rosaceae

economically important

Fragaria (strawberry)

Malus (apples)

Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum)

Pyrus (pear)

Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)

ornamentals

Fragaria vesca Strawberry

Malus pumila Apple

hypanthium inferiorovary

Rosa spp.

Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species

Malvaceae s. l.

• herbs, shrubs, or trees,

• often with stellate trichomes,

• typically with an epicalyx,

• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute

• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles

• Monothecal or bithecal anthers

• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior

A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:

Malvaceae, s.s.BombacaceaeSterculiaceaeTiliaceae

PRUNOIDEAE

• Carpel usually 1, fruit a drupe, with HCN• Prunus “peach”, “plum”, “prunes”, “apricot”,

“cherry”, “almonds”

MALOIDEAE

• Carpels usually 2-5, connate or adnate to hypanthim, fruit a pome, with HCN

• Malus “apple”• Pyrus communis “pear”

Rosaceae

economically important

Fragaria (strawberry)

Malus (apples)

Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum)

Pyrus (pear)

Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)

ornamentals

Fragaria vesca Strawberry

Malus pumila Apple

hypanthium inferiorovary

Rosa spp.

Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species

Malvaceae s. l.

• herbs, shrubs, or trees,

• often with stellate trichomes,

• typically with an epicalyx,

• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute

• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles

• Monothecal or bithecal anthers

• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior

A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:

Malvaceae, s.s.BombacaceaeSterculiaceaeTiliaceae

Economic importance includes medicinal plants; Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant) Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes

are utilized, Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plantfood and flavoring plants- Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola

nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus (durian);

- ornamental cultivars such as Chorisia (floss-silk tree), Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree).

- Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) - economic or ecological importance.

Hibiscus sp. Kosteletskia virginica

Durio

Theobroma cacaoCacao, source of chocolate

RUTACEAE• Trees, shrubs• Aromatic flowers and

fruits• Leaves with translucent

pellucid dots• Some have thorns and

expanded petiole

Leaves with pellucid dots

RUTACEAE• Flowers bisexual• Regular• Disc present• Stamens basally

connate, 2x number of petals

• Ca4/5Co4/5A8/10G4/5-

disc

RUTACEAE

• Ovary with 4-5- carpels• Lobed ovary on disc• Ovules 2-many• Fruit hesperidium, follicle, drupe, baccate,

schizocarp• Endosperm

RUTACEAE• Citrus microcarpa - calamansi• Citrus x limon [medica × aurantifolia]• C. maxima – pomelo• C. sinensis- orange• C. reticulata- dalandan

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots: Asterids

Michael G. Simpson

Asterids

• Very large, diverse group• 10 orders, many families• Putative apomorphies:

– iridoid compounds– sympetalous corolla– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),

tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)

Ovules unitegmic, tenuinucellate

Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog

poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.

The Apocynaceae, s.l.

• Milky latex• 2-carpellate• 5-merous perianth/androecium,

• the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels,

• ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate

Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 or (5) G (2), superior,

APOCYNACEAE

• Bud contorted• Gamopetalous• Anthers sagittate• Stigma thickened

Nerium oleander - adelfa

• Allamanda “yellow bell”• Plumeria “kalachuchi”• Nerium oleander “adelfa”• Thevetia “false yellow bell”

Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)

630 genera / 10,200 species.

Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves

connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-secreting colleters

usually a cyme,

Flowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some),

ovary usually inferior

Ca (4-5) Co (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) usually inferior

Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)

630 genera / 10,200 species.

worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical

regions.

Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,

Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,

Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant

yohimbine,

some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as

Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas,

among others).

Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name used by Pliny).

251 genera / 6,700 species.

often aromatic with ethereal oils

with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves

verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],

usually bilabiate flowers

deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and

gynobasic style

Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.

Mentha, mint;

Ocimum, basil;

Rosmarinus, rosemary;

Salvia, sage;

Thymus, thyme

Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided

Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.)

Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate

carpels 2; style gynobasic

Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets

Ocimum basilicum BASIL

Solanaceae - Nightshade family (Latin for sleeping or comforter, after narcotic properties of some). 94

genera / 2,950 species. internal phloem, spiral leaves usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and androecium

(corolla plicate in bud), usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually

numerous ovules per carpel, connivent anthersthe fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.

Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 G (2) [(3-5)], superior, hypanthium absent.

Members of the family have mostly worldwide distributions, concentrated in South America.

Capsicum (peppers), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Physalis philadelphica (tomatillo), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco);alkaloids from various taxa have medicinal properties

(e.g., atropine from Atropa belladona), hallucinogenic properties (e.g., Datura, Jimson weed)deadly poisons (e.g., Datura, Solanum spp.) known carcinogens (e.g., Nicotiana tabacum); some used

as ornamental cultivars, others are noxious weeds.

Flowers actinomorphic, plicate (in bud)

Flowers actinomorphic, plicate (in bud)

Fruit a berry or capsule

Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Characteristics:Inflorescence a head (capitulum): subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral

bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre.

Calyx modified as pappus. Stamens syngenesious.K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovuleFruit an achene.

Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family

(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.

a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,

--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),

with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent),

the androecium syngenesious,

inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,

the fruit a multiple of achenes.

Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family

(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.

Ca 0-∞ (pappus)

Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers

A (5) [(4)]

G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.

Asteraceae: floral variationThree types of flowers:

1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1

lobe3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed

Five types of heads:

1) discoid, with only disk flowers;

2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;

3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);

ligulate / ray disk

syngenesious

anthers connate

Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)

Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica

ligulate corolla

Disk flower: heads discoid

Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissima

disk corolla

Chaenactis gabriuscula

Xylorhiza orcuttii Encelia farinosa

Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls.

ray flowers disk flowers

Encelia californica

ovary

Some heads are "chaffy"

chaff : bracts subtending flowers

disk flower

Involucre morphology

one whorl two whorls many whorls

Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica

Circium vulgare Silybum marianum

Phyllaries spiny

Involucre morphology

Phyllaries spiny & squarrose

Pappus: modified calyx

capillary bristles: barbellate

capillary bristles: plumose

beak

capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"

Pappus: modified calyx

ASTERACEAE

• Anthers 3-5, united syngenesious

ASTERACEAE• Gynoecium

bicarpellate• Uniloculate• Inferior• Uniovulate• Placentation basal• Fruit achene with

coma or tuft of hair cypsela

Chromolaena odorata

Cosmos sp.

Tridax procumbens

Zinnia sp.

ChrysanthemumCyanthillium cinereum