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Click To Edit Master Title StyleEnvelope Technology Research Team Webinar: Energy Savings Impact of Airtightness in U.S. Commercial Buildings
January 29, 20192:00 – 3:00 PM EST
Addressing Airtightness in Commercial Buildings
Welcome, Introductions ORNL Research: Airtightness of Commercial
Building Envelopes Dr. Diana Hun, ORNL Dr. Mahabir Bhandari, ORNL
Case Study Example: Arlington County, VA Commercial Building Enclosure Testing Jessica Abralind, Arlington County Philip Agee, Viridiant
Q&A
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Which type of organization best describes you or the work you do? Building Owner/Manager Architect/Engineer Manufacturer Energy Service Providers Researcher/Academia
Poll Question 1
If your organization type isn’t listed, please type into your Questions Window the kind of organization you represent.
Building Envelope Tech Team Support
Building Envelope Technology Research Team
Connecting Better Buildings partners with advanced building envelope technology solutions
Melissa Lapsa, M.B.A.
Building Envelope Technical Team Lead
Mahabir Bhandari, Ph.D.
Building Envelope Tech Team Support
Simon Pallin, Ph.D.
Building Envelope Technical Lead
Caroline Hazard, M.S.
Technology verification studiesSpecification documentsCase studies and fact sheetsCalculators and analytic tools
A Unique and Diverse Team
Demonstration of high performance envelope technologies and solutions
Comprised of Better Buildings Partners and representatives from the design community, including A&E firms
BTO Emerging
Tech Other BBA Tech
Teams
Envelope Tech Team
ORNL
BTOCBI/HIT
BB Challenge
Industry Experts
Sister Labs
BB Alliance
GSA/ GPG
Trade Assoc.
Rating Orgs.
Join the Team!
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• Adams 12• Allegheny County Community College• Arlington Initiative to Rethink Energy (AIRE)• Brevard County School Board• Clark Atlanta University• Cook County Bureau of Asset Mgmt• Emory University• exp US Services, Inc.• Green Dinosaur Inc.• Hersha Hospitality Mgmt• HOK• Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto• Legacy Health• MA Dept of Energy Resources• Walter P Moore
• More• Newmark Grubb Knight Frank• Parkway Schools• PEAC• SABEY Data Centers• Schmidt• SIM2
• Smart Building Strategies LLC• Tennessee Office of Energy Programs• Tishman Speyer • Turner Construction Company• US Army Corps of Engineers• z2zero
Members(includes: Building Owners/Mgrs, Property Managers, A&E, Construction/ Installers)
Join the Team!
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• Air Barrier Assoc of America• American Institute of Architects• AppleBlossom Energy, Inc.• Argonne Nat’l Lab• Association for Energy Affordability• BA ConsulT• BROAD U.S.A. Inc.• Building Commissioning Assoc• Building Envelope Materials (BEM)• Burns & McDonnel• Cadmus Group• Covestro LLC• Dow• Dunsky Energy Consulting• EIFS Industry Members Association• Guardian Glass
• Humann Building Solutions• ICF• NanoPore• National Fenestration Rating Council• Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance• NRG Insulated Block• Owens Corning• QuadLock• Renovate by Berkowitz• Rmax Operating, LLC• SGH®• Sustainability Consultants LLC• UNIFRAX• USG Corporation• WJE
Friends(Includes: Researchers, Academics, Trade Associations, Energy Service Providers, Manufacturers, Subject
Matter Experts)
Collaboration: the Envelope Tech Team
Build awareness with guidance and information on envelope technology solutions
Conduct envelope technology verification studies
Offer technical assistance for envelope projects
Engage and support Members in efforts to accelerate adoption of building envelope technologies
To join, email Melissa Lapsa: lapsamv@ornl.gov
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How familiar or experienced are you with air leakage testing in commercial buildings? No or little experience
(e.g., this is all new to me) Some experience
(e.g., I’ve specified it for my buildings, I’m aware of it, but I don’t do it a lot)
Very experienced (e.g., its required for my buildings, its part of the work I do)
Other – Please type your response in to the chat window
Poll Question 2
ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the US Department of Energy
Airtightness of Commercial Building Envelopes:Research update
Diana Hun, PhDSubprogram Manager for Building EnvelopesBuilding Envelope and Urban Systems Research Group
Mahabir Bhandari, PhDR&D StaffBuilding Envelope and Urban Systems Research Group
29 January 2019
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Commercial Building Windows and Envelope6 Quads of energy (DOE 2014)
Air leakage20%
Windows (conduction)
22%
Foundation10%
Walls25%
Roofs16%
Windows(solar heat gain) 7%
Whole building air leakage rate not mandated in most of the country
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Whole Building Airtightness Requirements
Specified by Code / Standard / Program Whole Building Test Required
Air leakage rate (cfm/ft2) at 75 Pa
Most cities and states 2012 and newer IECC Optional <0.4
ASHRAE 90.1-2016 Optional <0.4
Seattle, WA 2015 Seattle Energy Code Yes <0.3 (optional)
Washington State 2015 Washington State Energy Code Yes <0.4 (optional)
New York City NYC Energy Code Yes Comply w/ dept. rules
General Services Administration PBS-P100 (GSA 2014) Yes
Tier 1: <0.40Tier 2: <0.15Tier 3: <0.10
US Army Corps of Engineers USACE Air Leakage Test Protocol Yes <0.25
Building owner ASHRAE 189.1-2014 Yes <0.25
PHIUS+ 2015 Yes <0.08
USGBC LEED Yes See ASHRAE 90.1
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Material and Assembly TestsASTM E283, E1677 or E2357
8ft × 8ft Test Wall
ASTM 21783.3ft × 3.3ft Test Specimen
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Whole Building Test
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Stakeholders’ Input
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Owners of Privately-Owned Buildings
Reluctance to embrace blower door tests• Tenants typically pay for utility bills
• Utility bill not top priority among tenants when choosing rental space
• Owners may not keep buildings >10 years
• Owners may not get higher rent from lower utility bills
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Construction Industry
Reluctance to embrace blower door tests• Test cost
• Shutdown time to conduct test– Potential solution: night or weekend tests
• Potential delays to find and fix problems– Potential solution: start with optional airtightness rates (Seattle and WA)
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Blower Door Test Consultants
• Availability varies based on demand
• ~10 hours for single-story, 35,000 ft2 building
• Conduct tests at night or during weekends
• Certification program– None available– In favor if demand picks up– Perhaps one certified team member
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Blower Door Test Consultants (cont.)Ways to Decrease Cost and Execution Time
• Either pressurization or depressurization test
• Early involvement of blower door/envelope consultant
• Equipment– Wireless pressure gauges– More powerful blower door fans
• Effective HVAC mechanical dampers
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Blower Door Test Cost
Estimates vary with building complexity, building size and distance to site
Estimate from Hart et al. (2015)
Cost/ft2 = 268 (floor area)-0.69 Floor Area
(ft2)Cost/floor area
($/ft2)Cost ($)
5,000 0.75 3,800
10,000 0.47 4,700
25,000 0.25 6,200
50,000 0.15 7,700
100,000 0.1 9,500
200,000 0.06 11,800
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Energy Savings Potential : Airtightness
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National Energy Savings Potential : Methodology
• Savings are based on 7 selected DOE commercial prototype building* models
• Three infiltration rates (at 0.3 in. water or 75Pa)– 1.07 CFM/ft2 (Base) – NIST study– 0.4 CFM/ft2 (optional in most building
codes)– 0.25 CFM/ft2 (mandated by USACE)
• Representative cities in 16 climate zones
• Used COMTAM predicted detailed hourly infiltration rates in E+ to predict energy savings
• Calculated savings using weighted building areas for each building type in a particular climate zone
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%
Restaurant Fast FoodRestaurant Sit Down
Small HotelLarge Office
HospitalOutpatient Healthcare
Large HotelSmall Office
Primary SchoolStrip mall
Medium OfficeMid-Rise Apartment
High-Rise ApartmentSecondary SchoolStandalone Retail
Warehouse
% of total commercial buidlngs floor area
* https://www.energycodes.gov/development/commercial/prototype_models
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National Energy Savings Potential : Results• Source Energy savings (TBtu)
– 238 TBtu : airtightness reduction from 1.07 CFM/ft2 to 0.4 CFM/ft2
– 284 TBtu : airtightness reduction from 1.07 CFM/ft2 to 0.25 CFM/ft2
0 50 100 150
Medium office
Standalone retail
Secondary school
Hospital
Large hotel
High-rise apartment
Mid-rise apartment
0.25 CFM/ft20.4 CFM/ft2
Source energy savings (TBtu)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8
Ener
gy sa
ving
s (TB
tu)
Climate zone
0.4 CFM/ft2 0.25 CFM/ft2
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Web based easy to use tool
User Inputs
• Location (52 locations)
• Building type (currently 7: standalone retail, med office, mid-rise and high rise apts, hospital, large hotel, secondary school)
• Floor area
• Envelope airtightness
• Energy rate
• Can switch between IP and SI units
• Descriptions of the input parameters are availablehttps://airleakage-
l l /#/
• Developed by ORNL, ABAA & NIST
• Estimates the potential energy and cost savings+ reduction in moisture transferfrom improvements in airtightness
• DOE prototype buildings
• E+ and CONTAM
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Calculator output
Commercial Enclosure TestingARLINGTON COUNTY GOVERNMENT | SW & TE&O
JANUARY 2019
Technical DirectorViridiant
PHILIP AGEE
FORMING OUR PERSPECTIVE ON COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURES
▹EarthCraft Light Commercial
▹ASHRAE Level Commercial Audits
▹DOE Advanced Commercial Building Initiative
Green Building PlannerArlington County Government
JESSICA ABRALIND
VIRIDIANT | 2019
ARLINGTON COUNTY GOVERNMENT
VIRIDIANT | 2019
RECENT FACILITY SUSTAINABILITY POLICY UPDATE: more focus on building enclosure, prioritize passive energy saving strategies like insulation, air sealing
POLICY INCLUDES ECLC AS COMPLIANCE PATH because it fits smaller buildings better than LEED and includes a blower door test and air leakage performance standards
INTERDEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP including facilities maintenance, facilities design and construction, Parks, Fire, Housing, Inspection Services
WHY? energy and GHG reductions, cost savings, occupant comfort and healthSW TE+O – first time trying ECLC, first blower door test, first pre-construction occupant survey
CHALLENGE: design team was already engaged and ECLC, testing, and envelope improvements were not in the scope of work
COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURE DEFINITIONS
VIRIDIANT | 2019
Enclosure: part of any building that physically separates the exterior environment from the interior environment(s); (BSC, 2006)
Infiltration: the flow of outdoor air into a building through cracks and other unintentional openings and through the normal use of exterior doors for entrance and egress; (ASHRAE, 2009)
Exfiltration: is leakage of indoor air out of a building through through cracks and other unintentional openings; (ASHRAE, 2009)
Air barrier: a plane that one intends to be the sole, or at least the primary , resistor to airflow; (Straube and Burnett, 2005)
EarthCraft Light Commercial:
a regional green building certification program offering third-party recognition for environmentally responsible design and construction practices for small-scale commercial buildings in the Southeast; (Southface, 2018)
WHY COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURES?
VIRIDIANT | 2019
MEASURED ENERGY USE IN ECLC BUILDINGS
COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURES:<50K FT2
Impact heating and cooling loads
Thermal comfort
Indoor air quality
Building durability
SW & TE&O | ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Thermal comfort survey
Enclosure test
Field Observations & thermal imaging
Energy Benchmarking
VIRIDIANT | 2019
CHARACTERIZING SITE AND BUILDING CONTEXT
CLIMATE ZONE 4A | ARLINGTON, VA
Elevation (ft.) 66
Mean Air Temperature (०F) 58.1
Mean Relative Humidity (%) 65.8
Daily Solar Ration (kWh/m2/d) 3.95
Atmospheric Pressure (kPa) 101.7
Mean Wind Speed (mph) 8.5
Earth Temperature (०F) 56
Heating Degree-Days, HDD (64.4 ०F) 4001
Cooling Degree-Days, CDD (64.4 ०F) 1524
CHARACTERISTIC SW & TEOBuilding Use Group B-1Building Conditioned Floor Area (Ft2) 15,234*Occupancy Load 130*
USER-CENTERED ASSESSMENT1
1ASHRAE 55-2010 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy THERMAL ENVIRONMENT SATISFACTION SURVEY
VIRIDIANT | 2019
THERMAL COMFORT:
2-page survey
Likert scale, multiple choice
Why? Buildings are for people
Users are rich sources of data
ENCLOSURE TEST PLAN
VIRIDIANT | 2019
OVERVIEW:
Communication
Define test boundary
Identify power sources
Identify system locations
3-4 hrs of prep for the test
4 staff x 5 hrs: 20 hrs
ENCLOSURE TEST | RESULTS
PASCAL (PA) CUBIC FEET/MINUTE (CFM)-25 16,560-30 18,521-35 20,333-40 22,072-45 23,522-50 25,012-55 26,651-60 28,420-65 30,005-70 32,133-75 34,102
Envelope Leakage Ratio75: 1.03Coefficient of Determination (R2): 0.996
VIRIDIANT | 2019
ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES
VIRIDIANT | 2019
ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES
VIRIDIANT | 2019
ENCLOSURE PENETRATIONS
13 intentional holes
Sealed for test
Testing dampers
Photo credit: Mike Barcik, Southface Energy Institute
COMMON ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES
LOW-COST AIRSEALNG
VIRIDIANT | 2019
COMMON ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES | CAN LIGHTS
VIRIDIANT | 2019
COMMON ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES | CAN LIGHTS (CONT.)
VIRIDIANT | 2019
COMMON ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES | BYPASSES
Air impermeable material (e.g., foam, caulk, backer rod, sheathing)VIRIDIANT | 2019
Air impermeable material (e.g., foam, caulk, backer rod, sheathing)
COMMON ENCLOSURE OPPORTUNITIES | DRYWALL PENETRATIONS
VIRIDIANT | 2019
ENCLOSURE TESTING PLANNING
TESTING PLAN FOR A COMMERCIAL OFFICE
LESSONS LEARNED:
Someone needs to manage the ventilation system(s)
Commercial door assemblies are a pain (e.g., automatic openers and larger openings)
Record building conditions before testing
Bring extra equipment - (e.g., fans, trash bags, tape)
ENCLOSURE TESTING PLAN (CONT.)
LESSONS LEARNED:
Have a plan: pre-test meeting, equipment, team assignments
Hand-held radios
1 fan per circuit
Inter-zonal hoses
TESTING PLAN FOR A 6 UNIT RETAIL CENTER
COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURE TESTING
PRE-TEST CALIBRATION PROJECTING THE TEST
ENCLOSURE RETROFIT INVESTMENTS
WHAT GETS MEASURED, GETS MANAGED– PETER DRUCKER
RISK CAN BE MANAGED, UNCERTAINTY CANNOT BE MANAGED
VIRIDIANT | 2019
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RESEARCH: COMMERCIAL ENCLOSURE TESTING2
© 2018 Philip AgeeADVANCED COMMERCIAL BUILDING INITIATIVEVIRIDIANT | 2019
2Sweet, M., Barcik, M., and Roberts, S. (2015). Impact of Envelope Airtightness on Small Commercial Building Performance. ASHRAE Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA. July 2015.
THANK YOU REFERENCES
Straube, J. (2006). Building Science Digests: the building enclosure. Retrieved from https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised
Straube, J. F., & Burnett, E. F. (2005). Building science for building enclosures. Building science press.
Standard, A. S. H. R. A. E. (2009). 90.1.(2009). Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings-ANSI/AHHRAE Standard, 90-1.
Sweet, M., Barcik, M., and Roberts, S. (2015). Impact of Envelope Airtightness on Small Commercial Building Performance. ASHRAE Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA. July 2015.
Technical DirectorViridiant
PHILIP AGEE
ASHRAE 55-2010 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy THERMAL ENVIRONMENT SATISFACTION SURVEY
VIRIDIANT | 2019
JESSICA ABRALINDGreen Building PlannerArlington County Government
Questions and Answers
Please type your questions into the Chat Window
Check out the Envelope Tech Team Web Resources
Topic Areas Windows Walls Roofs
Resources Case Studies Calculators Design Guides Fact Sheets Toolkits …and more…
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https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope
Join the Envelope Tech Research Team!
Building Owners
Building Managers
Architects and Engineers
Installers/ Builders
Researchers
Subject Matter Experts
Trade Associations Manufacturers
Energy Service Providers
Engage in R&D:• Addressing airtightness requirements• Investigating Building Enclosure Performance Metric
Email: lapsamv@ornl.gov
To join, email Melissa Lapsa: lapsamv@ornl.gov
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