View
218
Download
5
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Energy from Fossil FuelsPPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 12
Energy from Fossil Fuels
Energy sources and uses Exploiting crude oil Other fossil fuels Fossil fuels and energy security
The Fossil Fuel Dilemma
Primary source of energy for transportation
Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy More sustainable alternatives are available
Energy Sources and Uses
Harnessing energy sources: an overview Electrical power production Matching sources to uses
Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview
Slaves Domestic animals Wind and water Steam (ships and locomotives) Gasoline (internal combustion followed by
turbine engine) Nuclear
Energy Consumption in the United States
Sequence of use1. Wood2. Water (steam)3. Coal4. Natural gas5. Oil6. Nuclear power
3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption
Global Primary Energy Supply
Energy Consumption in the United States
Electrical Power Production: The Beginning
Michael Faraday 1831
Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle
Exploiting Crude Oil
How fossil fuels are formed Crude-oil reserves versus production Declining U.S. reserves and increasing
importation Problems of growing U.S. dependency on
foreign oil
Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production
Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field
Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field
How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I
How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II
Oil Production and Consumption in the United States
Cost of Oil Imports
Cost of Oil Imports
Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products
What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$30 in initial costs + $63 for military support services = $93 per barrel of oil
(January 8, 2014 price per barrel is $93.67)
Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency
Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource
Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence
Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills
Hubbert Curves of Oil Production
Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.
Hubbert Predictions
U.S. oil production would peak (1970s)
Dependence on OPEC oil will increase
Who Has the Oil? Reserves
North America 75.7
South and Central America 89.5
Western Europe 18.9
Former Soviet Countries 58.9
Middle East 673.6
Africa 75.4
Far East and Oceania 43.0
Total 1,033.2
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya
Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela
Other Fossil Fuels
Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply Oil shales and oil sands – complex
extraction technologies
U.S. Coal Deposits
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf
Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita
Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning CoalPrimary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Acid RainAcid Rain SmogSmog
Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat
Fossil Fuels and Energy Security
Security threats Supply-side policies Demand-side policies Development of non-fossil-fuel energy
sources
Security Threats
Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states
Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks
Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions
The Potential of the Conservation Reserve
An oil field that has the potential production of 6 million barrels per day, is three times the sizeof the Alaskan oil field, and its exploitation will NOT adversely effect the environment.
The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
Cogeneration (CHPs) Use fluorescent lights Increase home insulation
Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration
Energy Efficient Lightbulbs
End of Chapter 12
Recommended