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Creative En ineerin Desi nModule 1: Design, Science, Engineering, Creativity
Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
Amaresh Chakrabarti
1
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Overall Goal of the course
generic concepts of design, design thinking and,
understanding, focuses specifically on the processes
in a creative manner. The course should be useful
of engineering and design.
2
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Major References
• Wallace, K.M. IISc Lectures on Engineering Design, 2007
• , , , . , ., ,
• Pahl, G, and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 1st Ed., Springer, 1984
• Ulrich K. and E in er S. Product Desi n and Develo ment 4th Edition McGraw‐Hill Irwin
2007
• Roozenburg, N.F.M., Eekels, J. Product Design, Fundamentals and Methods, Wiley, Chichester,
• Cross, N. Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design (4th edition), John Wiley
and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2008
• Jones, J.C. Design Methods, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1992
• Chakrabarti, A. (ed.). Engineering Design Synthesis: Understanding, Approaches and Tools,
Springer, 2002
• Otto, K., and Wood, K. Product Design, Prentice Hall, 2000
• ern n o , , usman, , o n, . ys ema c nnova on: n n ro uc on o eory o
Inventive Problem Solving) , CRC Press, 19983
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Outline and Modules
1 Introduction: design Thinking across domains, major elements of design thinking,
definition of system, design, product design, engineering design, creativity, science,
6
2 Product life cycle, Structure of systematic product design process, Structure of
systematic product development process, Importance of systematic design, , Case Study
4
3 Task Clarification1: overall process and steps, market study, user/habitat analysis using 4
role play, observations and interaction with stakeholders
4 Task Clarification 2: Problem identification using requirement checklists, study of
products and patents using Innovation Situation Questionnaire (ISQ), steps for collating
4
,
requirements into technical requirements, assigning importance to requirements5 Task Clarification 3: Problem definition to develop solution neutral problem statements,
problem analysis to develop input‐output transformation, case study
4
6 Introduction to conceptual design: Identification of functions, Ideation, Consolidation
into solution proposals (Concepts), and their systematic evaluation for selection of the
most promising concept. Details of function structure generation and brainstorming
4
method, Examples
8 Conceptual design 3: Consolidation of ideas into concepts, e.g. with Morphological
charts. Use of TRIZ Contradiction or ideality to identify and resolve issues with concepts
4
9 Conceptual design 4: Methods or simulation: analytical, virtual and physical
simulations, for evaluation or improvement.
4
10 Comparative evaluation and selection of concepts: ordinal and cardinal methods 4
TOTAL 42
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Overview of Module 1
• Why design is important
• xamp es rom rt, rc tecture an ng neer ng
• Some of the common elements in desi n and desi nin
• What design and designing mean
• Science
• es gn n e con ex o oc e y, us ness, ec no ogy
• Innovation Product Develo ment and Desi n
• Design creativity and how it can be supported
• What creative engineering design means 5
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Launc e
August 2001
Collect particles
from solar wind
1.6 million km
Supposed to launch a
parachute upon re‐entry
into Earth’s atmos here
Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008 6
Image Credit: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2002/release_2002_119.html
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8 September 2004
Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008 7
Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genesis_Capsule.JPG
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Oops! Image Credit: http://www.donnunn.com/spiel/2004/09/genesis_capsule.html
Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008 8
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rror
“Back to front switches blamed for s ace robe crash”
Cost: $250 million
“… the most likel reason for the accident was thatengineers assembling the Genesis probe more than
four years ago had been misled by faulty designs …”
Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008 9
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Story of the ‘Genesis’ Probe
“Two years after NASA’s Genesis probe failed to deploy her parachute
upon re‐entry nto t e art s atmosp ere, nvest gators ave oun t e
culprit behind the crash: A design flaw resulted in the backwards
. .
To preserve the delicate samples of solar wind, Genesis would not land
on
the
ground.
Instead,
a
helicopter
crew
would
swoop
in
and
pluck
the
probe out of the sky by her parachute. But the parachute never
ep oye , an e enes s um e pas e wa ng e cop er. e
craft slammed into the Great Salt Lake Desert, 85 miles southwest of
” , . . , .
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/3045681
10
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Story of the ‘Genesis’ Probe...
“…the root cause of the crash was an error in the craft’s original design.
In their desi n of the robe, subcontractor Lockheed Martin inverted
the two accelerometers that were supposed to trigger parachute
deployment. “They installed [the sensors] the way the designs said,”
Genesis project manager Donald Sweetnam says. “But they were
backwards.” Investigators had suspected that this was the cause since as
, .
Because of the error, the sensors never recorded the craft’s
deceleration, an event that would have signaled that the craft had
entered
Earth’s
atmosphere.
“The
capsule
just
came
in
hot
and
impacte on t e groun wit out anyt ing ep oying, says Sweetnam.
“It was essentially like a baseball falling from 100 kilometers altitude."
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/304568111
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Story of the ‘Genesis’ Probe...
Desi n is Im ortant!
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Examples from Art: St. Matthew I
• Carvaggio, Italian Artist in 15‐16 C
• Painting a picture of St Matthew
• For the altar of a church in Rome
• The saint depicted writing the Gospel
• An angel inspiring his writing
• To represent Gospel as the word of God
• Painted
St
Matthew
as
bald,
bare,
dusty• Awkwardly gripping the huge volume
• Anxiously wrinkling his brow
• Angel holding his hand to help write
• Scan a se Rome, pa nt ng re ecte
• y e pa n s wayImage Credit: Gombrich, EH: The Story of Art, Phaidon, Oxford, 1989
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Examples from Art: St. Matthew II
• Painted differently now
• St Matthew as how saints ‘should’ look
• Angel as how angels ‘should’ look
• This time it was accepted
• Notice the goals
• Some more important than others
• Multiple alternatives
• Some are better than others (which one?)
Image Credit: Gombrich, EH: The Story of Art, Phaidon, Oxford, 1989
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Examples from Architecture: Greek
, , , , ,
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Examples from Architecture: Roman
• Need always existed for covering spaces
•
• Stone beams had limited span (and look)
• Romans invented Arches com ression
• Combined serially into tunnels (pathways)
• Combined radially into halls (theatres)
• Crossed them into vaults (multi‐entrance)
• Combined to cover large spaces
• But heavy and gloomy (why both?)
• Only
square
or
circular
floor
blocks16
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Examples from Architecture: Roman
(Image Credit: Gombrich, 1989)
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•Interior ofPantheon in
t u r
Rome
•built around
i
t e130 AD
•Painting by
A r c
eighteenth Cpainter G.P.Pannini
r o m
•WashingtonNational
l e s
a ery o Art
a m
E
x Image Credit:
Gombrich, 198918
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Examples from Architecture: Gothic
• Romanesque
arches
heavy
to
take
load• Very little light due to small windows
• m e s apes o e oors an ce ngs
• Walls then did not need the feeling
• Pointed arches (less load sideways!)
• ‐
• Notice the oals
• Some more important than others
• Multiple alternatives
• Some
are
better
than
others19
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Examples from Architecture: Gothic
Sainte‐Chapelle, Paris (Image Credit: Gombrich, 1989) Notre‐Dame, Paris (Image Credit: Gombrich, 1989)20
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Examples from Engineering
• Holding a bunch of papers together
• Early ones are holes with strings
• amages e paper
• Difficult to string together
• Pins with pointed end to pierce
•
• But unsafe
• Get lost rusted enlar e holes with time
Image Credit: Petroski, H. The Evolution of Useful Things, Vintage, 1994
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Examples from Engg: Vaaler’s Clip
• Norwegian Johan Vaaler’s first Americanpatent dated June 4, 1901
• The first patent on paper clip
• The version labelled Figure 12 suggeststhe beginnings of what will become knownas Gem paper clip
• Pa ers are to be held to ether b the
‘arms’ of the clip
• Clips do not ‘hang’ together
• Lie flat on paper without bending them
• But sharp end scratch or tear papers held
,
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Examples from Engineering: Konaclip
• Cornelius Brosnan’s American patent in1900: ‘Konaclip’
• Regarded as the inventor of the first‘successful’ bent wire paper clip
• ons ruc e rom a s ng e eng o w re
• Bent to form an elongated frame
insertion without scratching the paper
• Papers may not get damaged using this
• Clips do ‘hang’ together • Papers do slip out of the clip!
Image Credit: Petroski, 1994
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Examples from Engg: Gem Clips
• Initial ‘Gem’ paper clips had the sameshape as the one shown here
• Gave non-scratch entry onto the papers• Papers still slipped out; entry was difficult
• This variant shown is patented by AmericanClarence Collette in 1921
•
• For keeping papers together
• Papers get damaged using this
• Pa ers do not sli out but entr still difficultImage Credit: Petroski, 1994
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Examples from Engg: Gothic clips
• Henry Lankenau of Verona, New Jerseypatented this ‘Gothic clip’ in 1934
-
• Slight protrusion at the v-end provides better
entry onto the paper pile
• Gave non-scratch entry onto the papers
• Papers still slipped out• Entry was easy
• Notice the goals
• Some are more important than others
• Multiple alternatives
• Some are better than others (in some respect)Image Credit: Petroski, 1994
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All of these have been designed!
• All designs have multiple goals (they invent new reality)
• Usually some are more important than others
• Usually many alternative proposals of how to attain the goals
• Some are usually better than the others (in some aspects)
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Design(Noun)
• Blue print of something – a plan for change
• Undesirable situation (current) + Implemented planDesirable situation (future)
•
aspects are desirable: matters of perception
– ose percep on p ays an mpor an ro e• The same car may be stylish to one and boring to another
• One may find it “cheap”, another may find it “expensive”
– Where it is perceived plays an important role
• Ambassador car popular in parts of India (with bad roads) due to stability
• In other parts, it is considered too heavy, slow, inefficient…
– When it is perceived plays an important role
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Design(verb)
• Understanding & solving a problem: termed Designing
– Problem understanding: Process or activities for identifying
undesirable situations and desirable situations
– Problem solving: Developing a plan with the intent of changing
un esira e situations to esira e situations
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• Involves both problem understanding &
roblem solvin• Planning is different from designing
• Designing
ecomes
easier w en
pro em
is
understood
29
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Current Situation Desired Situation
Implemented Plan
30
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• –
Image credit: A Selection of Indian Home‐Cooked Foods by Pallavi Damera
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/pallavi_damera/2536005489/)
• plan – add adequate salt
• implementation – salt added
–
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EXAMPLE 2: Cycling
Image credit: Bicycle diagram-en (edit).svgfrom wikipedia the free encyclopedia
• un es ra e s u a o n – me an e or arge
in cycling to reach destination
• plan – to check and replenish air in tyres
–
• desirable situation – reached destination in
shorter
time
with
less
effort 32
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Image Credit: Electrical socket covers ∙
BabyDan Twisting Plug Socket
Cover safetots.co.uk
• undesirable situation – open sockets accessible to
c ren, unsa e
• plan
– to
cover
sockets• implementation – make and use socket cover
• es ra e s tuat on – soc et covere , sa e33
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What is Design?
• Meaning as noun: a design
–
– An engineering drawing, CAD model, flow chart etc.
– , ,
– Plan for a chair to improve comfort, note taking, ingress…
•
– Processes through which designs are developed
– Constructin the chan e needed Problem understandin
• Existing and desired situations
• e.g. current pens do not write smoothly, for long enough
– Constructing the plan for the change (Problem solving)
• e.g. not just pen, but how the pen will be made, used, reused etc.
•
34
Wh t i d i ?
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What is design?
Undesired DesiredGoal
ua on ua on
• Village women walk to water source
• Large distance away from home
• Carry clothes which become heavier
• Also carry water back Plan
• Women cycle to water source
• Carry clothes on cycle
• Also washing machine
• Pedal cycle to power washing• or sa ety go n groups
• Roads to water source bad
• Washing is effort and time consuming
• Less effort, faster washing
• Less effort, faster to water source
• Design: Plan of a system, its implementation and utilisation for attaining a
goal: change undesired to desired
• Desi nin : How a desi n is develo ed: both oal and lan • Designs can be for: technical systems (power plant), educational systems
(Montessori Method), aesthetic systems (logo designs, advertisements), legal
sys ems, soc a , re g ous or cu ura sys ems, eor es, o e s, e c.
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Essential Features of Design
• Design: Intentional constructions; Plans
for
achieving
goals
• Desi nin : oal‐oriented rocess: how desi ns are develo ed
• Initially: Predominantly only goals are known• Finally: Both goals and plans are known and more clearly
• Co‐
evolution:
both goals
and
plans
evolve
together,
one
influencing
the other
• Multiple goals: some goals are more important than others
•
designing
may
be
better
than
others
in
achieving
goals
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How can we develop ‘good’ designs
• Multiple plans: some plans are better than others
• How to identify the goals?
• How to assess how im ortant these oals are?
• How to a generate possible alternative plans?
• How to modify better plans based on this knowledge?
• How to assess which ones are better?
37
Design Thinking Process
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Design Thinking Process
Find goals or need
Evaluate goals or need
Generate
proposals to
satisfy
goals
Evaluate proposals
Improve goals and proposals
38
Evolution of Engineering Designs
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Evolution of Engineering Designs
ext o t me: pec y eas, spat a
layouts and sub-assemblies of the design
details in the sub-assemblies
First 20% of time: understand the problem
and identify the constraints
Next 30% of time: Specify detailed dimensions,
materials and manufacturing tolerances 39
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What is Science i.e. Research ?
, ,
knowledge: Systematic study of phenomena of interest
• o eve op now e ge: u come o researc s now e ge
– Purposeful: improves (understanding of) phenomena
– New: not before (different from existing knowledge)
– Generic: applies to multiple things, cases, people…, high reuse
va ue
– Valid: Has some sense of truth; can be demonstrated to be
40
h i h i ?
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What is Physics?
• Systematic study of physical phenomena
• Develop knowledge
– Pur oseful: Describes ex lains redicts h sical s stem behaviour• How objects with mass behave – Newtonian Mechanics
• How heat flows from one object to another – Thermodynamics
– New: Not before
• P=m.f could predict quantitative values of f due to P applied
• st
– Generic: Applies to multiple things, cases, people…
• Applied
to
all
systems
with
inertia• Applied for all types of heat flow, for all kinds of systems
– Valid: Has some sense of truth
• Prediction matched observation (within acceptable limit)
41
Wh i Bi l ?
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What is Biology?
• Systematic study of biological phenomena
• Develop knowledge
– Purposeful: Describes/explains/predicts
biological
system
behaviour• How living systems evolve – Darwinian Theory of Evolution
• How e.g. signals flow from one neuron to another – Neuroscience
• Theory of evolution explained qualitatively how species evolved• Neuroscience could explain some aspects of the working of the brain
– Generic: Applies to multiple things, cases, people…
• Applied to all living species
• App e or a uman ra ns or nerves
– Valid: Has some sense of truth
•
42
Wh t i D i R h (S i )?
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What is Design Research (Science)?
Two different views of Design research –
.
– User study during the initial phase in a design project
• Who is the user?
• How
many
users?• What does user want?
• ow muc can ey pay ...
. esearc nto es gn c ence o es gn : ocus
43
Wh t i D i R h?
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What is Design Research?
• Systematic study of design phenomena (i.e. phenomena
associate wit esign
• Develop
knowledge – Purposeful: Describes/explains/predicts design system behaviour
• What characterizes technical systems (TS) – e.g. Theory of TS (Hubka, 1984)
• – ,
2010)
– New: Not before
• ‐
• E.g. level of abstraction of design outcomes influence design novelty
– Generic: Applies to multiple things, cases, people…
• Applies to all technical systems
• Applied for all technical system designs at early stages of designing
– Valid: Has some sense of truth
• description/explanation matched observation (within acceptable limit)
44
F t f D i
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Facets of Design
ProcessesMacro‐economy
designProduct
M cro‐economy
Or anization
co ogy
, ,
• Des gn ng s p ann ng or c ang ng ex st ng, un es re s tuat ons nto pre erre ones
• Influenced by people, product, process, tools, organization, economy and ecology
• Multi‐disciplinary: uses knowledge from human, natural, engg., ecological, etc. sciences
• eve ops necessary now e ge w en now e ge s no ava a e or es gn ng
45
Design Research (DR)
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Design Research (DR)
ProcessesMacro‐econom
Anthropology
Ergonomics
Psychology
Micro‐econom
Economics
Systems
EngineeringAesthetics
Sociology
Natural Sciences
designProduct
Ecology
Ecological
Sciences
Engineering Sciences
OrganizationMethods, tools, knowledge
Management
SciencesKnowledge
ManagementSoftware Engineering
• DR develops knowledge to inform and support practice and education of design
• ‐
• facets of design and their relationships to design
• Multi‐disciplinary: research methods used, depending on which facets are explored• from human sciences: sociology, psychology, aesthetics, economics, management science
• from natural, engineering or ecological sciences…
• Typically
area
of
research
will
be
a
combination
of
facets• Research methods from the facet areas have to be combined, adapted
46
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• Develops knowledge in the form of – Theories/models: Theory of Technical Systems, Integrated Model of designing
–
‐
– Methods: Weighted Objectives method for comparative evaluation
– Tools: Sketchpad – a tool for sketching using GUI (Sutherland, 1963)
– Standards: IDEF0 standards for representing processes
– Materials:
Ferromagnetic‐composite material for light, conducting aircraft body
– Processes: CNC rocesses for com uter aided machinin
– Technologies: Graphical User Interfaces (GUI); micro‐pressure‐sensors…
• To
help
develop
successful
products
by
making
designing – More effective: better products – novelty, quality, reliability…
– More efficient: less resources – less time to market, iterations, cost…
47
Design Research
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Design Research
• Two kinds of outcomes
– Theories providing
understanding
of
the
present – Support to help make designing better
• Focus different from sciences
– Sciences:
how
(well)
systems
(products,
people,
organisations)
work – Design research:
• T eory: ow we pro ucts are create eve ope ta ng nto account w o e ecyc e
• Support: how to create/develop better products (taking into account the whole lifecycle)
• “ ”
– Any system designed to change existing situations to preferred ones
– Hardware software service s stems combinations…
48
Society, Business, Technology
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Society, Business, Technology
SocietyBusinessTechnologyprofit
value
• a ue = er ormance r ce
• Profit = Price – Cost
• Profit = (Performance / Value) – Cost
• Win‐win: Both Society and Business win if both Profit and Value increase
• For this to happen: Performance must increase and/or Cost must decrease
49
…And Design
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… d es g
Society BusinessDesign
Domain and process now edge
Design draws knowledge from Society, Business and Technology
50
Society: Value
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• Damian Mycroft: Senior Design Manager, Nokia
• When walking through busy streets of
India, I saw a bo tr in to listen to his
music on a mobile amidst loud noise; I asked “Why not make a louder mobile
phone?”
– ew s m spea ers n o a
• Must understand the needs of the user; need to immerse in the user context
• Need
– domain knowledge: of user
– rocess now e ge: o ow o n e r needs
• Focus groups
• Innovation situation Questionnaire Ima e Credit:
• Immersion
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http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2010/2/18/lifeliving/f_11damian.jpg
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Products must perform (function) and be:
Reliable
Economic
Ergonomic
Aesthetic
52
Drivers for New Products
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Drivers for New Products
• Performance →
Clearer phones• Cost → Cheaper motor cars
• Safet → Safer aircraft
TECHNOLOGY PUSH
• Materials → CFRP
• Processes → Micro-electronics
• Inventions → Nexus bicycle Hub
53Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
Derailleur ears
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Derailleur ears
54Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
Image Credit: http://bikebarn.com/how‐to/how‐to‐adjust‐your‐rear‐derailleur‐pg192.htm
Nexus Bic cle Hub
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Nexus Bic cle Hub
Image Credit: http://www.hubstripping.com/shimano‐inter8/SG‐8C20.jpg
‐
55Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
Nexus Bic cle Hub
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Nexus Bic cle Hub
Image credit: https://encrypted‐tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqBdgzUoMN_HBQVgYeTlrbgffLFs‐0us4iKEO‐nbJymYj7837VAw
56Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
Increasing Concerns
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Increasing Concerns
57Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
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58Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008
Business: Profit
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• Mobile Arm Support
• Developed at CUED for people with
Muscular Dystrophy• Provi es greater vertica arm mo i ity
• Provided performance – sers cou now move e r an over
keyboard in few seconds – Previously took five minutes
• But not at an affordable cost or price – Could not pay as typically unemployed
– Finally needed government subsidy
• ee : – Domain knowledge of costs of the
materials, manufg. And etc – Process knowledge of cost modelling
• Life cycle costing• Concept costing• Cost to the environment
59
Technology: Feasibility
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• Rolls
Royce
Trent
turbine
engine• Prevent ice formation on turbine cone
• Heat the cone – Expensive ‐50 degrees c
• ‘wiggle’ motor? – Low cost
• Cone ma e o exi e materia s
– Wiggles
from
engine
vibration – No energy needed: even lower cost
• Need: – Domain knowledge of various technologies,
Image credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, University of Cambridge, UK
… – Process knowledge: how to create ideas
• Brainstorming
• TRIZ
• Stimuli from nature: shrug, tail, sneeze…
60
Design Creativity
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Process
or
activity
of
developing – Ideas, solutions or products that are
–
– Valuable
61Sarkar, P., and Chakrabarti, A., Assessing Design Creativity, Design Studies, 32(4), 348‐383, 2011
What is a roduct?
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What is a roduct?
,
produced, transacted and used by people because of
(Roozenburg)
• A s stem is a set of ob ects with interrelationshi s
between their attributes
• A system is connected to its environment via system boundary
• Interaction is through interfaces (inputs and outputs)
• A system can have subsystemsO
S2S1
I
62
What is a s stem?
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What is a s stem?
F1
boxF3
stonea
F4
ground
box beam boxF1
F2
a
stone
human
stone F4
63
What is roduct desi n?
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at s oduct des
• A oal‐directed roblem solvin activit Archer 1965
• A creative activity – involves bringing into being something
new and useful that has not existed before (Reswick, 1965)
(Page,
1966)
• An iterative, decision‐making activity to produce the plans by
which resources are converted preferably optimally into systems
or devices that meet human needs (Woodson, 1966)
‐ ,
64
What is roduct desi n?
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Process
of
devising
and
laying
down the plans needed for
manufacturing a product
Image Credit: Roozenburg and Eekels, 1996
Perceived Information about
ro uc es gnneed
which it can
be made
65
What is roduct desi n?
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Need: Ill‐defined, ill‐structured
• iterative
• goal directed
• decision making
Plan: Well‐defined, well‐structured
,
,
66
What is En ineerin desi n?
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En ineerin
desi n is
the
rocess of
convertin
an idea or market need into the detailed
information from which a technical
system
(product or process) can be produced
67
What is En ineerin desi n?
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Need: Ill‐defined, ill‐structured
Plan: Well‐defined, well‐structured
technical system
(shapes, materials, processes)
Technical system
(Coffee Mill)
Energy (Electrical E)
a er a groun co eeEnergy (Heat)
68
Product desi n and develo ment
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Production
Product Development In ustr a Innovat on
Distribution
planning
Productplanning Product
design Marketingplanning production Distributionand sale operation retirement
Use
planning
e remen
planning
69
Wh is innovation im ortant?
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Life
cycle
of
a
product
70Image Credit: Roozenburg and Eekels, 1996
Wh is innovation im ortant?
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Company Turnover and products
71Image
Credit:
Roozenburg and
Eekels,
1996
Wh is desi n im ortant?
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Product develo ment
Product design
• Product design is an essential part of the industrial innovation process which is
important for both society and business – hence important
72
Wh is desi n im ortant?
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Product development stages
% cost committed
% cost incurred
• Product design is an early stage of product development where It is
inexpensive to make changes, but consequences of changes is substantial
73
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