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Chapter 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
There is a rich multidisciplinary tradition that assesses and examines risk,
hazards and emergency situations. Progress towards a comprehensive, empirical
understanding of emergency situation vulnerability inputs and processes,
especially related to hazard events and outcomes has grown in breadth and depth
within the last decades. Add to this knowledge a growing understanding of the
drivers and dynamics of global environmental change - and more specifically of
climate change impacts and nature related hazard events.
Our country lies along the Western Pacific Basin which makes us
vulnerable in experiencing various kinds of natural disasters and calamities such
as monsoons, thunderstorms, inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZ), typhoons)
making it a path of an average of 20 tropical cyclones annually. Also we
experience major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and drought and numerous
landslides. Despite of the efforts of the government to increase public awareness
and involvement in measures to minimize the impact of disasters it seems that our
country is still suffering and not fully prepared yet and capable in disaster
response.
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People make decisions every day, but decision-making in an emergency
situation is unique and has great implications for individuals, communities and
society at large. Various emergency situations that happened in our country
clearly demonstrated the need for sound planning, swift execution and efficient
accountability; but ultimately the negative consequences people experienced in
this (as in any) emergency situations were conditioned by their awareness,
perceptions of risk and their vulnerability, and how these factors influenced their
ability to make and carry out decisions, clearly reflecting that these decisions are
the products of complex interactions between individuals, their communities, their
surroundings and the natural environment itself.
By its location in the tropics, the Philippines are found to be naturally
vulnerable to environmental disasters. This situation plus other human and
developmental factors compound communities' incapacity to cope with such
disaster.
The vulnerability of communities to hazards refers to their susceptibility to
and capacity to cope with environmental stresses. Recent and major events as
well as their cumulative impacts highlight the importance of identifying the
vulnerability levels of certain areas and segments of the Philippine population to
collective hazards that form disasters.(Center for Environmental Geomatics,
2011).
This paper aimed to review the Saint Jude College emergency
preparedness and response. As academic institutions have long been
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repositories of knowledge and sanctuaries for study, academic institutions are still
susceptible to the hazards from natural calamities. Assessing the current state of
planning and preparedness is the first step toward making improvements in order
to arrive at advanced planning and preparedness which are the keys to preventing
or at least reducing the impacts of these potential hazards.
Background of the Study
Due to catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world
recently, having emergency awareness and preparedness in schools and
institutions all the more becomes crucial and relevant. And in a country such as
the Philippines where typhoons, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and
other forms of catastrophes are very common, highly populated areas such as
schools and institutions are at a great risk.
Manila is considered as a city with high hazard and high vulnerability. The
proximity to the active fault line, increasing vulnerable constructions, rapid
urbanization, inadequate planning and population expansion, and increasing
informal settlements in the form of slums or squatter encroaching near the
hazardous areas pose a great threat to the community. The City of Manila
consists of 897 Barangays with estimated population is 1.8 million as of 2010
National Census. There were three major disastrous events that happened in the
City of Manila with significant effects to human lives and properties. These were
the earthquake on July 14, 1990, Tropical Storm “Ondoy” (Ketsana) on
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September 26, 2009 that caused severe flooding, and a number fires in heavy
populated areas. In the occurrence of disasters in the City of Manila, the
community, especially the marginalized groups are the most affected.
The top-down management approach was commonly seen in the Local
Government Units in times of disasters specifically in response and relief
operation. It was a common observation that the barangay officials, the supposed
front-line responders in times of disasters are simply reactive. They do not
anticipate the coming of disasters and the threats to life and property that they
bring about. Republic Act No. 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010, adopt the DRRM approach that is
holistic, comprehensive, integrated and proactive engaging the participation of all
sectors, especially the local community. The Local Government Code of 1991
contains provisions that significantly strengthen the objectives of disaster
management and encourage measures for disaster mitigation.
Awareness and preparedness is always the best tool one can have in
facing emergency situations. To be able to fully prepare both students and
teaching, and non-teaching personnel, education and training are essential. The
responsibility of preparing the school and institution lies on every member of the
specific population and determined by the level of awareness and preparedness
of such community. Each must make sure that in the event of a catastrophe, the
loss of life is at the very least minimal.
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With advances in technology and communication, tracking emergency
situations have been easier than before. And supplemented with research studies
regarding awareness and emergency preparedness, the knowledge of what could
possibly happen around us makes it imperative for us that we strive for ourselves
to be aware, prepared, face and conquer emergency events.
Statement of the problem:
This study aimed to determine the emergency preparedness of students,
faculty, and non-teaching personnel of Saint Jude College Manila during different
emergency situations of fire, flood and earthquake.
This study seek to answer the following questions.
1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of their:
1.1. Gender;
1.2. Age; and
1.3. Year level?
2. What is the demographic profile of the teaching and non-teaching in terms of
their:
1.1. Gender;
1.2. Age;
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1.3. Educational attainment; and
1.4. Length of stay in Saint Jude College?
3. What is the level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila
during emergency situation as to:
3.1. Flood;
3.2. Fire; and
3.3. Earthquake?
4. What is the level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel
of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to:
4.1. Fire;
4.2. Flood; and
4.3. Earthquake?
5. Is there any significant difference on the level of preparedness of the
respondents during different emergency situation with regards to:
5.1 Fire;
5.2. Flood; and
5.3. Earthquake?
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Hypothesis
The researchers have postulated the hypothesis:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference on the preparedness of Saint
Jude College during different emergency situations.
Significance of the study:
This study aimed to determine the emergency preparedness of Saint Jude
College Manila during different emergency situations of fire, flood and earthquake.
The result of this study would be significant to the following groups:
Students, teaching and non teaching Personnel of Saint Jude College.
To be aware of the risks, hazards, and vulnerabilities when it comes to possible
emergency events and as well be active in learning to adapt and function well
during situations that warrants emergency preparedness.
Saint Jude Community. To identify and evaluate the current Saint Jude
College Manila‟s emergency preparedness and disaster plan in order to further
strengthen early warning and preparedness system and reduce impact of natural
disaster and as well enable our institution to build a plan that is known to all,
comprehensive, collaborative, and effective.
.
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Theoretical Framework
Risk Perception and Vulnerability
The theory of Risk Perception and Vulnerability by Smit and Wandel is one
which incorporates the community in identifying risk and vulnerability in current
and future situations. Stakeholder and community engagement is highlighted in
the theory as a point of emphasis and as a means of improving „„adaptive
capacity.‟‟ Adaptive capacity refers to the collective adaptability, coping capacity
and resilience of a population. Smit refers to this framework as a „„bottom -up‟‟
approach, involving key community stakeholders in a process to implement
changes that are relevant to the community.
In addition, the framework calls for identifying current exposures,
sensitivities and future adaptive capacity to understand issues a particular
community might be confronted with and then employing various methods to
operationalize the constructs in the theory. Such data collection has the
advantage of qualitatively illustrating the complex interaction between
communities and risk perception and decision-making.
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In addition, implementation of any strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity
should involve key stakeholders, decision makers and community members, as
the adoption of increased adaptive capacity is determined by the cultural
appropriateness and relevancy to the community members of these changes.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Assessment of thePreparednessof Saint JudeCollege Maniladuring fire,flood andearthquake
Assessment of emergencysituation exposure betweenSJC students and personnel
Assessment of currentadaptive strategies of SJC
students and personnel
Risk for futureexposure of
SJC studentsand personnel
Futureadaptive
capacity of SJC studentsand personnel
Level of preparednessof Saint JudeCollege Manila
during fire,flood and
earthquake
conceptual paradigm of the study
Scope and Delimitation:
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This research only focused on the preparedness of St. Jude College Manila
during emergency situation.
The research had covered the collection of SJC students and both teaching
and non-teaching personnel census. The researchers had surveyed the students
and the teaching and non-teaching personnel regarding their preparedness during
emergency situations and determined the differences on the level of their
preparedness during emergency situations such as fire, flooding and earthquake.
Aside from determining the differences on their preparedness, the researchers
had also involved its implications to current and future adaptive capacity of Saint
Jude College with regards to preparedness in emergency situations that are being
assessed.
The researchers conducted the study in Saint Jude College, corner Don
Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila. The study had covered students from different
courses and personnel from different departments, both teaching and non-
teaching, with varying age and both male and female had been included as
participants of the study.
This study was chiefly concerned on determining the differences on the
preparation of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situations of fire flood
and earthquake. The study was limited only to the students and personnel of St.
Jude College Manila, during 1st semester of school year 2013-2014.
Definition of Terms
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literatures and Studies
This chapter presents the local and international literatures that are used
by the researchers in the conduct of the study.
Synthesis
Emergency situations happen not only because of occurrences in nature
but can also be human-induced. Different occurrences such as fire and
earthquakes are reported every year. It hits both affluent and poverty-stricken
countries. Most schools and institutions are of box-type architecture and built
before the development of earthquake-proof technology thus posing higher risks
of destruction during an earthquake. The rapid change in climate as well results in
stronger and more frequent storms, which often cause floods, landslides, and
mudslides killing thousands of people not just in the Philippines but all over the
world.
Emergencies occur suddenly and disastrously and leave us feelings of
overwhelmed and powerlessness. Being prepared can lessen some of these
feelings by allowing everyone to better protect ourselves, families, properties, and
to help others who may be affected. By preparing for emergency situations, we
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This chapter describes the methods that were used to seek the answers to
the specific problems presented in the first chapter. This included the research
method employed, population, and the sampling technique used, and as well as
the research instrument, data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment
that was applied in treating the data. The discussions in this chapter had been
based on the assumption that the validity of findings is dependent upon the
accuracy and appropriateness of the methods of the research employed.
Research Design
The research design that was used is non-experimental quantitative
research utilizing the comparative-descriptive design. It is a type of non-
experimental design which aimed to describe variables and to examine
differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting.
This type of design had helped the researchers associate the differences between
Saint Jude College Manila‟s preparedness during emergency situations of fire,
flood and earthquake.
This design had allowed the researchers to obtain a concrete basis for
comparison as it don‟t infer causation but merely focus on examining the
differences between the variables, the determination of the differences between
Saint Jude College Manila‟s preparedness during emergency situations of fire,
flood and earthquake.
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Instrumentation
Quantitative Self-Report Technique- Likert scale
The researchers had utilized quantitative self-report technique as this
approach aims to collect appropriate self-report data through giving appropriatequestions to obtain the needed information, especially in comparing two or more
sets of variables. The instrument had included the likert scale questionnaire tool in
which the specific questions regarding emergency preparedness about fire, flood
and earthquake had been stated and was completed by the study participants
through tickling the scale which corresponds their answers in each of the three (3)
stated categories ( fire, flood, and earthquake ).
The participants had ticked the number four (4) in the scale if such
emergency preparedness specifics being asked in each categories was always
present or they had known, had seen, or had been aware of, hence, the number
four (4) in the likert scale questionnaire tool means “highly agree”, which in turn
reflected that the Saint Jude College were highly prepared in the given emergency
preparedness specifics. The participants had ticked the number three (3) in the
scale if such emergency preparedness specifics being asked in each categories
was not always present or they don‟t had been consistently known, seen, or had
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were adequately represented through each stratum. The population of the study
participants was been subdivided into homogenous subsets from which an
appropriate number of elements had been selected at random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers had submitted a letter of communication to the Human
Resources Department and to the Dean of the College of Nursing that requested
the permission to conduct the research study about the emergency preparedness
in St. Jude College Manila.
Upon the approval of the study, the researchers asked the permission of the
Dean of other professional courses in Saint Jude College Manila through personal
appearance and communication letter which encompasses the researche rs‟ study
and prospective participants for the research study. The researchers had
instituted a courtesy call to each department Dean before conducting the research
proper. The letter of approval from the Dean from each department about the
research that was conducted together with a communication letter about the
research study were presented to the prospective study participants. After proper
channeling of the research study through Saint Jude College Human Resource
Department and Deans, the researchers then started to conduct the study about
the preparedness of Saint Jude College Manila during different emergency
situations of fire, flood, and earthquake. Primary approach of the researchers
were the initial grouping together of the elements belonging to a stratum and
random selection of the desired number of elements based on the computed five
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Where,
x = Values given
x ¯ = Mean
n = Total number of values.
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CHAPTER 4
Presentation and Analysis of Data
This chapter presents the data gathered from students, faculty and non-
teaching staff of Saint Jude College, Manila. The data are presented in the tabular
form, analyzed and interpreted.
Table 1.1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Students According to
Gender.
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 75 28.52
Female 188 71.48
Total 263 100.00
Interpretation:
Based on our observation in this research work the number of female
which consists of 188 respondents (71.48%) is greater than the number of male
respondent which consists of 75 respondents (28.52%), because the number of
female enrolled in our school are greater than in our male student. Most female
students are willing to answer in our research paper.
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Table 1.2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to
Age.
Age Frequency Percent
15-16 39 14.83
17-18 90 34.22
19-20 82 31.18
21 AND ABOVE 52 19.77
Total 263 100.00
Interpretation:
In this table, there are more respondent in ages 17-18 which consist of 90
respondents (34.22%) and with the ages of 15-16 has the lowest number consists
of 39 respondents (14.83%). They are more interested and willing to response in
this research work.
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Table 1.3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Students According to Year
Level.
Year level Frequency Percent
1st year 71 27.00
2nd year 68 25.86
3rd year 64 24.33
4th year 60 22.81
263 100.00
Interpretation:
This table shows that most of the respondents are 1st year students which
consist of 71(27%) respondents followed by 2nd year 68 (25.86%); 3rd year 64
(25.86%) and 4
th
year 60 (22.81%). This means that 1
st
year students have themost number of respondent to give information in emergency preparedness, due
to their availability and number of students enrolled.
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Table 2.1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Teaching and Non-teaching
According to Gender.
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 17 42.5
Female 23 57.5
Total 40 100
Interpretation:
This result interprets that the number of respondent are the female which
consists of 23 (57.5%) is greater than male which consists of 17 (42.5%) in faculty
and non-teaching staff. Because most of the faculty members are female.
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Table 2.2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Teaching and Non-teaching
According to Age.
Age Frequency Percent
19 – 28 11 27.50
29 – 38 12 30.00
39 – 48 12 30.00
49 – 58 3 7.50
59 – 68 2 5
Total 40 100.00
Interpretation:
Ages 29-48 are the most number of respondent having which consists of
12 (30%) and ages 59-68 is the least number of respondent which consist of 2
(5%), because that age is the stage for retiring.
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Table 3.1: The level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila
during emergency situation as to fire.
Items Mean SD Verbal
Interpretation
Rank
1. Presence of easily to locate of fire exit signage. 3.29 0.68 Moderately
prepared
13
2. Presence of floor plan for evacuation or escape route. 3.35 0.69 Moderately
prepared
15
3. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.00 0.86 Moderately
prepared
5
4. Emergency telephone numbers are posted at strategic
places.
2.89 0.84 Moderately
prepared
3
5. The school conduct fire drills annually. 2.86 0.84 Moderately
prepared
2
6. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly
point in case of fire.
3.11 0.81 Moderately
prepared
8
7. Fire alarms are located at strategic places where can be
easily used.
3.33 0.71 Moderately
prepared
14
8. Know how to use fire extinguisher in case of fire. 3.14 0.82 Moderately
prepared
10
9. Fire extinguishers are located at strategic places for
easy accessibility.
3.39 0.68 Moderately
prepared
16.5
10. Availability of smoke detectors. 2.95 0.86 Moderately
prepared
4
11. Automatic fire sprinklers are located throughout the
building.
3.12 0.76 Moderately
prepared
9
12. Has personal basic first aid kit. 3.01 0.81 Moderately
prepared
6
13. The school clinic has available resources to manage
emergency in case of fire.
3.23 0.71 Moderately
prepared
11.5
14. The school have available trained first aider to manage
the injuries.
3.23 0.73 Moderately
prepared
11.5
15. The school have Emergency Management Committee. 3.08 0.82 Moderately
prepared
7
16. Use of elevator in case of fire. 2.64 1.58 Moderately
prepared
1
17. When your clothes catch on fire, stop-drop-and-roll to
put out the fire.
3.39 0.72 Moderately
prepared
16.5
18. If there is smoke, crawl under the smoke to the
nearest exit and use cloth, if possible, to cover nose and
3.50 0.65 well prepared 18
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Table3.2. The level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila
during emergency situation as to flood.
ITEMS MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
Rank
1. Access in giving early suspension of classes in case of
flooding.
3.23 0.88 Moderately
prepared
9
2. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.00 0.83 Moderately
prepared
4
3. Availability of transport vehicles in evacuating the
students and personnel.
2.95 0.89 Moderately
prepared
3
4. Has personal first aid and hygiene kit. 3.05 0.82 Moderately
prepared
6.5
5. The school have available emergency blanket and
foods that can be used by stranded students and
personnel.
2.80 0.90 Moderately
prepared
1
6. Adequate training on must-haves during rainy season
(such as rain gear, extra clothing, extra money, extra
cellphone batteries, etc.)
2.95 0.85 Moderately
prepared
2
7. The school clinic has available resources to manage
emergency in case of flooding.
3.09 0.81 Moderately
prepared
8
8. The school have available trained first aider to 3.05 0.84 Moderately 6.5
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12. Availability of safe places to cover. (a safe place could be
under a piece of furniture or against an interior wall away
from windows, bookcases or furniture’s that could fall on
you).
3.19 0.73 Moderately prepared
13. Practice a “duck, cover and hold position” in each safe place
(sitting on the floor next to an interior wall and covering your
head and neck with your arms.
3.19 0.79 Moderately prepared
OVERALL MEAN 3.10 0.79 Moderately prepared
Interpretation:
This table shows that they are moderately prepared in earthquake. The
overall mean is 3.10. They ranked the 9th item the lowest which is the school
conduct earthquake drills annually. And the 1st item got the highest in ranking
which is the aware of earthquake safety plans.
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Table: 4.1. The level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel
of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to fire.
ITEM MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
1. Presence of easily to locate of fire exit signage. 3.6 0.71 Moderately prepared
2. Presence of floor plan for evacuation or escape route. 3.45 0.81 Moderately prepared
3. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.13 0.99 Moderately prepared
4. Emergency telephone numbers are posted at strategic places. 3.08 0.94 Moderately prepared
5. The school conduct fire drills annually. 3.50 0.88 Moderately prepared
6. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly point in
case of fire.
3.38 0.9 Moderately prepared
7. Fire alarms are located at strategic places where can be easily
used.
3.50 0.72 Moderately prepared
8. Know how to use fire extinguisher in case of fire. 3.38 0.87 Moderately prepared
9. Fire extinguishers are located at strategic places for easy
accessibility.
3.50 0.85 Moderately prepared
10. Availability of smoke detectors. 3.48 0.75 Moderately prepared
11. Automatic fire sprinklers are located throughout the building. 3.43 0.84 Moderately prepared
12. Has personal basic first aid kit. 2.93 1.02 Moderately prepared
13. The school clinic has available resources to manage
emergency in case of fire.
3.13 0.91 Moderately prepared
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9. Able to identify high streets for possible rerouting during
flood.
2.85 0.83 Moderately
prepared
OVERALL MEAN 2.99 0.87 Moderately
prepared
Interpretation:
The table show that the faculty and non-teaching staff are moderately
prepared. The overall mean they got is 2.99. They also ranked the 5
th
and 9
th
item
lowest which is the school have available emergency blanket and foods that can
be used by stranded students and personnel and able to identify high streets for
possible rerouting during flood. And the 1st item is the highest which is access in
giving early suspension of classes in case flooding.
Table: 4.3. The level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel
of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to earthquake.
ITEMS MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
Ra
1. Aware of earthquake safety plans 3.18 0.84 Moderately
prepared
2. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.08 0.89 Moderately
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prepared
3. Availability of emergency lights. 3.05 0.88 Moderately
prepared
4. Has information dissemination about dangers of aftershocks. 3.10 0.84 Moderately
prepared
5. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly point
during earthquakes.
2.95 0.9 Moderately
prepared
6. There is an active participation of students and administrative
staff in evacuation, directing or leading occupants out of the
building to a safe area.
3.30 0.79 Moderately
prepared
7. Need to evacuate the room immediately when earthquake
alarm sounds
3.40 0.67 Moderately
prepared
8. Has personal first aid kit. 2.98 0.89 Moderately
prepared
9. The school conduct earthquake drills annually. 3.28 0.93 Moderately
prepared
10. The school clinic has available resources to manage emergency
in case of earthquake.
3.23 0.83 Moderately
prepared
11. The school have available trained first aider to manage injuries. 3.32 0.86 Moderately
prepared
12. Availability of safe places to cover. (a safe place could be under 3.33 0.73 Moderately
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Table: 5. Significant difference on the level of preparedness of the respondents
during different emergency situation with regards to Fire; Flood; and Earthquake.
Emergency Group Mean T-test P-value Interpretatio
Fire Students
Faculty and Non-teaching Staff
3.16
3.31
1.79 0.07 No Significa
Difference
Flood Student
Faculty and Non-teaching Staff
3.01
2.98
0.27 0.79 No Significa
Difference
Earthquake Students
Faculty and Non-teaching Staff
3.10
3.19
0.86 0.39 No Significa
Difference
Interpretation:
In this table it shows that in case of fire emergency the students got 3.16
overall mean and the faculty and non-teaching staff got 3.31. They got 1.79 in T-
Test and 0.07 P-Value. In line with this there is no significant difference between
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students, faculty and non-teaching staff. In case of flood, the student got 3.01
overall mean and 2.98 for the faculty and non-teaching staff. They got 0.27 in T-
Test and 0.79 P-Value. It shows that they are no significant difference between
students, faculty and non-teaching staff. In earthquake the students got 3.10
overall mean and the faculty got 3.19 overall mean. In earthquake they got 0.86 T-
Test and 0.39 P-Value. It shows students, faculty and non-teaching staff have no
significant difference between them. It shows that in terms of fire, flood,
earthquake emergency they have no significant difference.
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