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Emergency Exposure SituationsEmergency Exposure Situations
Overview of Overview of Assessment and Response in a Assessment and Response in a Radiological EmergencyRadiological Emergency
Generic response organization Generic response organization
Emergency managementEmergency managementLectureLecture
IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources
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IntroductionIntroduction
Emergency management means Emergency management means the the overall strategic managementoverall strategic management of the of the emergency responseemergency response
The objective of this lesson is to present The objective of this lesson is to present concepts of management in an emergency concepts of management in an emergency and emergency management functionsand emergency management functions
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ContentContent
Generic response organisationGeneric response organisation EmergencEmergency management roley management role Emergency Manager’s tasksEmergency Manager’s tasks Emergency phase actionsEmergency phase actions Post-emergency phase actionsPost-emergency phase actions Non-radiological challengesNon-radiological challenges SummarySummary
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Objectives of Emergency ResponseObjectives of Emergency Response
reduce risk or mitigate the reduce risk or mitigate the consequences of the accident at its consequences of the accident at its sourcesource
prevent deterministic health effects prevent deterministic health effects (e.g., early deaths and injuries) (e.g., early deaths and injuries)
reduce the risk of stochastic health reduce the risk of stochastic health effects (e.g., cancer and severe effects (e.g., cancer and severe hereditary effects) as much as hereditary effects) as much as reasonable achievablereasonable achievable
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Important AspectsImportant Aspects
The most important aspects of managing The most important aspects of managing a radiological emergency:a radiological emergency:
The ability to promptly and adequately The ability to promptly and adequately determine actions to protect members determine actions to protect members of the public and emergency workersof the public and emergency workers
The ability to take those actions The ability to take those actions efficientlyefficiently
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RESPONSE INITIATORFirst official being informed of an
emergency with authority to initiate a response plan
FIRST RESPONDERFirst person or team to arrive at the scene of an accident
with an official role to play in the accident response
EMERGENCY MANAGERAppointed official in charge of overall emergency response
RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSORUsually senior member of a
radiological assessment team sent to the scene of an
accident
PoliceFire serviceEmergency medical responderFacility responder
Radiological assessment teams and laboratories
ON-SCENE CONTROLLER
Usually senior member of First Responder
team
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Emergency ManagerEmergency Manager
Emergency Manager is in charge of the Emergency Manager is in charge of the overall strategic emergency managementoverall strategic emergency management
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Role and Functions of the Emergency Role and Functions of the Emergency ManagerManager
Who is designated as Who is designated as Emergency Manager?Emergency Manager? Document in the Document in the
response planresponse plan
Knowledge/skills Knowledge/skills requiredrequired
Operational locationOperational location
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Emergency Manager’s TasksEmergency Manager’s Tasks
Interface with accident sceneInterface with accident scene
Emergency Manager
Command Post
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Radiological and Non-radiological Radiological and Non-radiological HazardsHazards
Be awareBe aware Radiation may be just one of the Radiation may be just one of the
hazards in an accident - most cases hazards in an accident - most cases non-radiological hazards (e.g., fire, toxic non-radiological hazards (e.g., fire, toxic fumes) will dominatefumes) will dominate
Radiological assessors will focus on the Radiological assessors will focus on the radiological aspects of the accidentradiological aspects of the accident
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Response PhasesResponse Phases
Emergency PhaseEmergency Phase
Post-Emergency Post-Emergency PhasePhase
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Initial Response Initial Response An ExampleAn Example
RESPONSE INITIATOR
NOTIFICATIONof an
emergency
Receives notification, provides initial advice,initiates the response
Radiation hazard
?
Record details STOP
ActivateEMERGENCY
MANAGER
Manages accident assessment and mitigation- carries the ultimate responsibility for emergency response
No
Yes
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Initial ResponseInitial Response - - ContCont’d’d Hazard level
?
ActivateRADIOLOGICAL
ASSESSOR
ActivateRADIOLOGICAL
ASSESSOR
Activate(if not yet activated)
FIRST RESPONDER
DesignateON-SCENE
CONTROLLER
Manages all response actions at the scene of an accident
Assesses radiation hazards and recommends protective actions and recovery and clean up operations
Performs actions to mitigate the accident and implements protective and initial recovery actions
Re-assesses radiation hazards and performs recovery
Medium or high
Low
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Emergency PhaseEmergency Phase
Obtain briefing from Obtain briefing from Response InitiatorResponse Initiator or or staff on-scene; alert/activate other staff on-scene; alert/activate other respondersresponders Initial InformationInitial Information Accident Registry Form Accident Registry Form Alerted Emergency Responders FormAlerted Emergency Responders Form
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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions
Maintain a Log Maintain a Log What was doneWhat was done When was it doneWhen was it done NotificationsNotifications DecisionsDecisions
Maintain status Maintain status boards/displaysboards/displays
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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions
Assess situation and magnitude of Assess situation and magnitude of potential radiological problempotential radiological problem Examples:Examples:
Calibration Sources - Low Well Logging - Medium Teletherapy - High Moisture Detectors - ? Industrial Radiography - ?
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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions
Identify type of emergency and evaluate Identify type of emergency and evaluate necessary main actionsnecessary main actions
Ensure all personal protection guides and Ensure all personal protection guides and actions are implemented in accordance actions are implemented in accordance with Radiological Assessor with Radiological Assessor recommendationsrecommendations
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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
Depending on the circumstances of the Depending on the circumstances of the accident various command and staging accident various command and staging facilities will need to be established at or facilities will need to be established at or near the scenenear the scene
Examples:Examples: Command postCommand post Reception area for response personnelReception area for response personnel Vehicle marshalling areaVehicle marshalling area Media reception areaMedia reception area
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LayoutLayout
Safety perimeterat 100 μSv/h
or safe distance
Command post
wind
Access and contamination control point
Access control point
Decontamination area
Medicalresponse base
Radiological Assessor
base
Vehicle marshalling
area
Reception area for response
personnel
Media reception areaStaging
area
Inner cordoned area
Outer cordoned area
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Emergency Radiological MonitoringEmergency Radiological Monitoring
To obtain the data or information required To obtain the data or information required in an emergencyin an emergency Different type of measurements can be Different type of measurements can be
performedperformed Different physical quantities can be Different physical quantities can be
measuredmeasured
The intended uses of the results should The intended uses of the results should guide the choice of monitoring prioritiesguide the choice of monitoring priorities
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Emergency Phase ActionsEmergency Phase Actions
Ensure on-scene personnel are aware of Ensure on-scene personnel are aware of media response, make media media response, make media arrangements; appoint press liaison, if arrangements; appoint press liaison, if necessarynecessary
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Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
Public Information Public Information Media Interest/Response/RelationsMedia Interest/Response/Relations
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Post Emergency PhasePost Emergency Phase
Obtain dose assessment from Obtain dose assessment from Radiological Assessor, ensure medical Radiological Assessor, ensure medical follow-up of persons sent to hospital(s), follow-up of persons sent to hospital(s), inform media/public, response inform media/public, response organizations that emergency is under organizations that emergency is under controlcontrol
Ensure all actions, decisions, Ensure all actions, decisions, recommendations are documented, save recommendations are documented, save recordsrecords
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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
DIRECT AND COORDINATE:DIRECT AND COORDINATE: Clean-upClean-up WasteWaste Demobilization Demobilization Radiological Radiological
Data/AssessmentData/Assessment Medical Follow upMedical Follow up Media/publicMedia/public
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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase ActionsAdditional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
DocumentationDocumentation
ImportanceImportance
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Post - Emergency Phase ActionsPost - Emergency Phase Actions
Reconstruct the accident, evaluate response, Reconstruct the accident, evaluate response, develop lessons learned, update response plan, develop lessons learned, update response plan, prepare final reportprepare final report
Report Contents (minimum)Report Contents (minimum) SummarySummary Description of the AccidentDescription of the Accident Response to the AccidentResponse to the Accident Human ConsequencesHuman Consequences Environmental ConsequencesEnvironmental Consequences Dose AssessmentDose Assessment Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations
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SummarySummary
This lesson providedThis lesson provided Generic response organizationGeneric response organization Initial response conceptsInitial response concepts Emergency management functionsEmergency management functions Responsibilities/tasksResponsibilities/tasks
Remember:Remember: saving lives, treating injuries saving lives, treating injuries and fire fighting hazards are the prioritiesand fire fighting hazards are the priorities
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Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information
The role and tasks of the Emergency The role and tasks of the Emergency Manager are described in more details in Manager are described in more details in thethe
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYAGENCY
Generic Procedures for Assessment and Generic Procedures for Assessment and Response during a Radiological Response during a Radiological
EmergencyEmergency
IAEA-TECDOC-1162, Vienna (2000)IAEA-TECDOC-1162, Vienna (2000)
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