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Non-Associative Learning/Behavior
Elicited behavior - reflex, modal action pattern.
Repeated stimulation - habituation, sensitization.
Emotional behavior - pattern of affective dynamics.
Elicited Behavior
Modal Action Pattern (MAP) – Orderly sequence of reflexive behaviors.
Concept put forth by ethologists Tinbergen and Lorenz.
Species typical behavior, e.g., feeding, mating, social behaviors, etc.
Elicited by complex array or sequence of stimuli.
Elicitation can depend on motivation (“action-specific energy”)
Evolutionarily important behaviors, “instinctive”
Modal Action Pattern
Video of egg retrieval in goose
What is the sign stimulus?
MAPs in Humans?• Lorenz claimed that caring for young (and the
associated affective responses) are MAPs.• The sign stimuli are:
– Head large in proportion to the body
– Protruding forehead large in proportion to the size of the rest of the face
– Large ears and eyes below the midline of the head
– Small nose
– Short thick extremities
– Rounded body shape
– Soft elastic body surfaces
– Round protruding cheeks
Supernormal stimulusAn accurate 3-dimensional model of a herring gull's head (a), and a 'supernormal' bill (b).
Repeated stimulation
Sensitization effect
Increased response with repeated stimulation.
Elicited behavior is not plastic, but can change with repeated stimulation.
Habituation effect
Decreased response with repeated stimulation.
Habituation movie
Rat hears a series of loud bursts of noise
Dishabituation movie
Rat hears a series of loud high-pitched noises,Followed by a loud lower-pitched noise,
Followed by another series of loud high-pitched noises
• Sometimes the habituated response will not recover after for a long time. (Long Term Habituation)
Responsesto
Stimulus
Repeated Trialsof stim
Day 1Day 1
Repeated Trialsof stim A
Day 21Day 21
How is habituation different from sensory
adaptation and fatigue?
• Habituation will be slower for stimuli which have a higher salience (i.e., intensity)
Responsesto
Stimulus
Repeated Trials
Resp to weakcoffee flavorResp to weakcoffee flavor
Repeated Trials
Resp to Strongcoffee flavorResp to Strongcoffee flavor
• Dishabituation following the presentation of a novel stimulus.
Responsesto
Stimulus
Repeated Trials
Response tostimulus A(tone)
Response tostimulus A(tone)
PresentStimulus B(light)
PresentStimulus B(light)
Response tostimulus A(tone)
Response tostimulus A(tone)
• Generalization gradient of a habituated response.
Responsesto
Stimulus
Tone frequency of test stimulus followinghabituation at 2000 Hz
2000 2100 2200 2300190018001700
SensitizationIn general Sensitization effects can be influenced by
similar parameters as habituation.
Sensitization can be thought of as “arousal”.
However, generalization is greater in Sensitization.- Following exposure to cutaneous pain, rats’ reactivity to a wide
range of auditory stimuli is increased.
2 underlying processes exist– 1) A Habituation process
– 2) A Sensitization process
Dual-Process theory ofHabituation and Sensitization
The habituation effect is observed when the
habituation process is greater than the sensitization process.
The observable behavior is the sum of these two processes.
Groves and Thompson (1970)
S-R System: Habituation is thought to occur in thereflex arc.
State System: Sensitization is thought to occur in the part of the nervous system that determines general responsiveness.
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