Earth and Space

Learning IntentionsLearning Intentions

Recall the relative Recall the relative position of Earthposition of Earth in the in the vastness ofvastness of space space

Recognise the Recognise the scalescale and and components components of of the the solarsolar system, galaxy and Universesystem, galaxy and Universe

Explain the Explain the changeschanges in in day lengthday length, , seasonseason and and elevation of the Sunelevation of the Sun with with regards to the position and tilt of the Earth regards to the position and tilt of the Earth

What is a Light Year?What is a Light Year?

Speed of Light = 300,000,000 m/sSpeed of Light = 300,000,000 m/s

One year in seconds =One year in seconds =

Speed = distance / timeSpeed = distance / time

Distance =Distance =

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House NumberHouse NumberStreet NameStreet Name

TownTownCountyCountyCountryCountry

ContinentContinentHemisphereHemisphere

PlanetPlanetSolar SystemSolar System

Milky Way GalaxyMilky Way GalaxyUniverseUniverse

What is your exact address?What is your exact address?

Solar systems, galaxies and the UniverseSolar systems, galaxies and the Universe

OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of…

THE MILKY WAY, which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…

THE UNIVERSE

(Basically, everything in the universe orbits around something else)

The Solar System is made up of…The Solar System is made up of…

- Eight PlanetsEight Planets

- Moons orbiting planetsMoons orbiting planets

- A large band of asteroidsA large band of asteroids

- CometsComets

- The Sun (a star)The Sun (a star)

Our Solar SystemOur Solar System

Our Solar SystemOur Solar System

The set up of the Solar System is described as Heliocentric. This model has the Sun at the centre of the system with the Planets moving around in a circle or orbit around the Sun.

Only the Sun emits it’s own light, the other planet are visible because they reflect the light from the Sun.

Heliocentric ModelHeliocentric Model

The Order of the PlanetsThe Order of the Planets

Mercury

VenusMars

EarthJupiter

Saturn

UranusNeptune

Pluto

The Earth & Beyond

SU

NL

IGH

TS

UN

LIG

HT

The Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours.

Day & Night

Anti-clockwise

Casablanca

Philippines

Antanarivo

Pretoria

Place GMT Time

Casablanca +1

Pretoria +2

Antanarivo +3

Philippines +8

It is 04:00 in London

The Earth & Beyond : Day & Night

Learning IntentionsLearning Intentions

Explain the Explain the changeschanges in in day lengthday length, , seasonseason and and elevation of the Sunelevation of the Sun with with regards to the position and tilt of the Earthregards to the position and tilt of the Earth

Recall that Recall that stars stars are powered by are powered by nuclear nuclear fusionfusion processes processes

The Earth & Beyond : The Seasons (The Northern Hemisphere)

Tilted away from the Sun- Sun is low in the sky

Tilted towards the Sun- Sun is high in the sky

Long daysLong nights

Day and night the same length

Day and night the same length

When it is Summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is Winter in the Southern Hemisphere

Sunlight rays are slanted Sunlight rays are slanted across the landacross the land

Sunlight rays are almost Sunlight rays are almost directly on the landdirectly on the land

Why do countries close the equator Why do countries close the equator not experience much change in not experience much change in

climate from season to season? climate from season to season?

The Earth’s surface gains most heat when the Sun is above the horizon for the most hours, and when it reaches the highest angle in the sky.

This happens around JUNE 21ST in the Northern hemisphere and DECEMEBER 21ST in the Southern hemisphere. This midsummer day is called the SUMMER SOLSTICE.

The WINTER SOLSTICE is when the Sun is at its lowest angle above the horizon and stays above the horizon for the fewest hours.

Between the solstices there are two EQUINOX when the day length is equal to the night length.

East- Sunrise

West- Sunset

June 21st

March 21st and September 21stNorthern

Hemisphere

EastWestMarch 21st

Northern June 21st

December 21st

December 21st September 21st

Sunrise

Sunset

Choose the correct words from the box below to complete the diagram-

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The Sun in all it’s shining glory!The Sun in all it’s shining glory!

Click on the link below to find out how the Click on the link below to find out how the Sun does what it does best... shineSun does what it does best... shine

http://www.suntrek.org/solar-surface-below/solar-energy-chain/called-fusion.shtml

Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion

It is possible for two hydrogen nuclei to join together to form a new nucleus containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons, a helium nucleus.

Hydrogen converted to Helium

In this process a little bit of mass is lost and reappears as a lot of energy (E = mc2).

The centre of the Sun is extremely hot (around 15 million degrees) and The centre of the Sun is extremely hot (around 15 million degrees) and very dense. It is so hot that the atoms lose their electrons becoming very dense. It is so hot that the atoms lose their electrons becoming bare nuclei. Usually, in cooler conditions nuclei would not get close bare nuclei. Usually, in cooler conditions nuclei would not get close enough to fuse, or join (electric forces push them apart), but with enough to fuse, or join (electric forces push them apart), but with temperatures that are incredibly high, the nuclei can bang into one temperatures that are incredibly high, the nuclei can bang into one another so hard that they can actually fuse together and release another so hard that they can actually fuse together and release enormous of energy.enormous of energy.

Learning IntentionsLearning Intentions

Understand what Understand what affects affects the force of the force of gravity within the universegravity within the universe

Describe the model for the Describe the model for the formation of formation of the solar systemthe solar system..

Describe the Describe the Big Bang and Steady StateBig Bang and Steady State model for the formation of the universemodel for the formation of the universe

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Gravity and NewtonGravity and Newton

Newton first came up with the idea that the Newton first came up with the idea that the force which caused an apple to fall always force which caused an apple to fall always down from its tree was in fact the same down from its tree was in fact the same force that keep all the planets in orbit force that keep all the planets in orbit around the Sun - gravity.around the Sun - gravity.

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- The attraction between two masses

Name some objects which ‘experience’ gravity!

The EarthThe Earth

The MoonThe Moon

The SunThe Sun

Which of these has the most gravity?

The bigger an object’s mass, the greater the effect of gravity

The closer an object is to another object, the greater the effect of gravity

The bigger an object’s mass, the greater the effect of

gravityThe Moon walk- astronauts wore heavy boots because the effect of gravity is less on the Moon.

The Moon is 1/80th the mass of the Earth and has a gravitational pull of 1/6th of the Earth

As the comet comes closer to the Sun its As the comet comes closer to the Sun its speed increases - a greater force must be speed increases - a greater force must be acting to cause it to accelerate faster.acting to cause it to accelerate faster.

The closer an object is to another object, the greater the effect of

gravity

The Halley comet Edmond Halley (1656-1742),

The Nucleus of the comet

The moon and the Sun cause the sea to have tides. This is The moon and the Sun cause the sea to have tides. This is because of the because of the gravitational attractiongravitational attraction between the Sun, between the Sun, moon and water in the sea. The moon has the moon and water in the sea. The moon has the biggest biggest effect, effect, as it is as it is closercloser to the Earth. to the Earth.

GravityGravity

Anything that moves with circular Anything that moves with circular motion requires a centripetal force to motion requires a centripetal force to keep it accelerating. The force acts keep it accelerating. The force acts to the centre of the circular motionto the centre of the circular motionThe force of gravity is the centripetal The force of gravity is the centripetal force between two large masses eg. force between two large masses eg. The Earth and the SunThe Earth and the SunThe larger the mass, the larger the The larger the mass, the larger the force of gravity and the further the force of gravity and the further the masses move apart, the smaller the masses move apart, the smaller the force of gravityforce of gravity

Sun

Earth

Mars

Sun

Earth

Force of gravity

Mars

Less gravity

The formation of the Solar systemThe formation of the Solar system

Pg 192Pg 192

Orion NebulaOrion Nebula

Collapsing Clouds of Gas and Dust – Nebula

Gas and Dust is disturbed by cosmic movement (possibly the death of a star)

The cloud spins more rapidly as it collapses

The Spinning Nebula FlattensBecause of the competing forces associated with gravity, gas pressure, and rotation, the

nebula begins to flatten into a spinning pancake shape with a bulge at the centre.

Condensation of Protosun and ProtoplanetsAs the nebula collapses further, gravity develops in

other regions. These will become the Sun and planets, as well as their moons and other debris in

the Solar System.

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How did it all start?How did it all start?

Read about the Read about the Big Bang Big Bang andand thethe Steady State Steady State TheoryTheory on the on the link below-link below-

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/theoriginsoftheuniverserev1.shtml

Steady State TheorySteady State TheoryAccording to this theory, the According to this theory, the Universe Universe has always existedhas always existed; it ; it had had no beginningno beginning and will and will continue forever.continue forever. Although the Although the universe is expanding, it universe is expanding, it maintains its average densitymaintains its average density – – steady-state – through the steady-state – through the continuous creation of new continuous creation of new matter. matter.

Most cosmologists now reject the Most cosmologists now reject the theory because it cannot explain theory because it cannot explain background radiation or the background radiation or the observation that the appearance observation that the appearance of the universe changes with of the universe changes with time.time.

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Where’s the Evidence?Where’s the Evidence?

The Red ShiftThe Red Shift - Galaxies far away from our - Galaxies far away from our home galaxy, the Milky Way appear to be ‘red home galaxy, the Milky Way appear to be ‘red shifted’. This suggests the Universe is shifted’. This suggests the Universe is expanding.expanding.

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Where’s the Evidence?Where’s the Evidence?

Cosmic Background RadiationCosmic Background Radiation - Whenever a - Whenever a telescope is aimed up into our night sky there telescope is aimed up into our night sky there seems to be a form of microwave radiation seems to be a form of microwave radiation sensed in every direction. Supposedly this is sensed in every direction. Supposedly this is energy left over from the early stages of the Big energy left over from the early stages of the Big Bang.Bang.

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Just to be sure...Just to be sure...

Read some more about theRead some more about the Red Shift Red Shift and and Comic Background RadiationComic Background Radiation from the from the website link -website link -

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/theoriginsoftheuniverserev4.shtml

Galaxy

The Moon

NebulaThe Sun Aurora

Comet Hale- Bopp

EclipsesEclipses

1. A solar eclipse:

2. A lunar eclipse: