Early Agriculture Outline of topics: I. Hunter-gathering II. Invention of agriculture - when, where,...

Early AgricultureEarly Agriculture

Outline of topics:

I. Hunter-gathering

II. Invention of agriculture

- when, where, what, how, and why?

III. Crop domestication

IV. Important crops of the world

PLS 386 Lecture 1 August 26, 2005

•Hunter-gatherers used food sources that they found (60-80% plant-based)

Early Agriculture PLS 386 Aug. 26, 2005, pg. 2

•Wild rice, millets, oats, other grasses, root crops, nuts, wild fruits

•Oils came mostly from animal sources, but also from some plants (coconut, oil palm, shea butter, olive oil)

•How did our ancestors avoid toxic plants?

•Some remnants of this lifestyle exist today

•How was agriculture invented?

•How was agriculture invented?Divine gift from the gods?

•How was agriculture invented?Divine gift from the gods?Propinquity theory (domestication by

crowding)

crowding)Invention and discovery

Garbage dumps

Garbage dumpsFishing link (Carl Sauer)

•When? About 10,000 years ago - after the Ice Age

•Agriculture spread to or was invented on several continents within a short period

•Where and when?

Mesopotamia 8,000-9,000 B.C.Wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, oats,

dates, grapes, olives, almonds, figs, pomegranates

•Where and when?

dates, grapes, olives, almonds, figs, pomegranatesCentral Africa 4,000 B.C.

Coffee, sorghum, millet, cowpeas, yams, oil palm

•Where and when?

dates, grapes, olives, almonds, figs, pomegranatesCentral Africa 4,000 B.C.

Coffee, sorghum, millet, cowpeas, yams, oil palm China 4,000 B.C.

Millet, hazelnuts, peaches, apricots, soybeans rice, mulberries, chestnuts

•When and where, con’t.

Southeast Asia / Indonesia 6,000 B.C.Rice, sugarcane, coconut, banana, mango, citrus, yams, taro

New World (Mex. / Cen. Am.) 5,000-7,000 B.C.Corn, sweet potato, tomato, cotton,

pumpkin, peppers, squash, beans, papaya, avocado, pineapple

New World (Mex. / Cen. Am.) 5,000-7,000 B.C.Corn, sweet potato, tomato, cotton,

pumpkin, peppers, squash, beans, papaya, avocado, pineappleSouth America 6,000 B.C. and earlier

Potato, peanut, cacao, pineapple, cashew,Brazil nut, tobacco, guava, manioc, yam

•Few crops originate in the USA

American Indians grew crops from Mesoamerica.

Native American crops: grapes, plums, pecans,chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, black walnuts, persimmons, blueberry,

raspberry, blackberry, cranberry, sunflower, hops, Jersusalem artichokes

•How did agriculture begin?

-Earliest evidence is for vegetatively propagated plants such as grape, fig, olive, mulberry, pomegranate, and quince

‘Best’ plants could be identified and multiplied

Other vegetative crops: sugarcane, pineapple, potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, dates

•How did agriculture begin? Seed propagation

Keeping seed for planting the next crop could result in selection for higher yielding plants

Non-shattering types of plants would be favored

Close planting selects for vigorous plants

Larger seeds often produce more vigorous seedlings

Truly domesticated plants can’t survive without humans to grow them.

•Results of the invention of agriculture

-Better health, longer lifespan, an easier life all resulted from the shift to an agricultural lifestyle.

More cultural developments were possible, because some people could specialize in skills other than getting food.

For perspective, our ancestors were hunter-gatherers for ~30,000 years. We have been ‘farming’ for roughly 10,000 years, or 400 generations.

Crop consequences of domestication:

•More ‘yield’ of desirable part

•More ‘yield’ of desirable part.•Non-shattering - seed are easier to harvest.

•More ‘yield’ of desirable part.•Non-shattering - seed are easier to harvest.•Big seeds - domesticated bean seed are 5-8 times as

large as their wild relatives.

large as their wild relatives.• Improved quality - remove or lower toxic

substances.

large as their wild relatives.• Improved quality - remove or lower toxic

substances.•Increased protein, oil, sugar concentration, which

means improved flavor, storage ability.

Geography of crop domestication

•Vavilov’s eight centers of origin where crops were first tamed.

•Turns out that centers of diversity do not coincide with Vavilov’s centers of origin.

•Areas with lots of wild relatives and primitive versions of modern crops can be invaluable sources of genes for plant breeders and geneticists.

Thirty Major Food Crops of the World (Table 1-2)

1. Wheat 11. Sorghum 21. Apples2. Rice 12. Sugarcane 22. Yam3. Corn 13. Millets 23. Peanut4. Potato 14. Banana 24. Watermelon5. Barley 15. Tomato 25. Cabbage6. Sweet potato 16. Sugar beet 26. Onion7. Cassava 17. Rye 27. Beans8. Grapes 18. Oranges 28. Peas9. Soybeans 19. Coconut 29. Sunflower10. Oats 20. Cottonseed oil 30. Mango

•Types of crops:

•Types of crops: Grain crops - wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, barley,

Early Agriculture PS 386 Aug. 26, 2005, pg. 13

oats. Oil crops - olive, linseed, sesame, sunflower, soybean,

coconut, palm, corn, peanut, canola.

coconut, palm, corn, peanut, canola.Fiber crops - cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal.

coconut, palm, corn, peanut, canola.Fiber crops - cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal.Forage crops - alfalfa, clovers, other legumes, many

grasses, including tall fescue.

grasses, including tall fescue.Spice / drug crops - tobacco, black pepper,

cinnamon.

grasses, including tall fescue.Spice / drug crops - tobacco, black pepper,

cinnamon.Fruit crops, vegetable crops, ornamentals, forest

trees, etc.

•Next time: Plant Diseases

Early Agriculture PLS 386 Aug. 26, 2005, p. 14

Early Agriculture Outline of topics: I. Hunter-gathering II. Invention of agriculture - when, where,...

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