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Landscape Landscape fragmentationfragmentationduedue to to transportationtransportation infrastructureinfrastructure
and urban and urban developmentdevelopment
Dr. Jochen JaegerDr. Jochen JaegerETH ETH ZurichZurich, , SwitzerlandSwitzerland, May 2004, May 2004
jochen.jaeger@env.ethz.chjochen.jaeger@env.ethz.ch
Landscape in the vicinity of Singen (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) in 1969
20 years later:
Motorway intersection „Singen“ in 1988
1969
Baden-Wurttemberg(Jaeger et al. 2001)
How much has thedegree of landscapefragmentationincreased?
How can theconsequences beassessed?
Black Forest
Structure of this talkStructure of this talk
Measuring landscape fragmentation Measuring landscape fragmentation Effective mesh sizeEffective mesh sizeTime seriesTime seriesUse as environmental indicatorUse as environmental indicator
Effects of roads on animal populationsEffects of roads on animal populationsRoadRoad--density thresholddensity thresholdSuitability of fencingSuitability of fencing
Future researchFuture research
How to measure the degree of How to measure the degree of landscape fragmentationlandscape fragmentation
9 suitability criteria9 suitability criteriaSerious problems with existing landscape indicesSerious problems with existing landscape indicesNew measure: New measure: effective mesh sizeeffective mesh size,, mmeffeffBased on the probability that two randomly chosen Based on the probability that two randomly chosen points can be connected:points can be connected:
mmeffeff now available in Fnow available in FRAGSTATSRAGSTATS (on the www)(on the www)
Jaeger (2000), Landscape Ecology
Spatial Spatial comparisonscomparisons
mmeffeff in the in the 44 rural districts 44 rural districts in Badenin Baden--WWurttembergurttemberg
Jaeger et al. (2001)Jaeger et al. (2001)
30.2624.6124.60
18.6517.26
15.9115.48
14.8014.16
13.0512.17
11.6110.2510.22
8.988.878.838.69
8.188.097.967.78
7.467.257.247.137.116.896.63
6.216.17
5.515.42
5.014.96
4.624.29
3.822.682.552.372.31
1.741.63
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
OrtenaukreisEmmendingen
FreudenstadtBreisgau-Hochschw.
RastattReutlingen
ZollernalbkreisTübingen
CalwBaden-Baden
LörrachTuttlingen
Schwarzwald-Baar-KreisHeidenheim
Alb-Donau-KreisOstalbkreis
WaldshutMain-Tauber-Kreis
RottweilNeckar-Odenwald-Kreis
GöppingenFreiburg i. B., St.
BöblingenKarlsruheEsslingenBiberach
SigmaringenHeilbronn
Rhein-Neckar-KreisRems-Murr-Kreis
RavensburgSchwäbisch Hall
EnzkreisHohenlohekreis
KonstanzHeidelberg, Stadt
LudwigsburgBodenseekreis
Heilbronn, StadtPforzheim
Karlsruhe, StadtUlm
MannheimStuttgart
km2
Landscape change: Time seriesLandscape change: Time series
Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the Environmental Report of BadenEnvironmental Report of Baden--WuWurttemberg (2003)rttemberg (2003)
0
10
20
30
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
meff [km2]
Year
Baden-Wurttemberg
1930 1940 19501966 1977
19891998
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
P
L
U
K
B
R
H
Pforzheim
Ludwigsburg
Ulm
KonstanzBodenseekreis
Ravensburg
Hohenlohekreis
meff [km2]
Useful for mUseful for measurementseasurementsand and assessmentsassessments::
Results published in:Results published in:Jaeger, J. 2002:Jaeger, J. 2002:LandschaftszerschneidungLandschaftszerschneidung. . Ulmer, Stuttgart.Ulmer, Stuttgart.
(English translation in planning)(English translation in planning)
time time seriesseries ((environmentalenvironmentalindicatorindicator))settingsetting environmentalenvironmentalstandardsstandardsmanagementmanagement and and regulationregulationforfor thethe futurefuture
mmeffeff currently used incurrently used in5 states of Germany:5 states of Germany:
BadenBaden--WuWurttemberg,rttemberg,HesseHesse, , Bavaria,Bavaria,ThuThuringiaringia,,SchleswigSchleswig--Holstein.Holstein.
Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of sustainability.sustainability.European Environmental Agency (EEA)European Environmental Agency (EEA)Switzerland: Project proposal in progress Switzerland: Project proposal in progress
0.00 2500.00 5000.00 7500.00 10000.00
Belgium
Denmark
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Germany
Czech Republic
Hugary
Slovenia
Austria
Croatia
Portugal
Switzerland
Slovakia
France
Bulgaria
Ireland
Poland
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
Spain
Italy
Bosnia and Herzegowina
M acedonia
Romania
Greece
Albania
Latvia
Norway
Lithuania
Sweden
Estonia
Finland
Collaboration Collaboration with the with the
European European Environmental Environmental Agency (EEA)Agency (EEA)
since Nov. 2003since Nov. 200332 European 32 European countriescountries
Jaeger et al., Jaeger et al., in prepin prep..
meff [km2]
Effects of roads and railroadsEffects of roads and railroadsRoad Road EcologyEcology: an : an emergingemerging newnew and and relevant relevant disciplinedisciplineRoad Road EcologyEcology isis““thethe sleepingsleeping giantgiant of of conservationconservation biologybiology““(Forman 2002)(Forman 2002)
BuchBuch Forman et al. (2003) Forman et al. (2003) scannenscannen hierhier
2003
Reduced Population Persistence
Reduced Population Size
Roads and Traffic
Habitat Loss Traffic Mortality
R.I.P.
Road Avoidance
Population Subdivision
Increasing road densityIncreasing road density……
……reduces probability of population persistence: reduces probability of population persistence: Linearly or with a threshold?Linearly or with a threshold?
. . .
?
TheThe roadroad densitydensity thresholdthreshold
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of roads
Prob
abili
ty o
f pop
ulat
ion
pers
iste
nce
Jaeger, J., Fahrig, L., Ewald, K., in prep.Artwork thanks to Cristina Boschi.
Behavior at the roadBehavior at the roadroad avoidanceroad avoidance = animals don= animals don’’t try to crosst try to crosstraffic mortalitytraffic mortality = percent of animals killed on the road= percent of animals killed on the road
proportion of animalsavoiding the road
proportion ofanimals killed
100%
proportion ofsucceeding animals
1- R R
1-K K
road
Spatially explicit individualSpatially explicit individual--based simulation modelbased simulation model
road
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9Pers. prob.
traffic mortality
road avoidance
Persistence probability
effect of a fence
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9Pers. prob.
traffic mortality
road avoidance
Persistence probability
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
traffic mortality
road avoidance
When do fences enhance population survival?
fence reduces survival
fence enhances survival
Fence
Fence threshold line
Jaeger and Fahrig (2004), Conservation Biology
Future research questionsFuture research questionsBundling of roads Bundling of roads Relative importance of road configuration and Relative importance of road configuration and road lengthroad lengthResponse times to new roadsResponse times to new roadsLandscape connectivityLandscape connectivityEffect of different matrix typesEffect of different matrix typesTime series of landscape fragmentation in Time series of landscape fragmentation in SwitzerlandSwitzerlandComparison with Comparison with metapopulationmetapopulation modelsmodelsEmpirical dataEmpirical dataEffects of overpasses and underpassesEffects of overpasses and underpasses
CollaborationCollaborationL. L. FahrigFahrig, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CanadaA. ClevengerA. Clevenger, Montana State Univ., USA, Montana State Univ., USAA. SeilerA. Seiler, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden, Univ. of Uppsala, SwedenS. S. KleeschulteKleeschulte, EEA, Univ. , EEA, Univ. AutonAuton. de Barcelona, Spain. de Barcelona, SpainK. FrankK. Frank, UFZ Leipzig, Germany, UFZ Leipzig, GermanyH.H.--G. SchwarzG. Schwarz--von von RaumerRaumer, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany, Univ. of Stuttgart, GermanyR. R. SerrouyaSerrouya, , KokaneeKokanee ForestForest ConsultingConsulting, , BC, CanadaBC, CanadaS. AlexanderS. Alexander, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada, Univ. of Calgary, AB, CanadaM. PercyM. Percy, Banff National Park, BC, Canada, Banff National Park, BC, CanadaS. S. SauraSaura, Univ. de , Univ. de LleidaLleida, Spain, Spain
SummarySummaryMonitoring landscape fragmentation Monitoring landscape fragmentation (as environmental indicator)(as environmental indicator)
Effects of roads: Thresholds in Effects of roads: Thresholds in response to road density and response to road density and suitability of fencessuitability of fences
IndividualIndividual--based based population modelspopulation models
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