Doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0 Submission January 2004 Darwin Engwer, Nortel NetworksSlide 1...

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 1

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measurement of802.11 Roaming Intervals

Darwin EngwerNortel Networks

4655 Great America Pkwy, Santa Clara, CA 95054Phone: 408-495-7099

Fax: 408-495-5615e-Mail: dengwer@nortelnetworks.com

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 2

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Goals of this presentation

• define the components of an 802.11 system• define roaming in an 802.11 system• identify an initial set of roaming conditions for

consideration/ analysis• identify the start and end points of the roaming

interval• present test setups for effective roaming interval

measurements

• stimulate thought and discussion on handover topics ...

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 3

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Scope of this presentation

• Considers existing 802.11 standards:– 1999 base, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11d, 802.11f, 802.11g and 802.11h

• Does not specifically address pending standards:– 802.11e, 802.11i, 802.11j and 802.11n

• aspects of roaming not addressed:– criteria for triggering the roaming event

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 4

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Components of an 802.11 System

• Std 802.11- 1999 defines a station (STA)• further defines a subset of STAs called

Access Points (APs)– “STA acting as an AP”

• for clarity I further define a “STA that is NOT acting as an AP” as a Mobile Unit (MU).

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 5

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

802.11 System Layout

MU

Uplink to InfrastructureNetwork

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 6

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Premises

• MU can only be associated with one AP at any given point in time (per clause number 5.4.2.2)

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 7

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming Definition

• Roaming occurs when an MU changes it’s association from one AP to another within the same ESS:

– i.e. the SSIDs of the two APs are identical– this is called a “BSS-transition” per clause 5.4.2.1.b– uses the reassociation service per clause 5.4.2.3

• Changing to an AP with a different SSID represents a change to a different network. This is a meta-case and is not discussed in this presentation. (“ESS-transition” per 5.4.2.1.c)

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 8

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in an Ideal Network

MU MU

Uplink to InfrastructureNetwork

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

MU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 9

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Core Roaming Sequence

• 1. MU is communicating with AP#1• 2. MU moves to AP#2 coverage area• 3. stops communicating with AP#1• 4. starts commnicating with AP#2

• goal = measure time between events 3 and 4

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 10

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

But, it’s more complicated than that …

• networks are made of real components that can affect the outcome

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 11

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in a HUB Network

HUB

Uplink to InfrastructureNetwork

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

MU MUMU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 12

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

How does roaming work …

• consider the Message Sequence Chart (MSC) for roaming in a simple, hub-based network …

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 13

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

MSC: Establish Association with AP#1

MU AP1 AP2 Uplink

SCAN PHASE

JOIN PHASE

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAck

Association RequestAck

Association ReponseAck

DATA

Ack

DATA

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 14

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

MSC: Roam to AP#2MU AP2 Uplink

Ack

DATADATA

SCAN PHASE

Re-Association Request

Ack

Re-Association ReponseAck

802.11f MOVE-Notify

802.11f MOVE-Response

Ack

DATADATA

AP1

JOIN PHASEAuth Request

AckAuth Reponse

Ack

Roaming event

t1

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 15

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Important parts of the core roaming sequence:

• discovery of candidate APs• roaming event triggered• reassociate request to AP#2• handover from AP#1 to AP#2 [IAPP]

– was proprietary; now 802.11f defines an interoperable mechanism– ends the MU’s association with AP#1 - avoids “dangling association”– this helps AP#1differentiate between an MU that has wandered out of

range - AP#1 still tries to communicate - and an MU that has roamed to another AP - AP#1 does NOT try to communicate).

• AP#2 sends reassociate response

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 16

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Reassociate Frame recap

• contains:– Capability Field– Listen Interval– Current [old] AP [MAC] address– SSID– Supported Rates

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 17

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

there are some alternatives

• these are “technically” allowed by the standard, but not recommended

• instead of reassociating with AP#2, the MU could perform a fresh association with AP#2

– in some cases this may be needed - such as when the MU has been completely out of range of the entire ESS for an extended period of time

– strongly discouraged since fresh association does properly support mobility (per clause 5.4.2)

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 18

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

… alternatives

• prior to re-associating with AP#2 the MU could send a disassociate request to AP#1

– allowed by the standard; intended to be used when changing ESS– physical aspects can make this approach troublesome when used within an

ESS• MU is trying to communicate over a known to be poor link (to AP#1)• MU and/ or AP#1 can get stuck retrying part of the disassociate frame

exchange sequence– OK for SSID changes– unreliable and error-prone in real networks– hence, not recommended within an ESS

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 19

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

… alternatives

• there are other techniques that are likely legal per the standard

• but, for fast roaming I recommend that focus be placed on the normal, preferred case: MU reassociates with AP#2

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 20

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Recap - Roaming in a simple HUB Network

HUB

Uplink to InfrastructureNetwork

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

MU MUMU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 21

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

But, it’s more complicated than that …

• a hub network doesn’t account for interceding delays or switching in a real network

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 22

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in a Switched Network

SWITCH

Uplink to InfrastructureNetwork

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

P1 P2P3

MU MUMU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 23

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in a Switched Network

• need to consider switching delays• and, learning of MAC address-to-port mapping

– must be addressed in the absence of uplink traffic from the MU– even when there is uplink traffic there may be delays (until next uplink

packet is sent)– handled by the802.11f layer 2 update (XID) packet

• this packet is addressed at layer 2 as if it originated from the MU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 24

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

MSC: Associating with AP#1MU AP2 UplinkAP1

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAck

JOIN PHASE

SCAN PHASESwitch

Association RequestAck

Association ReponseAck

802.11f ADD-Notify

DATA

Ack

DATA802.11f L2 Update

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 25

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

MSC: Roaming in a Switched NetworkMU AP2 Uplink

DATA

Ack

DATA

SCAN PHASE

Re-Association RequestAck

Re-Association ResponseAck

802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f L2 Update

802.11f MOVE-Resp 802.11f MOVE-Resp

DATA

Ack

DATARoaming event

SwitchAP1

JOIN PHASE

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAck

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 26

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Beginning of the Roaming Interval

• Defined: The last point in time when all network components know and agree upon the link path [to the MU].

• The relevant components are:– the MU– the AP (AP#1)– the infrastructure network (e.g. layer 2 switch)

• ...

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 27

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Beginning of the Roaming Interval

• Is it:– the start of the Scan process? (i.e. MU sends probe request)

• No, MU could have scanned in advance• No, MU could be doing passive scanning

– the start of the Join process?• No, does not include any lost service due to possible scanning

– the reassociation request?• No, again may not include any lost service due to possible scanning

• From the MU’s perspective the last data frame received from AP#1 marks a definitive point in time when service via AP#1 was known to be good.

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 28

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

End of the Roaming Interval

• Defined: The point in time when all network components know and agree upon the new link path [to the MU].

• The relevant components are:– the MU– the old AP (AP#1)– the new AP (AP#2)– the infrastructure network (e.g. layer 2 switch)

• From the MU’s perspective the first data frame received from AP#2 marks a definitive point in time when service via AP#2 is known to be good.

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 29

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming Interval

• Defined: the end of service from AP#1 and the start of service from AP#2

• Beginning: last data frame successfully received from AP#1

• End: first data frame successfully received from AP#2

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 30

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Determining the Roaming Interval

MU AP2 Uplink

DATA

Ack

DATA

SCAN PHASE

Re-Association RequestAck

Re-Association ResponseAck

802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f L2 Update

802.11f MOVE-Resp 802.11f MOVE-Resp

DATA

Ack

DATARoaming

event

SwitchAP1

JOIN PHASE

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAckRoaming

Interval

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 31

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Determining the Roaming Interval

MU AP2 Uplink

DATA

Ack

DATA

SCAN PHASE

Re-Association RequestAck

Re-Association ResponseAck

802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f L2 Update

802.11f MOVE-Resp 802.11f MOVE-Resp

DATA

Ack

DATA

SwitchAP1

JOIN PHASE

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAckROAMINGRoaming

Interval

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 32

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measuring the Roaming Interval

• Now that the extent of the roaming interval is known, how can a test setup be configured in order to measure it?

• multi slides• building up to packet gen and sniffer

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 33

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measurement by Powering Down AP#1

P1 P2 P3

Traffic Generator

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

MU Sniffer

Switch

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 34

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

--- working point

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 35

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Issues with Powering Down AP#1

• not representative of the real world:– not representative of real world RF conditions at roaming event

• NOT the more usual roaming AP-to-AP with some amount of coverage overlap– effects (and capabilities) of the interceding network are not considered

• no interceding delays or switching effects in the network– deals with AP failure (or completely out of range) case rather than real

seamless AP-to-AP roaming scenario• MU is not comparing 2 candidate APs and choosing one• it is just choosing the only AP available

– power down of AP#1 means the MU state machine is dealing with the case of a poor connection due to a complete end to the stream of beacons from AP#1

– APs cannot communicate with each other during roaming event

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 36

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Analysis of Powerdown Measurement Setup

• roaming time measurement: power down setup is inadequate bcus:

– 1. not representative of real world RF conditions at roaming event– 2. not representative of infrastructure conditions at roaming event

• Desired setup is for the signal from AP#1 to fade rather than stop, so that at the roaming event it is still powered up an connected to infrastructure network.

• Also, need to ensure reassociate vs. fresh association

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 37

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measurement Using a “Cone of Silence”

P1 P2 P3

Traffic Generator

AP#1SSID= “ACME”

AP#2SSID= “ACME”

MU Sniffer

Switch

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 38

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

“Cone of Silence” Issues

• better but not as definitive as we would like• Murphy’s Law: when we need APs to be poor they are

amazingly good

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 39

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measurement Using an RF Attenuator on AP#1

P1 P2 P3

MU

AP#1SSID= “ACME”CH= 1

0-30 db

AP#2SSID= “ACME”CH= 11

3 db

Sniffer

Switch

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 40

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Attenuator notes

• can be done using external antennas on the AP with an adjustable RF signal attenuator inline between the two

• could also be done using Tx power adjustment on AP#1

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 41

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Recap - limits of the Roaming Interval

MU AP2 Uplink

DATA

Ack

DATA

SCAN PHASE

Re-Association RequestAck

Re-Association ResponseAck

802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f MOVE-Notify802.11f L2 Update

802.11f MOVE-Resp 802.11f MOVE-Resp

DATA

Ack

DATA

SwitchAP1

JOIN PHASE

Auth RequestAck

Auth ReponseAckROAMINGRoaming

Interval

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 42

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measuring the Handover Interval

• Know when to start and end measuring• Know the test setup• How do we actually make the measurement?

• need a method to determine the end of service from AP#1 and the start of service from AP#2

• ...

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 43

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measuring the Handover Interval

• connect a packet generator (e.g. Chariot) to the switch• set the packet generator to send out [short] packets on

a continuous basis• set a fixed interval between packets• include a sequence number in every packet

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 44

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measurement Using a Packet Generator

P1 P2 P3

MU

Traffic Generator

AP#1SSID= “ACME”CH= 1

0-30 db

AP#2SSID= “ACME”CH= 11

3 db

Sniffer

Switch

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 45

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Measuring the Handover Interval

• assume packets are sent every ‘n’ msec• by measuring the Roaming Interval (as defined earlier)

– time from last packet thru AP#1 to first packet thru AP#2• we can determine the Roaming Interval with an

accuracy of +/- n msec• or, restated, an accuracy of 2x ‘n’ msec

– (per Nyquist’s theory)• The sequence numbers in the packets will show if any

packets (and how many) were lost during the roaming interval

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 46

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Summary

• defined the components of an 802.11 system• defined core roaming in an 802.11 system• identified an initial set of roaming conditions for

consideration/ analysis• identified the start and end points of the roaming

interval• presented test setups for effective roaming interval

measurements

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 47

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Other Topics to Be Explored

• other cases to possibly consider:– inter-subnet layer 3 handover measurement - [need to describe setup too]– handover from one PHY type to another - within the same AP, e.g. 11b-

>11a, 11a->11b• must consider single MAC and multi MAC cases

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 48

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Credits

• Haixiang He - artistic design and animation• Bob O’Hara - technical review

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 49

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

References

• Std 802.11-1999• Std 802.11F-2003• 11-03-0563-00-000i-tgi-4-way-handshake-timings.ppt,

Nick Petroni• Netwave Roaming Specification - 1995, Engwer

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 50

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

The End

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 51

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Backup Slides

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 52

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in Multi-PHY APs

DS

11a PHY

MAC

11b PHY

MAC

11g PHY

MAC

5 GHzRadio

2.4 GHzRadio

0x…1234 0x…1235 0x…1236

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 53

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Roaming in Multi-PHY APs

DS

MAC

11a PHY 11b PHY 11g PHY

5 GHz 2.4 GHz Radio

0x…1234

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 54

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Definitions

AP*MUMU

802.11 STA

* STA operating as an AP.

MU = Mobile Unit(Mobile STA)

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 55

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Definitions

MU

802.11 STA

AP

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 56

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

Definitions

MMU

802.11 STA

APUMU

January 2004

Darwin Engwer, Nortel Networks

Slide 57

doc.: IEEE 802.11-04/0086r0

Submission

The End - Really