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PREFACE
Thanks to Allah SWT for the all overflow and the guidance so this working
paper can be finished. Don’t forget shalawat and taslim to our great prophet
Muhammad SAW which guide our live so that we can be a human which civilized
and cultured according to Islam, and guide us for always thinking critically about all
of in the round of our environment which relation with biology.
Thanks, special to our Lecture and friends who have supported and helped in
arrange this working paper, so this working paper can be finish on time with title
“Deuteromycota” which this working paper discuss about the imperfect fungi.
I hope this working paper has benefit to us especially to us as student which
still learn in university.
This working paper has not perfect, so the critic and suggestion from the all
very expected to repair the next working paper. Wassalam
Makassar, 16th December 2010
Writer
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
The Deuteromycota (Greek for “second fungi”) were once considered a formal
phylum of the kingdom. The term is now used only informally, to denote species of
fungi that are asexually reproducing members of the fungi phyla Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota. There are about 25.000 species that have been classified in the
Deuteromycota. Other, more informal, name besides Deuteromycota
(“Deuteromycetes”) and fungi imperfect, are anamorphic fungi, or mitosporic fungi,
but these are terms without taxonomic rank.
The Deuteromycota or imperfect fungus is a heterogeneous group of unrelated
species in which sexual reproduction has never been observed. Since mycologists
refer to the "perfect phase" of a life cycle as the phase in which sexual reproduction
occurs, these fungi are often referred to as imperfect fungi. These fungi may have lost
their sexual phase through the course of evolution. Alternatively, biologists simply
may not have found the appropriate environmental conditions to observe
development of the sexual phase of their life cycle.
The Deuteromycota are classified as fungi for two main reasons. First, their
multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi. Second, they
have erect hyphae with asexual spores, called conidiophores, which are similar to
those of the sac fungi and club fungi.
Most imperfect fungi are believed to be related to the sac fungi because their
conidiophores closely resemble those produced by the sac fungi during their sexual
phase. The imperfect fungi are not placed in the Ascomycota phylum because
classification of that group is based on the morphology of sexual structures which the
Deuteromycota do not have.
B. The Problems
1. What the characteristic of Deuteromycota?
2. How the classification of Deuteromycota?
3. How the life cycle of Deuteromycota?
C. Purpose
The purpose that will reach through this report that was managed by writer is to know
more about Deuteromycota and the characteristic of Deuteromycota. Besides that, the
reader will know also about the classification of Deuteromycota and the life cycle of
it.
D. Beneficial
After read and learn about this report the reader be hope to know everything about
Deuteromycota and many other thing about Deuteromycota.
CHAPTER IICONTENTS
A. Characteristic of Deuteromycota
The Deuteromycota is a heterogeneous group of unrelated species in which sexual
reproduction has never been observed. Since mycologists refer to the "perfect phase"
of a life cycle as the phase in which sexual reproduction occurs, these fungi are often
referred to as imperfect fungi. These fungi may have lost their sexual phase through
the course of evolution. Alternatively, biologists simply may not have found the
appropriate environmental conditions to observe development of the sexual phase of
their life cycle.
The division Deuteromycota is also called the Fungi Imperfecti or Imperfect
Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles. The
Deuteromycota are characterized by production of septate mycelium and/or yeasts,
and a sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent. Asexual reproduction is by
means of conidia (sing.=conidium) or may be lacking. A conidium may be defined as
an asexual spore that is not produced in a sporangium. Where sexual reproduction has
been determined for species in this taxon, the sexual stage is usually referrable to the
Ascomycota or Basidiomycota.
Ideally, once the sexual stage has been determined, that species should be
reclassified and placed in the appropriate subdivision. However, this did not prove to
be practical since many species are known best by their asexual stage. Thus, a
compromise was reached and both the asexual and sexual stage are recognized. As
previously discussed in the Ascomycota, when both sexual and asexual stages are
known to occur in a life cycle, they are referred to as telomorph and anamorph,
respectively. There are a number of different classification schemes for this group of
fungi. However, keep in mind that since we are not working with sexual stages here
that the classification schemes used to classify the Deuteromycota is artificial and is
not intended to show relationship between the taxa.
B. Classification of Deuteromycota
There are four orders in deuteromycota division are:
1. Moniliales
Conidiophores of Ulocladium. In order Moniliales, conidia and conidiophores are
produced in mycelium. Moniliales Conidia of Alternaria tenuis are borne in
chains. The example of these orders is Candida albicans.
Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) and a causal agent of
opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic fungal infections
(fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in
immunocompromised patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone
marrow transplantation). C. albicans biofilms readily form on the surface of
implantable medical devices. In addition, hospital-related infections in patients
not previously considered at risk (e.g., patients in an intensive care unit) have
become a cause of major health concern.
Albicans is commensal and is among the gut flora, the many organisms that
live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Under normal circumstances,
C. albicans lives in 80% of the human population with no harmful effects,
although overgrowth results in candidiasis. Candidiasis is often observed in
immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-positive patients. Candidiasis also
may occur in the blood and in the genital tract. Candidiasis, also known as
"thrush", is a common condition, usually easily cured in people who are not
immunocompromised. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form
of C. albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive,
multicellular filamentous form.
2. Mycelia sterlia
Mycelium sterile, conidia not produced. Thus, in order to identify these fungi,
other characteristics must be utilized. For example, sclerotia (sing.= sclerotium)
may be produced. A sclerotium is a usually rounded structure composed of mass
of hyphae, which is normally sterile. Such a structure serves as a "resistant" stage
which may give rise to mycelium, fruitbodies or stromata. Some genera may also
have distinctive mycelia characteristics that allow them to be identified. Mycelia
Sterlia Deuteromycota
a. Mycelium is sterile, conidia not produced.
b. They have sclerotia (sing.= sclerotium). A sclerotium is a rounded structure
composed of mass of hyphae, which is normally sterile. The sclerotia serves
as a "resistant" stage which may give rise to mycelium,
fruitbodies or stromata.
3. Sphaeropsidales Deuteromycota
a. Here, the conidia and conidiophores produced in pycnidia (sing. =
picnidium)
b. A pycnidia is a fruiting body of variable shape and size in which conidia
and conidiosphore are borne .Sphaeropsidales Pycnidium of Chaetomella.
Unlike most pycnidium, this one is bowl-shaped with many setae: dark,
thick-walled hairs.
4. Melanconiales Deuteromycota
Fungi from order Melanconiales have acervuli (sing.=acervulus), a plate-like
stroma on which conidia and conidiophores are borne. Melanconiales
Acervulus of Pestalotia sp.
Examples of fungi that belong Deuteromycota Tinea versicolor is cause
phlegm and Epidermophyton floocossum cause athlete's foot disease. Various
fungal diseases in humans were mostly caused by the fungus Deuteromycota.
Similarly, diseases in animals.
Mushroom Deuteromycota there is also a useful, namely Aspergillus.
Aspergillus some have put it in the Ascomycota. However, some are putting it
in Deuteromycota.
Aspergillus is a saprophyte and there is everywhere, both in tropical and
subtropical countries. Aspergillus live on food, trash, wood, and clothing.
Aspergillus hyphae ramify. In particular hyphae appear konidior (carrier
conidia), which has grown konidiaspora radial on conidiophores. Take a look
yellowish or brown mushrooms on bread and check with a microscope.
Some of the Aspergillus species are used for food processing, for
example:
a. Aspergillus niger to clear juice
b. Aspergillus oryzae is used to soften the bread dough
c. Aspergillus wentii used for the manufacture of soy sauce, tauco, sake, and
oxalic acid.
C. Life Cycle of Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota or imperfect fungi are fungi that have not known how the
sexualreproduction. Deuteromycota reproduce asexually with vegetative spores.
Asexual reproduction by producing conidia or produce specialized hyphae called
conidiophores. The possibility of this mushroom is a fungus growth that pertained
to the Basidiomicetes Ascomycocetes but unknown relationship.
Life pathway of deuteromycota
( http://deuteuro4.blogspot.com/)
In Deuteromycetes, conidium formation varies from one cell to multiple cells.
Supporting of conidium (conidiophores) also varies from simple and short to long and
branch out. Conidiophores can be formed freely on the surface of host plant tissue in
Moniliales members, or formed in the body of certain fruits such as piknidium to
members Sphaeropsidales, aservulus on Melanconiales members, and if not formed in
the piknidium or aservulus included in the member -members of the Hyphomycetes.
Phycomycetes sexual breeding is the simplest place in isogami and a higher level of
progress in anisogami. Sexual breeding, among other produce and zygospora oospora.
Here are pictures all kinds of asexual spores (http://www.geocities.ws.com, 2010)
This fungus is a saprophyte in many types of organic materials, as parasites on
higher plants, and damaging crops and ornamental plants. This fungus also causes
disease in humans, namely dermatokinosis (ringworm and Tinea versicolor) and
cause decay in wood. A classic example of this fungus is monilia sitophila, namely
fungus oncom. This fungus is commonly used to manufacture oncom from peanut
meal. Monilia also can grow on bread, food scraps, corn cobs, the milestones -
milestones or burn the remaining grass, its conidium very much and orange
.(http://deuteuro4.blogspot.com/)
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
A. Conclusion
The division Deuteromycota is also called the Fungi Imperfecti or Imperfect
Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles. The
Deuteromycota are characterized by production of septate mycelium and/or yeasts,
and a sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent. Asexual reproduction is by
means of conidia (sing. =conidium) or may be lacking. A conidium may be
defined as an asexual spore that is not produced in a sporangium. Where sexual
reproduction has been determined for species in this taxon, the sexual stage is
usually referrable to the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Ideally, once the sexual
stage has been determined, that species should be reclassified and placed in the
appropriate subdivision. However, this did not prove to be practical since many
species are known best by their asexual stage. Thus, a compromise was reached
and both the asexual and sexual stage is recognized. As previously discussed in the
Ascomycota, when both sexual and asexual stages are known to occur in a life
cycle, they are referred to as telomorph and anamorph, respectively. There are a
number of different classification schemes for this group of fungi. However, keep
in mind that since we are not working with sexual stages here that the
classification schemes used to classify the Deuteromycota is artificial and is not
intended to show relationship between the taxa.
B. Suggestion
1. Try to make working paper is attractive so that, the reader could excited to
read your working paper.
2. Use the accurate source in managing a working paper.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/applerot.htm
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/UsesOf_Fungi/industrialProduction/foodProcessing.shtml
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/~mushroom/English/Species/penicilliumroquefortii.html
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp318/profiles/deuteromycetes/deutero.htm
http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20056401109
http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_1998/P_roquefortii.html
http://www.cs.cuc.edu/~tfutcher/Deuteromycota.html
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