PREFACE

Thanks to Allah SWT for the all overflow and the guidance so this working

paper can be finished. Don’t forget shalawat and taslim to our great prophet

Muhammad SAW which guide our live so that we can be a human which civilized

and cultured according to Islam, and guide us for always thinking critically about all

of in the round of our environment which relation with biology.

Thanks, special to our Lecture and friends who have supported and helped in

arrange this working paper, so this working paper can be finish on time with title

“Deuteromycota” which this working paper discuss about the imperfect fungi.

I hope this working paper has benefit to us especially to us as student which

still learn in university.

This working paper has not perfect, so the critic and suggestion from the all

very expected to repair the next working paper. Wassalam

Makassar, 16th December 2010

Writer

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

The Deuteromycota (Greek for “second fungi”) were once considered a formal

phylum of the kingdom. The term is now used only informally, to denote species of

fungi that are asexually reproducing members of the fungi phyla Ascomycota and

Basidiomycota. There are about 25.000 species that have been classified in the

Deuteromycota. Other, more informal, name besides Deuteromycota

(“Deuteromycetes”) and fungi imperfect, are anamorphic fungi, or mitosporic fungi,

but these are terms without taxonomic rank.

The Deuteromycota or imperfect fungus is a heterogeneous group of unrelated

species in which sexual reproduction has never been observed. Since mycologists

refer to the "perfect phase" of a life cycle as the phase in which sexual reproduction

occurs, these fungi are often referred to as imperfect fungi. These fungi may have lost

their sexual phase through the course of evolution. Alternatively, biologists simply

may not have found the appropriate environmental conditions to observe

development of the sexual phase of their life cycle.

The Deuteromycota are classified as fungi for two main reasons. First, their

multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi. Second, they

have erect hyphae with asexual spores, called conidiophores, which are similar to

those of the sac fungi and club fungi.

Most imperfect fungi are believed to be related to the sac fungi because their

conidiophores closely resemble those produced by the sac fungi during their sexual

phase. The imperfect fungi are not placed in the Ascomycota phylum because

classification of that group is based on the morphology of sexual structures which the

Deuteromycota do not have.

B. The Problems

1. What the characteristic of Deuteromycota?

2. How the classification of Deuteromycota?

3. How the life cycle of Deuteromycota?

C. Purpose

The purpose that will reach through this report that was managed by writer is to know

more about Deuteromycota and the characteristic of Deuteromycota. Besides that, the

reader will know also about the classification of Deuteromycota and the life cycle of

it.

D. Beneficial

After read and learn about this report the reader be hope to know everything about

Deuteromycota and many other thing about Deuteromycota.

CHAPTER IICONTENTS

A. Characteristic of Deuteromycota

The Deuteromycota is a heterogeneous group of unrelated species in which sexual

reproduction has never been observed. Since mycologists refer to the "perfect phase"

of a life cycle as the phase in which sexual reproduction occurs, these fungi are often

referred to as imperfect fungi. These fungi may have lost their sexual phase through

the course of evolution. Alternatively, biologists simply may not have found the

appropriate environmental conditions to observe development of the sexual phase of

their life cycle.

The division Deuteromycota is also called the Fungi Imperfecti or Imperfect

Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles. The

Deuteromycota are characterized by production of septate mycelium and/or yeasts,

and a sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent. Asexual reproduction is by

means of conidia (sing.=conidium) or may be lacking. A conidium may be defined as

an asexual spore that is not produced in a sporangium. Where sexual reproduction has

been determined for species in this taxon, the sexual stage is usually referrable to the

Ascomycota or Basidiomycota.

Ideally, once the sexual stage has been determined, that species should be

reclassified and placed in the appropriate subdivision. However, this did not prove to

be practical since many species are known best by their asexual stage. Thus, a

compromise was reached and both the asexual and sexual stage are recognized. As

previously discussed in the Ascomycota, when both sexual and asexual stages are

known to occur in a life cycle, they are referred to as telomorph and anamorph,

respectively. There are a number of different classification schemes for this group of

fungi. However, keep in mind that since we are not working with sexual stages here

that the classification schemes used to classify the Deuteromycota is artificial and is

not intended to show relationship between the taxa.

B. Classification of Deuteromycota

There are four orders in deuteromycota division are:

1. Moniliales

Conidiophores of Ulocladium. In order Moniliales, conidia and conidiophores are

produced in mycelium. Moniliales Conidia of Alternaria tenuis are borne in

chains. The example of these orders is Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) and a causal agent of

opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic fungal infections

(fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in

immunocompromised patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone

marrow transplantation). C. albicans biofilms readily form on the surface of

implantable medical devices. In addition, hospital-related infections in patients

not previously considered at risk (e.g., patients in an intensive care unit) have

become a cause of major health concern.

Albicans is commensal and is among the gut flora, the many organisms that

live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Under normal circumstances,

C. albicans lives in 80% of the human population with no harmful effects,

although overgrowth results in candidiasis. Candidiasis is often observed in

immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-positive patients. Candidiasis also

may occur in the blood and in the genital tract. Candidiasis, also known as

"thrush", is a common condition, usually easily cured in people who are not

immunocompromised. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form

of C. albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive,

multicellular filamentous form.

2. Mycelia sterlia

Mycelium sterile, conidia not produced. Thus, in order to identify these fungi,

other characteristics must be utilized. For example, sclerotia (sing.= sclerotium)

may be produced. A sclerotium is a usually rounded structure composed of mass

of hyphae, which is normally sterile. Such a structure serves as a "resistant" stage

which may give rise to mycelium, fruitbodies or stromata. Some genera may also

have distinctive mycelia characteristics that allow them to be identified. Mycelia

Sterlia Deuteromycota

a. Mycelium is sterile, conidia not produced.

b. They have sclerotia (sing.= sclerotium). A sclerotium is a rounded structure

composed of mass of hyphae, which is normally sterile. The sclerotia serves

as a "resistant" stage which may give rise to mycelium,

fruitbodies or stromata.

3. Sphaeropsidales Deuteromycota

a. Here, the conidia and conidiophores produced in pycnidia (sing. =

picnidium)

b. A pycnidia is a fruiting body of variable shape and size in which conidia

and conidiosphore are borne .Sphaeropsidales Pycnidium of Chaetomella.

Unlike most pycnidium, this one is bowl-shaped with many setae: dark,

thick-walled hairs.

4. Melanconiales Deuteromycota

Fungi from order Melanconiales have acervuli (sing.=acervulus), a plate-like

stroma on which conidia and conidiophores are borne. Melanconiales

Acervulus of Pestalotia sp.

Examples of fungi that belong Deuteromycota Tinea versicolor is cause

phlegm and Epidermophyton floocossum cause athlete's foot disease. Various

fungal diseases in humans were mostly caused by the fungus Deuteromycota.

Similarly, diseases in animals.

Mushroom Deuteromycota there is also a useful, namely Aspergillus.

Aspergillus some have put it in the Ascomycota. However, some are putting it

in Deuteromycota.

Aspergillus is a saprophyte and there is everywhere, both in tropical and

subtropical countries. Aspergillus live on food, trash, wood, and clothing.

Aspergillus hyphae ramify. In particular hyphae appear konidior (carrier

conidia), which has grown konidiaspora radial on conidiophores. Take a look

yellowish or brown mushrooms on bread and check with a microscope.

Some of the Aspergillus species are used for food processing, for

example:

a. Aspergillus niger to clear juice

b. Aspergillus oryzae is used to soften the bread dough

c. Aspergillus wentii used for the manufacture of soy sauce, tauco, sake, and

oxalic acid.

C. Life Cycle of Deuteromycota

Deuteromycota or imperfect fungi are fungi that have not known how the

sexualreproduction. Deuteromycota reproduce asexually with vegetative spores.

Asexual reproduction by producing conidia or produce specialized hyphae called

conidiophores. The possibility of this mushroom is a fungus growth that pertained

to the Basidiomicetes Ascomycocetes but unknown relationship.

Life pathway of deuteromycota

( http://deuteuro4.blogspot.com/)

In Deuteromycetes, conidium formation varies from one cell to multiple cells.

Supporting of conidium (conidiophores) also varies from simple and short to long and

branch out. Conidiophores can be formed freely on the surface of host plant tissue in

Moniliales members, or formed in the body of certain fruits such as piknidium to

members Sphaeropsidales, aservulus on Melanconiales members, and if not formed in

the piknidium or aservulus included in the member -members of the Hyphomycetes.

Phycomycetes sexual breeding is the simplest place in isogami and a higher level of

progress in anisogami. Sexual breeding, among other produce and zygospora oospora.

Here are pictures all kinds of asexual spores (http://www.geocities.ws.com, 2010)

This fungus is a saprophyte in many types of organic materials, as parasites on

higher plants, and damaging crops and ornamental plants. This fungus also causes

disease in humans, namely dermatokinosis (ringworm and Tinea versicolor) and

cause decay in wood. A classic example of this fungus is monilia sitophila, namely

fungus oncom. This fungus is commonly used to manufacture oncom from peanut

meal. Monilia also can grow on bread, food scraps, corn cobs, the milestones -

milestones or burn the remaining grass, its conidium very much and orange

.(http://deuteuro4.blogspot.com/)

CHAPTER IIICLOSING

A. Conclusion

The division Deuteromycota is also called the Fungi Imperfecti or Imperfect

Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles. The

Deuteromycota are characterized by production of septate mycelium and/or yeasts,

and a sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent. Asexual reproduction is by

means of conidia (sing. =conidium) or may be lacking. A conidium may be

defined as an asexual spore that is not produced in a sporangium. Where sexual

reproduction has been determined for species in this taxon, the sexual stage is

usually referrable to the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Ideally, once the sexual

stage has been determined, that species should be reclassified and placed in the

appropriate subdivision. However, this did not prove to be practical since many

species are known best by their asexual stage. Thus, a compromise was reached

and both the asexual and sexual stage is recognized. As previously discussed in the

Ascomycota, when both sexual and asexual stages are known to occur in a life

cycle, they are referred to as telomorph and anamorph, respectively. There are a

number of different classification schemes for this group of fungi. However, keep

in mind that since we are not working with sexual stages here that the

classification schemes used to classify the Deuteromycota is artificial and is not

intended to show relationship between the taxa.

B. Suggestion

1. Try to make working paper is attractive so that, the reader could excited to

read your working paper.

2. Use the accurate source in managing a working paper.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/applerot.htm

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/UsesOf_Fungi/industrialProduction/foodProcessing.shtml

http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/~mushroom/English/Species/penicilliumroquefortii.html

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp318/profiles/deuteromycetes/deutero.htm

http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20056401109

http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_1998/P_roquefortii.html

http://www.cs.cuc.edu/~tfutcher/Deuteromycota.html