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The Power System: A complex control process
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Delivering for 2020TSO Facilitation of Renewables Studies
EirGrid Customer Conference
Jonathan O’SullivanOctober 2009
Policy Targets and Outcomes
• EU Renewable Directive – 2009/28/EC – Exploiting Renewable energy Resources (Wind in Ireland)
• Regulation No 714/2009 Access to Network for Cross-border Exchanges in Electricity
– Interconnection
• Directive 2009/72/EC Concerning Common Rules for Internal Electricity Market
– Smart Metering – 80% by 2020 if beneficial
• Electric Vehicles -10% (National decision goes towards meeting boarder EU targets)
– Announced November 2008– Memorandum of Understanding between the Government, ESB and Renault-
Nissan
The Power System: A complex control process
Control Capability
GeneratorsDemand Side Units
Transmission LinesVoltage SupportInterconnection
Control Strategies
Market ScheduleReserve Policies
RCUCProtection
Forecast
Dispatch PlantNetwork Configuration
Outputs
Meet DemandInterconnector
Exchanges
Reliably and Safely
Inputs
DemandPlantNetworkCharacteristics - System - Neighbour
Δ
The Power System: Policy-led changes
Control Capability
GeneratorsDemand Side Units
Transmission LinesVoltage SupportInterconnection
Control Strategies
Market ScheduleReserve Policies
RCUCProtection
Forecast
Dispatch PlantNetwork Configuration
Outputs
Meet DemandInterconnector
Exchanges
Reliably and Safely
Inputs
DemandPlantNetworkCharacteristics - System - Neighbour
Δ
Policy Impacts on Power System by 2020
Inputs Control Capability
Control Strategies
?
? ?
? ?
Ireland Renewable Policy TargetIndicative Trajectory for 40% by 2020 and Connected Wind todate
(trajectory from RES-E Directive)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
Inst
alle
d or
Req
uire
d M
W W
ind
Cap
acity
Installed
Capacity Wind
Based on analysis of historical Capacity Factors and projected load growth
Wind as a Percentage of Total Electricity (2020 Target) - Select EU Countries
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
SloveniaCzech Republic
HungaryEstonia
Belgium CyprusFinland
ItalySlovak Republic
Austria Netherlands
FranceBulgariaSweden
MaltaPolandSpain
UKGreece
GermanyPortugal
DenmarkIreland
European Synchronous Power SystemTotal Generation Capacities
UCTE
600,000MW
Nordel
92,000MW
EnglandWales
Scotland76,000MW
IrelandNorthern Ireland8,500MW
Impacts of increased wind penetration
Inputs Control Capability Control Strategies
Plant Portfolio - Increased variation in generator
output
Generators – reduced percentage of conventional
plant on the system
Forecasting – improve to best possible
Characteristics – increased use of asynchronous
generation
(Wind) Generators – possess excellent
performance capability below full output
Schedule and Dispatch – new tools and policies
Network – difficulties in the short run, increased
capability in the long run
Protection – Fault levels may alter and need to
adjust
Conventional Generation
Excitation System
Turbine
Prime Mover
BoilerHead of Water
Stator
Rotor
Direct Current
Alternating Current50 Hz
Grid
Governor
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Gear Box
Wound Rotor Control
GridRotor
Stator
Alternating Current2-7 Hz
Alternating Current50 Hz
Alternating Current50 Hz
Full Converter Windfarm
Gear Box Grid
Rotor
Stator Full Convertor
Variable Speed Alternating Current
Alternating Current50 Hz
Generator Characteristic Comparison
Characteristics Synchronous DFIG Full Convertor
Reactive Control Largest range and control
Good range and control
Good range and control
Fault Ride Through Excellent Good Good
Fault Level Best Medium Least Contribution
Ramping Good Excellent Excellent
Reserve Excellent Good Good
Inertia Excellent Poor Poor
TSO Renewable Facilitation Studies
Objectives:
• Increase our understanding of the behaviour of the power system with large amounts of renewable generation
• Identify any potential technical issues
• Develop mitigation measures
• Wrap it all up in a comprehensive strategy for the operation of the power system with large amounts of renewables
Outcome will inform:
• Future operational policies
• Grid code and standards
• Discussions on remuneration regimes for all generation
TSO Facilitation of Renewables areas of Study
• Transient, Dynamic and Small Scale Stability• Frequency Response of the system• Fault Levels• Reactive Power and Voltage Control• Flexibility needs of the system
Frequency Response of System with Wind
Plot of loss of 400 MW unit in a 2020 power system
Flexibility Requirements
Flexibility Requirements
TSO Facilitation of Renewables StudiesInterim Result Presentation
EirGrid Offices160 Shelbourne Road
9th November 2009 10:30am
Technology Breakdown of Installed Wind
ClassificationTSO DSO
Capacity MW No. Turbines Capacity MW No. Turbines
DFIG 325 201 321 258
Full Converter 42 21 83 50
Fixed Speed 87 25 122 148
Total 454 247 526 456
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