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Two families of pidgin EnglishAtlantic Pacific
Developed in West Africa, transported to West Indies & America during slavery. In Africa they are still widely used in: Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria & Cameroon.In the America, they are found in the islands and on the mainland, spoken largely by the black population.
From the coast of China to the Northernmost parts of Australia in: HawaiiVanatuaPapua New Guinea
Vietnamese PidginWas short lived. It
grew up while the Americans were there but disappeared when the troops left.
How pidgins become creoles:They begin as limited forms
with a few, simple constructions (mainly commands), helped by gestures & miming.
Then the vocabulary increases and it develops its own grammatical constructions.
People begin to use them at home.
Children are born into families and the pidgin becomes the mother tongue.
The language is then flexible, creative, it competes with other languages.
The creole provides an ethnic identity.
Arises when a makeshift language (pidgin) becomes nativised.
Sociolinguists label them according to the language from which they draw most of their
vocabulary e.g. Jamaican Creole
Creole English. There are many English based Creoles.
location name
AkuKru EnglishKamtokBajanCreoleseMiskito Coast
Creole
GambiaLiberiaCameroonBarbadosGuyanaNicaragua
AAVE & British Black EnglishIt has been argued
that AAVE has Creole origins since it shares many features with English based Caribbean Creoles. In the UK BBE is spoken by immigrants who come from the Caribbean so it has Creole features.
Shared Features. Pre-verbal negation
and SVO.A mo koti a bredeThe same item for
both existential statements and possession
Dem get wan uman we get gyal pikni
He didn’t cut the bread.
There is a woman who has a daughter.
In Jamaican Creole No distinction is made in the verb forms
Dem plaan di tri
Dem tri plaan
They planted the tree.
The tree was planted.
No syntactic difference between questions & statementsGuyanese Creole
Depending on intonation…
I bai di eg dem
He bought the eggs
OrDid he buy the eggs?
Questions tend to have two elements and the first from the ‘lexifier language’Haitian Creole from
Ki kote` ‘Qui` and cote` meaning ‘which side’ : ‘where’
Theoretical PointIt has been claimed that the many syntactic and semantic similarities
among creoles provide the key to an innate ‘bioprogram’ for language,
and that creoles provide the key to understanding the original
evolution of human language.
CreolizationSlaves speaking
many language have to develop a common language among slaves and with overseers.
A theory about Jamaican CreoleIt developed from a pidgin in one generation then de-creolized back to English.
Middle EnglishSome argue that middle
English is a creole that arose from contacts with Norse during the Scandinavian settlements (8th-11th C) and then with French after the Norman Conquest (11thC). In addition to massive lexical borrowing, many changes led to such simplification of grammar as the loss of the old English inflectional endings.
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