Data from the book Introduction to Biomechanical …Author: Shigehiro Hashimoto Kogakuin University,...

Author: Shigehiro Hashimoto

Kogakuin University,

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Biomedical Engineering

shashimoto@cc.kogakuin.ac.jp

Data from the book "Introduction

to Biomechanical Engineering (in

Japanese)“: published by Corona

Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

1)Organism and Machine

2)Unit and Measurement

3)Materials (Hemolysis)

4)Flow (Blood circulation)

5)Energy (Oxygenator, Dialyzer)

6)Movement (Joint prosthesis)

7)Designing and Machining

(Artificial organs)

Index

Time s (second) periods of the radiation of caesium

Length m（meter） velocity of light in vacuum

Mass kg（kilogram） international prototype

Electric current A（ampere） Force between conductors

Temperature K（kelvin） Triple point of water

Amount of a substance mol（mole） atoms in 0.012 kilogram of

carbon 12 Avogadro's number 6.0221415 × 1023

Luminous intensity cd（candela） radiation of frequency

540×1012 hertz

Le Systeme International d’Unites

Table 2.1 SI base units

Value Symbol (Name) Definition

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Y (yotta) ×1024

Z (zetta) × 1021

E (exa) ×1018

P (peta) ×1015

T (tera) ×1012

G (giga) ×109

M (mega) ×106

K (kilo) ×103

H (hecto) ×102

Da (deka) ×10

Table 2.2 Powers of ten and unit prefixes

D (deci) ×10－1

c (centi) ×10－2

m (mili) ×10－3

μ (micro) ×10－6

n (nano) ×10－9

p (pico) ×10－12

f (femto) ×10－15

a (atto) ×10－18

z (zepto) ×10－21

y (yocto) ×10－24

Prefix (Name) power times Prefix (Name) power times

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.1: Principle of electrocardiograph

Time t

Va－Vb

Va

Vb

Time t

Time t

Period

Depolarization

Repolarization

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.2: Immuno-staining

0.1 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.3(a): Vibrating electrode

[Vibrating electrode][Fixed electrode]

Resistance R

Resistance R +ΔR

Frequency f

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.3(b): Vibrating electrode

0.05 mm

Electrode

Cell

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.4: Biological system

[Brain]

Sensor

Memory

Signal transduction

Signal processing

[Nerve system]

[Sensory organ]

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.5: Electric current through lipid bilayer

High frequency

Low frequency

Hydrophilic groupLipid bilayer

Hydrophobic group

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.6: Lissajous figure

v

i

t

t

i

v

T

T

T/2

T/2

0

0

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.7: Tissue grouping

Kidney

Liver

Intestinal mucosa

Cardiac muscle

Fat

0.1 mm

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.8: pH measurement with light

Illuminant

Microscope

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.9: Measurement with laser

Illuminant

Detector

Filter

Sample

Mirror

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.10: Measurement of skin

temperature with infra-red ray

Light source &

Detector

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.11: Principle of electromagnetic

flowmeter

Electrolytes flow

Magnetic field

Electric field

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.12: Gravitational equilibrium

Standard massSubject

Fulcrum

W1 W2

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.13: Wheatstone bridge

G

R3R2

E

i

a

b

c

d

RxR1

R2／R1＝R3／Rx (2.2)

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.14: MRI (magnetic resonance image)

(b) MRI of Knee

Primary coil

Secondary coil

(a) Probe

© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan

Fig. 2.15: Test of difference in the

mean value

σ

μA μB

Group A Group BFrequency

Parameterσσ

μA －μB=σ, n=m

n>9, 5%, n>16, 1%

(Normal distribution)

Significance level© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan