Data Analysis Implications References

DataAnalysis

ImplicationsReferences

Properties as anaphors

Cem Bozşahin

Cognitive Science Department, Informatics InstituteMETU, Ankara

May 18, 2012

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First noted by Göksel (2006): Turkish nominal inflections, theplural and the possessive, facilitate pronominal readings.

(1)Pencere-ler mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

Not necessarily multiple windows(2)

Her biri başka bir yöre İstanbullu-su olanların da,..every one-POSS another one region Istanbuler-POSS be-REL-PLU-GEN and‘And for the ones who are Istanbulers from some region...’

Not necessarily possessive or compound marker

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Göksel’s data

(3) a.sev-di-k-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who we like/liked’

Turkisha′. [SUBj __i (OBJ) sev-di-k-leri -imizj ]

b.sev-en-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who like/liked us’

b′. [__i (SUB) OBJj sev-en-leri -imizj ]

c.köpek sev-en-ler-imizdog like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those among us who like/liked dogs’

c′. [__i (SUB) OBJ sev-en-leri -imizi ]

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Individuals as property

(4)Oğuz Atay’lar iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’

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Mass-count distinction?

(5)su-lar kes-il-diwater-PLU cut-PASS-PAST‘the water is off.’

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lexical aspects

(6)başka-sı bu-nu anla-ma-zother-3s this-ACC understand-NEG-AOR‘nobody else would understand.’

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It’s not just the plural and poss

(7) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers go see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema, go see this movie.’

b.Gör-düğ-üm bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘I’ve seen enough.’lit. ‘What I’ve seen is enough.’

Any property seems to be able to do this.

(e, t) and ((e, t), (e, t))

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(8) a.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’

b.Akşam-ki zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki difficult one question-COP-PAST‘Last night’s question was hard.’

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Does Turkish lack ’one’?

These examples are quantificational without ’one’ biri.With biri/şey (one/thing), they can be non-quantificational:(9) a.

Akşam-ki şey zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki thing difficult one question-COP-PAST‘The thing last night was a hard question.’lit. ‘The thing last night, it was a hard question.’

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(10) a.Sinema-yı sev-en ?şey/biri(si) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL thing/one(POSS) this film-DAT go-AOR‘One who loves cinema must see this movie.’

b.Gör-düğ-üm şey/biri bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s thing/one I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What/who I’ve seen is enough.’

(10b) is not the same as (7b).

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data summary

Biri needs the aorist to facilitate quantification.biri-less examples do not need it.A “missing one” assumption is probably too strong.

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aorist and quantification

(11)

Zengin şey/biri kriz-den etkile-n-me-di/z.Rich thing/one crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST/AOR‘A rich one has not been affected by the crisis.’ past/non-quant.‘A rich one may not be affected by the crisis.’ aor/quant.

Akşam-ki şey/biri tadımı kaçır-dı.Night-ki thing/one disappoint-CAUS-PAST‘The person/thing last night disappointed me.’

(12) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e git-ti/gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-PAST/go-AOR‘Cinema lovers saw this movie.’‘Cinema lovers go see this movie’.

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pretheoretical

Anaphors can be syntactically unbound and contextuallybound.They can be syntactically bound as well.

wh operatorstenseverbsquantifiers

It has something to do with grammar.

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binders in blue

(13) a.Her sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’

b.Bazı gazete-ler-de gör-düğ-üm ben-i üz-dü.some newspaper-PLU-LOC see-REL-1s I-ACC sadden-PAST‘The things i’ve seen in some newspapers saddened me.’

c.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di ama hepsi şikayetçi.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST but all complain.‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis but they all complain.’

d.Akşam-ki öğrenci-nin çöz-ebil-eceğ-i bir soru değil-di.Night-ki student-3s solve-ABIL-REL-3s a question not‘Last night’s wasn’t a question that a student can solve.’

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Outline of the proposal

These facts are predicted in part by three global properties:type-dependence of grammarsradical lexicalization of all grammarsdirect compositionality and surface compositionality: everysurface constituent is interpretable (Jacobson 1999; Barker andJacobson 2007; Steedman 2011)

The properties are Turkish-specific, therefore they must arisefrom constraints on Turkish grammar

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type-dependence: any anaphoric nominal string leads to alexicalizable syntactic type NP|NP. (NP/NP or NP\NP)radical lexicalization: such syntactic types must arise from theheads of the constructions, e.g. the relative markers and words.

- they must be represented in the lexicon with a compositionalsemantics.surface compositionality: (e, e) types for anaphoric nominalstranslate syntactically to NPNP, i.e. syntactic functions fromNPs to NPs.Their potential syntactic binders are SNP: functions frome-type nominals to t.Turkish-specific: The correspondence between NP/NP typesand NPNP in Turkish, semantically ((e, t), (e, t)) and (e, e),can be established by a single lexical rule.

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(14) a.[Pencere-ler ]NP/NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.[Oğuz Atay’lar ]NP/NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’

c.[Sinema-yı sev-en ]NP/NP bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

d.[Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’

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heads of the constructions in the lexicon(15) a.

Pencere[ -ler ]NP\NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.Oğuz Atay’[ lar ]NP\NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’

c.Sinema-yı sev[ -en ](NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

d.Dün sokak-ta gör[ -düğ-üm ](NP/NP)\(S′\NP′

obl)bana yet-ti.

yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’

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Type-dependent Lexical rules and Turkish

(16) a. NP/NP : λPλx .and ′(Px)(n′x) → NPNP : λx .one ′(n′x)

b. NP : λx .n′x → NP/NP : λPλx s .and ′(Px)(n′x)

Exponent types: XY

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(17) a.[ [ [Pencere-ler ]NP ]NP/NP ]NPNP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.[ [Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP ]NPNP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

c.[ [Zengin ]NP/NP ]NPNP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’

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Projecting the anaphor for binding

Jacobson’s (1999) unary anaphoric composition (cf. the syntacticone)

(18) X|Y: f → XZ|YZ : λgλx .f (gx) (g)

(19) X|Y: f → (X|Z)|(Y|Z): λgλx .f (gx) (comp)

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Sinema-yı sev en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like -REL this film-DAT go-AOR

S\NPnom (NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) S\NP

NP/NPLR

NPNPg

SNP\NPNP

SNP

‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

A sentence with an anaphor to be bound

Not S\NP or S

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Jacobson’s Z binder

(20) (X|i NP)|j Y: f → (X|i NP)|j YNP : λgλx .f (gx)x (z-NP)

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Syntactically bound version

Her Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR

(S/(S\NPNP))/NPNP NP/NP NPdat (S\NPnom)\NPdatLR

NPNP

S/(S\NPNP): λPλy .P(every-cinema-lover′y)

z(S\NPNP

nom)\NPdat: λxλg .go′x(gx)

S\NPNPnom

S

‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’

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Properties (syntactic and semantic) can be anaphors in Turkish.

Grammar may need finer distinctions of S for anaphors to besyntactically bound.SNP and NPNP can be in the domain of locality of a head.

Can syntax require a pronoun?

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The Welsh passive

(21) a.Cafodd Wyn ei rybuddio.Got.3s Wyn his warning‘Wyn was warned.’ Awbery (1976:210)

“The passive sentence has a sentence-initial inflected form of cael(get) of the same tense and aspect as the verb of the active. Thisis folowed by a noun phrase identical to the object of the active.Then comes a pronoun of the same person, number and gender (ifit is 3sg) as this noun phrase, and an uninflected form of the verbin the active” Awbery (1976:47).

The pronoun and cael are obligatory.

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Awbery’s data shows that what is dropped if the noun phrase aftercael is a pronoun is the subject NP, not the possessive pronounrequired by the passive:

(22)Cawsom (ni) ein rhybuddio gan y ferch.Got.1pl (we) our warning by the girl‘We were warned by the girl.’ Awbery (1976:48)

If get is the head of the passive, then the pronoun must be in itsdomain of locality.

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Thanks

WAFL and the reviewersAslı GökselUmut ÖzgeDeniz Zeyrek

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Awbery, G.M. 1976. The syntax of Welsh. Cambridge Univ. Press.Barker, Chris, and Pauline Jacobson. 2007. Introduction: Direct

compositionality. In Direct compositionality . eds.Chris Barker andPauline Jacobson, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Göksel, Aslı. 2006. Pronominal participles in Turkish and lexical integrity.Lingue e Linguaggio, 5:105–125.

Jacobson, Pauline. 1999. Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguisticsand Philosophy , 22:117–184.

Steedman, Mark. 2011. Taking Scope. MIT Press.

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