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Current Status and Future View of EV/PHEV with
Charging Infrastructure in Japan
by
Tatsuo Teratani
Toyota Motor Corporation
Background paper for the IFP/IEA/ITF Workshop on
“Developing infrastructure for alternative transport fuels and
power-trains to 2020/2030/2050:
A cross country assessment of early stages of implementation”
OECD, 30th November 2012
1. Environmental Change around Automobiles
Automotive environment today is about to go through a large change. There are
“5 automotive major environments”, two of which have newly emerged: “energy
issue” created by new rising powers and their dramatic market change followed by
young generation’s new life-style and values, and “natural resource issue” such as
in rare earths, water and food (Fig.1).
Also rapidly evolving factors are “increased use of electronics”, “electrification”
and “system integration”. In the history of 126 years of automobiles, the last 40
years have seen a remarkable development of electronics, and the major focus of
interest today is on the EV and PHEV.
Fig. 1 Environmental change around automobiles
2. Environmental and energy issue over automobiles
The most important environmental and energy issue of automobiles for sustainable
societies are, respectively, reduction of carbon dioxide that leads to less global
warming and shift to new energy resource for less dependence on oil (Fig.2).
The majority of energy resources that we use today come from the solar energy
stored in the earth’s history of 46 billion years. We must again come back to the first
principle and consider the energy use for cyclical energy society. One of the
1
Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
EnvironmentEnvironment
SafetySafety MarketMarket
EnergyNatural
resources
1. Environmental Change around Automobiles
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 3 Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
candidates for realistic solutions will be EV/PHEV where electrical energy from power
stations with low carbon dioxide emission will be used as a secondary destination. The
spread of EV/PHEV will depend upon the development of infrastructure and
high-capacity, low-cost batteries (Fig.3).
Fig.2 Diversification of fuels and powertrains
Fig.3 Total energy management
In selecting automotive fuels, it is one of important things to select the fuels with high
energy density. This figure shows energy density per unit volume of typical fuels
compared with gasoline 10. Ethanol is 6. Gaseous fuel is 1 to 3. Batteries and Li-ion
battery is about 0.2 (Fig.4).
That is to say, energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline. For
gaseous fuels and batteries, we have to install the huge fuel tank and batteries, and so
there will be no space and car becomes too heavy.
Oil
Gasoline
Diesel Conventional
vehicle
&
HV
Internal combustion
engine
Gas fuels
Synthetic liquid fuels
Bio-fuel
Electricity
Hydrogen
Coal
Plant
Uranium
Diversification of Automotive Fuels and Powertrains
EV
FCV
PHV
Sa
ve o
il
Co
re te
ch
no
log
y
Next-g
en
era
tion
tec
hn
olo
gy
Alte
rna
tive
s to
oil
Primary Energy Automotive fuel Powertrain
Hydro, solar, geothermal
power
Natural gas
35
10
Sun (Nuclear fusion)
T he earth(4.6 billion years、6.5 billion people900 million vehicles, 65 million vehicles/year
Recycled energy resource
Non-‐‐‐recycled energy resource
・Solar energy・Wind power energy・Ocean energy・Geothermal energy・Waterpower energy
・Fossil fuel (Oil 、Coal、Natural gas) →Possible life of mining
(Oil;40years、 Coal;230years、 ;62years)
・Nuclear fuel (Low speed nuclear fission)・Heavy hydrogen (Nuclear fusion)
Emission energy toward the earth ;1/ 2.2billionth (1.8x1017 kW);1.4kW/m2 in Japan
Power generation cost;Energy cost of 1kWh (Yen/ kWh)
・Water G. ;13.6・Oil G. ;10.2・LNG G. ; 6.2
・Coal G. ;6.5・Nuclear G. ; 5.9・Geothermal G.;13~16
・Solar for house ;44~66for non-house ;73
・Wind P.L-size ;10~14
M&S-size ;18~24・House ;Day (24)、Night(12)・Vehicle(Gasoline);40〜〜120
Total Energy Management (TEM)
Natural gas
TotalEnergyManagement 6
Liquid fuels have still remained the advantage about energy density in automobiles.
Fig.4 Energy density of automotive fuels
3. Connection of EV/PHEV to national grid
Automotive OEMs are seriously planning mass-production of EV and PHEV from
2012 and therefore they will need to consider electrical power infrastructure in their
mind because their vehicles will be connected to the national grid (Fig.5).
Consequently, we will need to develop “total energy management” as shown in Fig.6,
where “energy supply” and “energy store” are newly added to the conventional
“vehicle energy management”.
5
10
Volu
me
tric
en
erg
y d
en
sity (
Ga
so
line=
10
)
Toyota estimate
Energy Density
Hydrogen absorbing
alloy(2wt%)
High-pressure hydrogen (35MPa)
CNG (20Mpa)
Ethanol
Lithium-ion battery
Batteries Gaseous fuels
0
Gasoline
Diesel
fuel
Liquid fuels
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
Energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline..
7
Fig.5 History of electric propulsion vehicles in Japan
Fig.6 Total energy management with infrastructure
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
1970 1980 1990 2000 20101870
HEV
FCEV
EV
PHEV
i-REALLeaf(Li)
i-MiEV
Prius
Prius PHV
Mass.EV
Mass.HEV
Mass.PHEV
LimitedSaleFCEV
3rd EV1st EV 2nd EV
UtilityEV
Volt
e-com(Ni-MH)
FCHV FCX
Rav4-EV(Pb)
CivicHV
History of Electric Propulsion Vehicles
4
8 “Vehicles of the 21st Century aim Sustainable Mobility !”
Total Energy Management with Infrastructure
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
Energy Management
Energy Storage Energy Supply
Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved. 8
4. PHEV ( Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) in Japan
Since 2009, Toyota has been testing of Prius PHV (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) used by
600 vehicles and fleet-users worldwide with many field data results. And since 2012,
mass-production PHVs have been launched to the market. Figure 7 shows the
concept of plug-in hybrid vehicle. PHV will run as an electric vehicle on the charged
electricity for short trips and as a conventional hybrid vehicle for long trips. The best
advantage is there is no drive distance limitation (Fig.8).
Fig.7 The concept of Prius Plug-in Hybrid
Fig.8 AC normal charging of Prius PHV
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (Concept)
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved. 13
AC Normal Charging of Prius-PHV
Civic Center
Super
In China
In France
Home Home
Convenience Store
18
2012 marked an increased activity of international standardization of electric
vehicles followed by launch of Prius PHEV and certification of AC normal charging by
JARI (Japan Automobile Research Institute), kicking off social design that secures
“safety/assurance” and “compatibility” for customers (Fig.9). Japan’s proposal and
contribution is expected for international standardization meeting such as IEC/ISO. It
is also important that Japan, US, EU and China cooperate together to enhance spread
of EV/PHEV to meet their regional infrastructure development situations and needs.
Fig.9 Standardization for AC normal charge
<4-1> Work done for domestic spread of charging system in Japan
Japan is working on equipping infrastructure for charging as a national policy. “Next
generation automobile strategy 2010”, which was formulated in 2010 by joint effort s
of government and industry, states the target volume of 5000 quick-charge and 2
million normal charge machines by 2020 (Fig.10).
There are about 1300 quick-charge machines installed right now on all over Japan
from Hokkaido to Okinawa. Electric outlets at homes also count as normal charging
machines and therefore it is difficult to estimate the number of normal charging
machines but there believed to be around a couple of hundred thousand.
This is thanks to the introduction of EV and PHEVs in various models and the
financial aid by the government through the purchase promotion system, and also the
certification system that provides measures to assure compatibility and safety of the
charging equipment.
Fig.10 Certification of AC normal charging by JARI
Meanwhile, energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles are also advancing
as seen in direct-injection, down-sizing, turbo-charging, idle-stop and lowered power
consumption of onboard systems. Even so, the European carbon dioxide regulation for
2020 is another step stricter and further electrification of vehicles is inevitable. We
therefore expect steady spread of electric vehicles.
5. EV (Electric Vehicle) in Japan
<5-1> Purchase promotion system
The government or local authorities will provide financial support when purchasing
EV and the charging equipment if a set condition is met. The government support
provides up to 1 million yen through Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center for
・AC charging stands are increasing with mass-production PHEV・EV in Japan.
(METI Target: 2 millions AC chargers until 2020) ・For expand of PHEV・EV, its important to guarantee safety and compatibility
between charging stand・ cable and PHEV・EV.
etc
etc
Hasetec GE Toyota Auto. Naigai–Elec. Saneisha JapanSystem
Bank
Mitsubishi
≪i-MiEV≫ Nissan
≪Leaf≫
KeepthesafetyandrestforACcharging
Toyota
≪Prius-PHV≫
Panasonic
Honda
≪Fit-EV≫
It is needed to keep and proof safety and compatibility
between AC charging stands and vehicles
20
vehicle purchase. They will also pay half the equipment price for DC quick charging
and AC normal charging stand with fixed charging cable (Mode III) with upper limit.
Refer to the center’s webpage for details. Local authorities have their own systems
and need to consultation for details (Fig.11, Fig.12).
Fig.11 DC quick charging stand at Shopping-center
Fig.12 Nissan Leaf of Rent-a-car in Okinawa
4 0 k m/5 M in . 6 0 k m/1 0 M in .
D riv in g Ra n g e w ith SOC 8 0 % .
Short time charging is possible. Sp ecif ica tion
・ Sw . ;
C
on sta n t Cu r. Po w er.
・ In p u t: 3 Ph a se 2 0 0 V
・ M ax. ou tp u t: 5 0 kW
・ M ax. ou tp u t V o l. 5 0 0 V
・ M ax. ou tp u t Cu r.: 1 0 0 A
IEEJ Symposium (09.3; Tokyo Power Company)
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved. 26
Rent- a- car in Okinawa
( Photo by Teratani 2011.9.9 )
Nissan Leaf
Quick Charging ; 25min.
High-way SA; Free fee
( ・80% Charge; 130km ・IC card; Rent fee 20 €
・In Conv. Store; 5 €/ 1)
27
Fig.13 Standardization for DC conductive charge
<5-2> Certification system for charging equipment
The importance of infrastructure for charging has already been explained earlier and
the certification system will assure the compatibility and safety. As for the DC quick
charging (Fig.13), CHAdeMO committee reviewed the design but there was no similar
body for AC normal charging. Accordingly, Japan Automobile Research Institute
(JARI), Registration Body has started product certification since April 2012.
The AC normal charging product certification is given to cable type with charging
communication function (Mode II) and to stand type (Mode III). This certification
consists of plant and product certification and covers various development stages
from product design up to final product function check and is world-first, full-scale
certification of charging equipment. This certification is conducted by third party
organization and does not have law enforcement power but it does assure the safety
and communication of various combinations of different EV and PHEVs and is
therefore very valuable in reality. Refer to the details in the webpage of JARI.
6. Current Status and Future Target of EV/PHEV/HV in Japan
There are already many mass-production HVs in Japanese market, and PHEVs and
EVs in use have been launched to the market as Fig.14.
Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C Type 1 Combo.
Configuration C Type 2 Combo.
Proposal C. Japan(CHAdeMO) China USA Germany
N. Voltage 600 V 750 V 600 V 850 V
N. Current 150 A 250 A 200 A 200 A
Pin 9 9 7 Inlet:9
Connecter:5
Charging
Signal CAN CAN
PLC(Power Line or CPLT Line) (Common Spec. according with ISO 15118)
Charging
Protocol special special CPLT(Common Spec.)
Compatibility CHAdeMO China (GB/T) SAE J1772 ―
Shape
Memo. ― ― For Low Power; AC Coupler(Type 1)used
For Low Power; AC Coupler(Type 2)used
DC Charging Terminal DC Charging Terminal
Standardization for DC conductive charge
28
Figure 15 shows the roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan. For
increasing of PHEVs and EVs, charge points of electric vehicles(EV) are planned for
2020 in Japan (Fig.16).
Electric vehicles (EV) in use 2012
Battery electric vehicles (BEV) 28,000
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) 9,000
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) 1,500,000
Fig. 14 Current number in use of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan
Roadmap targets 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
BEV
15-20
% 20-30%
PHEV
HEV
20-30
% 30-40%
Fig. 15 Roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan
Fig. 16 Charge points of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan
Charge points 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Slow charge 20 thousand
Fast charge
Rapid charge
5000
7. Wireless Charging Method
Wireless charging method (the mat type) is being reviewed for wireless charging
standardization. Electrical power will be transmitted through an air gap of more than
100mm. Magnetic resonance type is promoted (Fig.17).
The standard is the only one (ISO-IEC61980-1) where the standardization work has
started. The wireless charging is still in the phase of research and development and
has many issues to be solved and therefore we believe we will need more time until
commercialization.
Fig.17 Wireless charging system (R&D Phase) of Prius PHV
( Nov. 2012 ; TBS-TV on air in Japan)
8. Future Vision for Sustainable Mobility Society
In Japan today, the electrification of automobiles, i.e. HEV, EV, PHEV, FCEV has
advanced and the development has come to mass-production phase. The
development of cooperative infrastructure and low-cost technologies will play a key
role for spread of EV/PHEV. The contribution of HEV and EV in the aftermath of
31
Great East Japan Earth quake became the evening news’ spotlight and boosted the
development of emergency power supply and future V2H (Fig.18).
Fig.18 Future image of V2H in Japan
In Japan, since last year 3.11, namely “ East Japan Disaster” electric power problem
has been treated with close-up. In Tohoku with the disaster, EV and HV have
contributed to supply electricity from on-board battery to home electric-loads, for
example, light, water, refrigerator, air-conditioner, TV and so on. For this power supply,
we call V2L and V2H. This slide shows the future energy management, V2H. Now, for
near future, V2H and HEMS are investigated in Japan. and for them Toyota has
started the verification test in Toyota city. It is important to be visible for green
electric power in future.
Figure19 shows Toyota's expected portfolio for future mobility products, in the
post-oil age. EVs will first be used for short-distance travel and FCVs for
middle-to-long-distance, while HVs or PHVs will come to replace most of today’s
vehicles.
Of course, electric propulsion vehicles ( HEV, PHEV, EV and FCEV ) have been
Energy Management (V2H) :Green Electric Power
Renewable Energy ; Each Electric P.(On-board Battery, Battery for Home, Grid ,Solar Generation)is visible for
Green Electric P. and decided timing and volume of V2H.
On-board Battery
Use (Case of Time Sharing Contract))
Green Electric Power =Renewable Energy
Grid Panel
HEMS
Electric P. : Data :
Control S. :
Charging Stand
AC Charge
Discharge EDMS
Battery for Home
Solar Generation
Green Electric P.
Green Electric
P.
(Reflection of Surplus Solar Generation in
Community)
Green Electric P.
EV・PHV
Ø Reduction of Carbon
Ø Peak Shift, Peak Cut
Ø Saving-Electric Power
37
continuously developed in the world, but its developing speed depends on the
performance of battery and infrastructure for them.
Fig.19 Image of future mobility portfolio by Toyota
In the sales of mass-production EV/PHEV, we have recognized strongly that it is
important to think about three view points (1. Future view, 2. User’s view, 3. Maker’s
view ) for expansion of EVs. Especially, User’s view and User’s acceptance for
EV/PHEV is the most important in the market (Fig.20).
Fuel
Route bus
Delivery truck
HD Truck
Hydrogen Oil, Bio-fuel, CNG, Synthetic fuel, etc. Electricity
Delivery car
Motorcycle
Winglet
Short commuter
HV
PHV
FCV
FCV (BUS)
EV
i-REAL
EV: Short-distance, HV & PHV: Wide-use,
FCV: Medium-to-long distance
EVs
HVs & PHVs
FCVs
Passenger Car
Image of Future Mobility Portfolio
Vehicle
size
Driving distance
39
Fig.20 Three view points for expansion of EVs
9. Conclusion
The Great East Japan Earthquake shocked us deeply and gave impact on our
fundamental value on energy. We were faced with lack of risk management against
natural disasters, collapse of our “100% safe” myth of nuclear power, shortages and
distribution issue that became apparent in planned power cut, and finally the
supply-chain weakness that hit manufacturing industry. With this experience in mind,
our direction now is clear; we need to look outwards than inwards with brave mind for
change and open mind for cross-industrial information sharing. We will change a crisis
into a chance.
Technological innovations to focus on for electrification of vehicles are battery
(increased performance, lower cost of Li ion and post-Li material), power
semiconductors (commercialization of SiC and GaN) and power network (realization of
smart grid).
44
View Point toward Future
User’s View Point
Maker’s View Point
・Environment
・Energy Security
・Performance, Reliability, Durability
・ Attention and Cost of Vehicles
・Life Style
・Convenience
・Safety, Security
・Maintenance Cost
Three View Points
for Expansion of EVs
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
1. Environmental Change ; 「5 Trends 」
→ ・Environment , Safety, Market+Energy, Resource
2. Total Energy Management Era is coming with Infra.
→ ・”Post Oil”; Alternative Fuel, Electricity, Hydrogen ・PHV(Plug-in Hybrid )is one of the realistic solutions.
3.Wireless Charging System ; R&D Phase in Japan
→ ・Since 2012, Start of certification for AC normal charger
・DC quick chargers over 1300 have located in Japan.
Summary
4. HV,PHV,EV,FCV become very attractive. → ・Short;EV,Short/ middle/ long;PHV,HV,Long;FCV
(METI Target: 2 millions AC chargers until 2020)
(METI Target: 5000 DC chargers until 2020)
29
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