Current Status and Future View of EV/PHEV with

Charging Infrastructure in Japan

by

Tatsuo Teratani

Toyota Motor Corporation

Background paper for the IFP/IEA/ITF Workshop on

“Developing infrastructure for alternative transport fuels and

power-trains to 2020/2030/2050:

A cross country assessment of early stages of implementation”

OECD, 30th November 2012

1. Environmental Change around Automobiles

Automotive environment today is about to go through a large change. There are

“5 automotive major environments”, two of which have newly emerged: “energy

issue” created by new rising powers and their dramatic market change followed by

young generation’s new life-style and values, and “natural resource issue” such as

in rare earths, water and food (Fig.1).

Also rapidly evolving factors are “increased use of electronics”, “electrification”

and “system integration”. In the history of 126 years of automobiles, the last 40

years have seen a remarkable development of electronics, and the major focus of

interest today is on the EV and PHEV.

Fig. 1 Environmental change around automobiles

2. Environmental and energy issue over automobiles

The most important environmental and energy issue of automobiles for sustainable

societies are, respectively, reduction of carbon dioxide that leads to less global

warming and shift to new energy resource for less dependence on oil (Fig.2).

The majority of energy resources that we use today come from the solar energy

stored in the earth’s history of 46 billion years. We must again come back to the first

principle and consider the energy use for cyclical energy society. One of the

1

Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.

EnvironmentEnvironment

SafetySafety MarketMarket

EnergyNatural

resources

1. Environmental Change around Automobiles

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candidates for realistic solutions will be EV/PHEV where electrical energy from power

stations with low carbon dioxide emission will be used as a secondary destination. The

spread of EV/PHEV will depend upon the development of infrastructure and

high-capacity, low-cost batteries (Fig.3).

Fig.2 Diversification of fuels and powertrains

Fig.3 Total energy management

In selecting automotive fuels, it is one of important things to select the fuels with high

energy density. This figure shows energy density per unit volume of typical fuels

compared with gasoline 10. Ethanol is 6. Gaseous fuel is 1 to 3. Batteries and Li-ion

battery is about 0.2 (Fig.4).

That is to say, energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline. For

gaseous fuels and batteries, we have to install the huge fuel tank and batteries, and so

there will be no space and car becomes too heavy.

Oil

Gasoline

Diesel Conventional

vehicle

&

HV

Internal combustion

engine

Gas fuels

Synthetic liquid fuels

Bio-fuel

Electricity

Hydrogen

Coal

Plant

Uranium

Diversification of Automotive Fuels and Powertrains

EV

FCV

PHV

Sa

ve o

il

Co

re te

ch

no

log

y

Next-g

en

era

tion

tec

hn

olo

gy

Alte

rna

tive

s to

oil

Primary Energy 　　　　　　 　Automotive fuel　　 　 　　　Powertrain

Hydro, solar, geothermal

power

Natural gas

35

10

Sun (Nuclear fusion)

T he earth（4.6 billion years、6.5 billion people900 million vehicles, 65 million vehicles/year

Recycled  energy  resource

Non-‐‐‐recycled  energy  resource

・Solar energy・Wind power energy・Ocean energy・Geothermal energy・Waterpower energy

・Fossil fuel (Oil 、Coal、Natural gas)　→Possible life of mining

(Oil；４０years、 Coal；２３０years、 ；６２years)

・Nuclear fuel (Low speed nuclear fission)・Heavy hydrogen (Nuclear fusion)

Emission energy toward the earth ；1/ 2.2billionth (1.8x1017 kW)；１．４ｋＷ／ｍ2 in Japan

Power generation cost；Energy cost of 1kWh (Yen/ kWh)

・Water G. ；13.6・Oil G. ；10.2・LNG G. ；　6.2

・Coal G. ；6.5・Nuclear G. ；　5.9・Geothermal G.；13~16

・Solar for house 　 ；44~66for non-house ；73

・Wind P.L-size　　 ；10~14

　　　　 M&S-size ；18~24・House ;Day （２４）、Night（１２）・Vehicle（Gasoline）；40〜〜120

Total Energy Management (TEM)

Natural gas

TotalEnergyManagement 6

Liquid fuels have still remained the advantage about energy density in automobiles.

Fig.4 Energy density of automotive fuels

3. Connection of EV/PHEV to national grid

Automotive OEMs are seriously planning mass-production of EV and PHEV from

2012 and therefore they will need to consider electrical power infrastructure in their

mind because their vehicles will be connected to the national grid (Fig.5).

Consequently, we will need to develop “total energy management” as shown in Fig.6,

where “energy supply” and “energy store” are newly added to the conventional

“vehicle energy management”.

5

10

Volu

me

tric

en

erg

y d

en

sity (

Ga

so

line=

10

)

Toyota estimate

Energy Density

Hydrogen absorbing

alloy(2wt%)

High-pressure hydrogen (35MPa)

CNG (20Mpa)

Ethanol

Lithium-ion battery

Batteries Gaseous fuels

0

Gasoline

Diesel

fuel

Liquid fuels

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Energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline..

7

Fig.5 History of electric propulsion vehicles in Japan

Fig.6 Total energy management with infrastructure

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION

1970 1980 1990 2000 20101870

HEV

FCEV

EV

PHEV

i-REALLeaf(Li)

i-MiEV

Prius

Prius PHV

Mass.EV

Mass.HEV

Mass.PHEV

LimitedSaleFCEV

3rd EV1st EV 2nd EV

UtilityEV

Volt

e-com(Ni-MH)

FCHV FCX

Rav4-EV(Pb)

CivicHV

History of Electric Propulsion Vehicles

4

8 　“Vehicles of the 21st Century aim Sustainable Mobility !”　　

Total Energy Management with Infrastructure

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION

Energy Management

Energy Storage Energy Supply

Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved. 8

4. PHEV ( Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) in Japan

Since 2009, Toyota has been testing of Prius PHV (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) used by

600 vehicles and fleet-users worldwide with many field data results. And since 2012,

mass-production PHVs have been launched to the market. Figure 7 shows the

concept of plug-in hybrid vehicle. PHV will run as an electric vehicle on the charged

electricity for short trips and as a conventional hybrid vehicle for long trips. The best

advantage is there is no drive distance limitation (Fig.8).

Fig.7 The concept of Prius Plug-in Hybrid

Fig.8 AC normal charging of Prius PHV

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles　（Concept）

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AC Normal Charging of Prius-PHV

Civic Center

Super

In China

In France

Home Home

Convenience Store

18

2012 marked an increased activity of international standardization of electric

vehicles followed by launch of Prius PHEV and certification of AC normal charging by

JARI (Japan Automobile Research Institute), kicking off social design that secures

“safety/assurance” and “compatibility” for customers (Fig.9). Japan’s proposal and

contribution is expected for international standardization meeting such as IEC/ISO. It

is also important that Japan, US, EU and China cooperate together to enhance spread

of EV/PHEV to meet their regional infrastructure development situations and needs.

Fig.9 Standardization for AC normal charge

<4-1> Work done for domestic spread of charging system in Japan

Japan is working on equipping infrastructure for charging as a national policy. “Next

generation automobile strategy 2010”, which was formulated in 2010 by joint effort s

of government and industry, states the target volume of 5000 quick-charge and 2

million normal charge machines by 2020 (Fig.10).

There are about 1300 quick-charge machines installed right now on all over Japan

from Hokkaido to Okinawa. Electric outlets at homes also count as normal charging

machines and therefore it is difficult to estimate the number of normal charging

machines but there believed to be around a couple of hundred thousand.

This is thanks to the introduction of EV and PHEVs in various models and the

financial aid by the government through the purchase promotion system, and also the

certification system that provides measures to assure compatibility and safety of the

charging equipment.

Fig.10 Certification of AC normal charging by JARI

Meanwhile, energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles are also advancing

as seen in direct-injection, down-sizing, turbo-charging, idle-stop and lowered power

consumption of onboard systems. Even so, the European carbon dioxide regulation for

2020 is another step stricter and further electrification of vehicles is inevitable. We

therefore expect steady spread of electric vehicles.

5. EV (Electric Vehicle) in Japan

<5-1> Purchase promotion system

The government or local authorities will provide financial support when purchasing

EV and the charging equipment if a set condition is met. The government support

provides up to 1 million yen through Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center for

・AC charging stands are increasing with mass-production PHEV・EV in Japan.

　　　　　 （ＭＥＴＩ　Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 2 millions AC chargers until 2020) ・For expand of PHEV・EV, its important to guarantee safety and compatibility

between charging stand・ cable and PHEV・ＥＶ.

etc

etc

Hasetec ＧＥ Toyota Auto. Naigai–Elec. Saneisha JapanSystem

Bank

Mitsubishi

≪ｉ－ＭｉＥＶ≫ Nissan

≪Leaf≫

KeepthesafetyandrestforACcharging

Toyota

≪Prius-ＰＨＶ≫

Panasonic

Honda

≪Fit-ＥＶ≫

It is needed to keep and proof safety and compatibility

between AC charging stands and vehicles

20

vehicle purchase. They will also pay half the equipment price for DC quick charging

and AC normal charging stand with fixed charging cable (Mode III) with upper limit.

Refer to the center’s webpage for details. Local authorities have their own systems

and need to consultation for details (Fig.11, Fig.12).

Fig.11 DC quick charging stand at Shopping-center

Fig.12 Nissan Leaf of Rent-a-car in Okinawa

４ ０ ｋ ｍ/5  M in .  ６ ０ ｋ ｍ/1 0  M in .

D riv in g  Ra n g e  w ith  SOC  8 0 % .

　 Short time charging is possible. Sp ecif ica tion

・ Sw .  ;

C

on sta n t  Cu r.  Po w er.

・ In p u t： 3  Ph a se  2 0 0 V

・ M ax.  ou tp u t： 5 0 kW

・ M ax.  ou tp u t  V o l.  5 0 0 V

・ M ax.  ou tp u t  Cu r.： 1 0 0 A

IEEJ Symposium （09.3; Tokyo Power Company）

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved. 26

Rent- a- car in Okinawa

( Photo by Teratani 2011.9.9 )

Nissan Leaf

Quick Charging ; 25min.

High-way SA; Free fee

( ・80% Charge; 130km 　・IC card; Rent fee 20 €

　・In Conv. Store; 5 €/ 1)

27

Fig.13 Standardization for DC conductive charge

<5-2> Certification system for charging equipment

The importance of infrastructure for charging has already been explained earlier and

the certification system will assure the compatibility and safety. As for the DC quick

charging (Fig.13), CHAdeMO committee reviewed the design but there was no similar

body for AC normal charging. Accordingly, Japan Automobile Research Institute

(JARI), Registration Body has started product certification since April 2012.

The AC normal charging product certification is given to cable type with charging

communication function (Mode II) and to stand type (Mode III). This certification

consists of plant and product certification and covers various development stages

from product design up to final product function check and is world-first, full-scale

certification of charging equipment. This certification is conducted by third party

organization and does not have law enforcement power but it does assure the safety

and communication of various combinations of different EV and PHEVs and is

therefore very valuable in reality. Refer to the details in the webpage of JARI.

6. Current Status and Future Target of EV/PHEV/HV in Japan

There are already many mass-production HVs in Japanese market, and PHEVs and

EVs in use have been launched to the market as Fig.14.

Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C Type 1 Combo.

Configuration C Type 2 Combo.

Proposal C. Japan（CHAdeMO） China USA Germany

N. Voltage 600 V 750 V 600 V 850 V

N. Current 150 A 250 A 200 A 200 A

Pin 9 9 7 Inlet：9

Connecter：5

Charging

Signal CAN CAN

PLC（Power Line or CPLT Line） （Common Spec. according with ISO 15118）

Charging

Protocol special special CPLT（Common Spec.）

Compatibility CHAdeMO China （GB/T） SAE J1772 ―

Shape

Memo. ― ― For Low Power; AC Coupler（Type 1）used

For Low Power; AC Coupler（Type 2）used

DC Charging Terminal DC Charging Terminal

Standardization for DC conductive charge

28

Figure 15 shows the roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan. For

increasing of PHEVs and EVs, charge points of electric vehicles(EV) are planned for

2020 in Japan (Fig.16).

Electric vehicles (EV) in use 2012

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) 28,000

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) 9,000

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) 1,500,000

Fig. 14 Current number in use of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan

Roadmap targets 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

BEV

15-20

% 20-30%

PHEV

HEV

20-30

% 30-40%

Fig. 15 Roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan

Fig. 16 Charge points of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan

Charge points 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Slow charge 20 thousand

Fast charge

Rapid charge

5000

7. Wireless Charging Method

Wireless charging method (the mat type) is being reviewed for wireless charging

standardization. Electrical power will be transmitted through an air gap of more than

100mm. Magnetic resonance type is promoted (Fig.17).

The standard is the only one (ISO-IEC61980-1) where the standardization work has

started. The wireless charging is still in the phase of research and development and

has many issues to be solved and therefore we believe we will need more time until

commercialization.

Fig.17 Wireless charging system (R&D Phase) of Prius PHV

( Nov. 2012 ; TBS-TV on air in Japan)

8. Future Vision for Sustainable Mobility Society

In Japan today, the electrification of automobiles, i.e. HEV, EV, PHEV, FCEV has

advanced and the development has come to mass-production phase. The

development of cooperative infrastructure and low-cost technologies will play a key

role for spread of EV/PHEV. The contribution of HEV and EV in the aftermath of

31

Great East Japan Earth quake became the evening news’ spotlight and boosted the

development of emergency power supply and future V2H (Fig.18).

Fig.18 Future image of V2H in Japan

In Japan, since last year 3.11, namely “ East Japan Disaster” electric power problem

has been treated with close-up. In Tohoku with the disaster, EV and HV have

contributed to supply electricity from on-board battery to home electric-loads, for

example, light, water, refrigerator, air-conditioner, TV and so on. For this power supply,

we call V2L and V2H. This slide shows the future energy management, V2H. Now, for

near future, V2H and HEMS are investigated in Japan. and for them Toyota has

started the verification test in Toyota city. It is important to be visible for green

electric power in future.

Figure19 shows Toyota's expected portfolio for future mobility products, in the

post-oil age. EVs will first be used for short-distance travel and FCVs for

middle-to-long-distance, while HVs or PHVs will come to replace most of today’s

vehicles.

Of course, electric propulsion vehicles ( HEV, PHEV, EV and FCEV ) have been

Energy Management （Ｖ２Ｈ） ：Green Electric Power

Renewable Energy ; Each Electric P.（On-board Battery, Battery for Home, Grid ,Solar Generation）is visible for

Green Electric P. and decided timing and volume of V2H.

On-board Battery

Use （Case of Time Sharing Contract)）

Green Electric Power =Renewable Energy

Grid Panel

HEMS

Electric P.　： Data　：

Control S.　：

Charging Stand

AC Charge

Discharge EDMS

Battery for Home

Solar Generation

Green Electric P.

Green Electric

P.

（Reflection of Surplus Solar Generation in

Community)

Green Electric P.

EV・PHV

Ø Reduction of Carbon

Ø Peak Shift, Peak Cut

Ø Saving-Electric Power

37

continuously developed in the world, but its developing speed depends on the

performance of battery and infrastructure for them.

Fig.19 Image of future mobility portfolio by Toyota

In the sales of mass-production EV/PHEV, we have recognized strongly that it is

important to think about three view points (1. Future view, 2. User’s view, 3. Maker’s

view ) for expansion of EVs. Especially, User’s view and User’s acceptance for

EV/PHEV is the most important in the market (Fig.20).

Fuel

Route bus

Delivery truck

HD Truck

Hydrogen Oil, Bio-fuel, CNG, Synthetic fuel, etc. Electricity

Delivery car

Motorcycle

Winglet

Short commuter

HV

PHV

FCV

FCV （BUS)

EV

i-REAL

EV: Short-distance, 　　HV & PHV: Wide-use,

FCV: Medium-to-long distance

EVs

HVs & PHVs

FCVs

Passenger Car

Image of Future Mobility Portfolio

Vehicle

size

Driving distance

39

Fig.20 Three view points for expansion of EVs

9. Conclusion

The Great East Japan Earthquake shocked us deeply and gave impact on our

fundamental value on energy. We were faced with lack of risk management against

natural disasters, collapse of our “100% safe” myth of nuclear power, shortages and

distribution issue that became apparent in planned power cut, and finally the

supply-chain weakness that hit manufacturing industry. With this experience in mind,

our direction now is clear; we need to look outwards than inwards with brave mind for

change and open mind for cross-industrial information sharing. We will change a crisis

into a chance.

Technological innovations to focus on for electrification of vehicles are battery

(increased performance, lower cost of Li ion and post-Li material), power

semiconductors (commercialization of SiC and GaN) and power network (realization of

smart grid).

44

View Point toward Future

User’s View Point

Maker’s View Point

・Environment

・Energy Security

・Performance, Reliability, Durability

・ Attention and Cost of Vehicles

・Life Style

・Convenience

・Safety, Security

・Maintenance Cost

Three View Points

for Expansion of EVs

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.

　　　

１． Environmental Change ；　「５ Trends 」

　　→　・Environment , Safety, Market＋Energy, Resource

２． Total Energy Management Era is coming with Infra.

　　 →　・”Post Oil”; Alternative Fuel, Electricity, Hydrogen ・ＰＨＶ（Plug-in Hybrid ）is one of the realistic solutions.

３．Wireless Charging System ; R&D Phase in Japan

→　・Since 2012, Start of certification for AC normal charger

　　　　　 ・DC quick chargers over 1300 have located in Japan.

　　　

　　　

Summary

4. ＨＶ，ＰＨＶ，ＥＶ，ＦＣＶ become very attractive. 　　 →　・Short；ＥＶ，Short/ middle/ long；ＰＨＶ，ＨＶ，Long；ＦCＶ

　　

（ＭＥＴＩ　Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 2 millions AC chargers until 2020)

（ＭＥＴＩ　Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 5000 DC chargers until 2020)

29