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Technology overview
Hating,vntiation andair conditioningSaving energy without compromising comort
enter
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2Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Prfac
Reducing energy use makes perect business sense; it saves
money, enhances corporate reputation and helps everyone
in the fght against climate change.
The Carbon Trust provides simple, eective advice to help
businesses take action to reduce carbon emissions, and the
simplest way to do this is to use energy more efciently.
This overview o heating, ventilation and air conditioning
introduces the main energy saving opportunities
or businesses and demonstrates how simple actionssave energy, cut costs and increase proft margins.
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3Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
So i heating, ventilation and air conditioning can all be
separate systems, why consider them all together?
The answer lies in the interaction o these services
with each other and with the building. By considering
HVAC systems as individual elements rather than as
an interacting system, it would be easy to overlook a
major area o energy wastage that one component
might impact on another. For example, it would be
wasteul to increase heating inside a building whilst
the cooling system is ghting to reduce temperatures.
It is thereore useul to look at how each element o an
HVAC system complements the other and ne tune
each part to save energy and money.
Introduction
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems control the temperature, humidity and quality oair in buildings to a set o chosen conditions. To achieve this, the systems need to transer heat and moisture
into and out o the air as well as control the level o air pollutants either by directly removing them or by
diluting them to acceptable levels.
Heating systems increase the temperature in a space
to compensate or heat losses between the space and
outside. Ventilation systems supply air to the space
and extract polluted air rom it. Cooling is needed to
bring the temperature down in spaces where heat
gains have arisen rom people, equipment or the sun
and are causing discomort.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems vary
widely in terms o size and the unctions they
perorm. Some systems are large and central to the
building services these were probably designed
when the building was originally commissioned and
use ventilation to deliver heating and cooling. Other
systems may provide heating through boilers andradiators, with some limited ventilation to provide
resh air or cooling to certain parts o the building
such as meeting rooms. In some cases, individual
comort cooling units have been added to a building
to overcome a specic overheating problem that had
not been thought o at the time o the original design.
Did you know?
Th tr ditio o a air coditioig
systm is o which has th ability to cotroltmpratr, hmidity ad air qality withi
prcis limits, yt th trm is o t applid to
systms which simply cool th spac. Ths
cool air systms ar mor corrctly rrrd
to as comort coolig.
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4Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Hardwar opportitis I you are considering
upgrading or reurbishing your HVAC systems,
there are some good opportunities or energy
saving. Pag 15 shows how new ecient equipment
can oten pay back its costs very quickly.
Making savings
Rdc th d The design and specication
o buildings and HVAC systems have a big impact
on energy use and hence, energy spend. Sometimes
nature provides the best solution to HVAC needs
see pag 7 to nd out more
Popl isss The way occupants use a building
and its HVAC systems plays a big role in how a
building perorms. Seepag 9 or tips on how sta
can learn to control their environment eciently
udrstadig ad sig cotrols Most
HVAC systems are tted with controls. Learning
how to set and regulate these can provide
substantial savings and enhance comort
conditions or building occupants. See pag 11
or more inormation
Maitaiig xistig systms Regular
maintenance is vital or maximising energy savings and
avoiding costly breakdowns as explained on pag 13
enrgy consumption
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning can account or the majority o money spent by an organisationon energy. Making even small adjustments to systems can signifcantly improve the working environment
and at the same time, save money.
How much energy do HVACsystems use?
There are ve important actors that determine the
energy use o an HVAC system:
The design, layout and operation o the building this aects how the external environment impacts
on internal temperatures and humidity
The required indoor temperature and air quality
more extreme temperatures, greater precision and
more rened air quality consume more energy
The heat generated internally by lighting, equipment
and people all o these have an impact on how
warm your building is
The design and eciency o the HVAC plant
provides heat, cooling and moisture control exactly
where it is needed in the building
The operating times o the HVAC equipment
and ability o the controls these limit operation
to exactly when it is needed.
Cooling and ventilation
Hot water
Other
Refrigeration
and catering
Lighting
Heating
Total carbon emissions rom energy use in public
and commercial buildings 2002
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5Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Controls are used to make components work
together eciently. They turn equipment on or o
and adjust chillers and boilers, air and water fow
rates, temperatures and pressures. A controller
incorporating one or more temperature sensors 9
inside the workspace sends a signal to the heating
or cooling coils to activate
I there is a demand or heating or cooling then the
controls may also send a signal to the chiller and boilerto operate as required. There are oten other control
panels on the chiller or boiler too, allowing users to
have greater control.
HVAC systm typs
There are many dierent approaches to using HVAC
systems and buildings will typically use combinations
and variations o a ew standard approaches. HVAC
systems are generally described according to how they
use air, water or both to distribute heating and cooling
energy to the space.
To nd out more about dierent types o system and
their savings opportunities, ask your site engineer,
maintenance technician or call the Carbon Trust. There
should also be a building log book providing details
about the HVAC system. This can be supplied by the
buildings acilities manager.
Tchnoogy ovrviw
Identiy your HVAC system
HVAC systm compots
HVAC systems vary widely in terms o the individual
components that make them up and how they are set
up within a building. Most systems contain some
common basic components:
Boilers 1 produce hot water (or sometimes steam) to
distribute to the working space. This is done either byheating coils 2 which heat air as part o the ventilation
system, or through hot water pipes to radiators 3
Cooling equipment 4 chills water or pumping to
cooling coils 5 . Treated air is then blown over the
chilled water coils into the space to be cooled 6
through the ventilation system. As part o the
rerigeration cycle in the chiller, heat must also be
rejected rom the system via a cooling tower or
condenser 7
Pumps are used throughout the system to circulate
the chilled and hot water to the required areas
throughout the building
Stale air is extracted, usually using a an, via separate
ducts and expelled outside 8
Extract vent
Inlet vent
Sensor
HVACcontroller
Incomingair (fan)
Fresh air in
Hot water
Stale air out
Air extract
(fan)
Panel
HVAC control panel9
Boiler1
Chiller4
Heatingcoils
2
Working area
6
Exhaust air
8
Heat expelled
7
Radiator3
Coolingcoils
5
The more you understand your
system, the better prepared you
will be to make savings
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6Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Low-cost masrs or immdiat savigs
Understand how your HVAC system works; how to
control it to provide the conditions actually needed
Find out about the building log book which should
explain the services in simple terms
Ask the landlord or managing agent where the
controls are and how to use them
Learn how to set thermostats
I any controls are labelled do not touch, explore why
there may be a valid reason but it may just be or the
convenience o the maintenance person
Control HVAC systems so that they only operate as
and when necessary
Learn about optimum start and optimum o which
can adjust the start and nish times or dierent
weather conditions.
What coditios shold b maitaid?
Start by determining what temperature and air quality
standards the HVAC system should provide.
HVAC or processes
For processes and stored materials, it is important to
concentrate on what is really required:
Does the process or material deteriorate outside a
particular temperature range?
Is it moisture or air quality condition that makes the
dierence or is it a combination o these actors?
For instance, it may be that deterioration o a stored
product is caused by mould growth or corrosion whichis actually caused by excess moisture on its surace.
This requires control o the product temperature and o
moisture in the air so that condensation does not orm.
HVAC or sta comort
When providing comort or building occupants,
it is important to understand how comort is achieved
and the many ways that people perceive it. The
combination o air temperature, surrounding surace
temperatures, humidity, clothing, body at, nervesensitivity and metabolic rate is dierent or every
person so comort is dicult to achieve with one
xed set o conditions. Rather than set the conditions
at specic levels, it is more benecial to set bands
which allow greater fexibility.
Identiy your business needs
Why do air coditios d to b cotrolld?
Temperature, humidity and air quality are controlled or a
number o reasons:
To provide comort or building occupants
To enable a process to be undertaken
To avoid deterioration o stored products and materials.
Each o these conditions may vary greatly and fuctuate
at dierent rates. It is thereore important to always
identiy core business requirements in order to make
any improvements to an HVAC system.
Most businesses will have a variety o reasons or
controlling their air conditions and these should be
prioritised. For instance, in a rerigerated cold store,
it is probably more important to preserve the ood
than to maintain the comort o workers. This is not
to say that workers should be ignored they should
be provided with suitable clothing to keep them
comortable while working.
Did you know?
Heatingcostscanincreaseby30%ormore
i th boilr is poorly opratd or maitaid
Heatingtypicallyaccountsforabouthalfofthe
rgy sd i ocs
Heatingcostsrisebyabout8%foreach1C
o ovrhatig.
I sta members occasionally worklate and alter controls, dont orget
to reset them or install a timer to
automatically restore normal settings
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7Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
When cooling is required inside a building, and i it is
cooler outside than in, simply open doors, vents and
windows. This will increase airfow, reduce heat andperhaps provide all the ventilation that is needed.
Some businesses use what is known as a mixed mode
system, which uses a combination o both natural and
mechanical systems. The building uses natural
ventilation, heating and cooling where possible, with
mechanical systems being used only when needed.
There are various advantages to such a system:
The building becomes more adaptable to a wide
range o requirements
The occupants have more control over
their environment
Businesses can cut down on energy spend
and carbon emissions.
Rduc th nd
The type o HVAC systems and how they are used have a big impact on the amount o energyconsumed and the levels o comort provided or sta and /or customers. Even in a building that
has ull air conditioning and cooling, it may not be necessary or them to be switched on all o the
time. Using natural ree energy to heat, cool and ventilate a building can help save substantial
sums o money and give building occupants greater control over their environment.
Opportunities or energy saving
Passiv hatig, vtilatio ad coolig
This is the control o heat rom the sun along with
ventilation in order to benet a building and avoid
discomort. To maximise energy savings, it pays to
organise a system so that nature provides the majority
o resh air and temperature requirements. Expensive
articial and mechanical systems can then operate
to ne tune the desired temperature and
environmental conditions.
As simple as it sounds, natural ventilation relies on air
fow through openings o a room or building, preerably
rom opposite sides. It also applies to rising hot air being
replaced with cooler air sucked in through windows or
vents rom a lower level.
Making the most o natural ventilation is a simple and
cost-eective way o achieving big savings.
MythTurning air conditioning thermostats
down as low as they can go cools
the building more quickly.
Reality
The temperature drops at the same rate but then
overshoots, making it uncomortable or the sta
and using more energy than necessary. I controls
are not coordinated, the temperature could even go
low enough or the heating system to be switched
on. Both systems then operate at the same time.
Remedy
Set thermostats correctly and educate sta to dispel
this myth. As a last resort, protect thermostats
to prevent tampering, where possible.
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8Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Reduces brightnessat the window
Ensures light distributiondeep into the interior
Protects fromheat and glare
Provides a view
outside for staff
Maintains the natural
daylight spectrumDirect sunlight
Diffuse overhead light
The benefts o daylight blinds
Daylight blids
Daylight blinds enable the natural light to enter the
space by re-directing the light onto the ceiling, thereby
allowing the ree daylight to enter the space and
alleviate any discomort elt by the occupants rom
direct daylight. Many daylight blinds also have
perorated blades to enable a view outside, which
is oten appreciated by sta.
night coolig
Night cooling is an established technique where cool
night air is passed through the building to remove heat
that has accumulated during the day. When the
building abric is cooled, it will absorb more heat the
ollowing day, meaning lower internal temperatures.
The movement o cool night air may be natural or
an-assisted. This ree cooling o the building reduces
energy consumption otherwise used by mechanical
cooling and ventilation, leading to cost savings.
Rdc ovrhatig
Beore installing cooling equipment, always identiy
where the excess heat is coming rom sunlight,
equipment, lighting and rerigeration are o ten
main causes.
Consider shading windows on the outside or replacing
window panes with special heat refective glass to
prevent heat build-up. Alternatively, internal blinds can
be angled to redirect useul light onto the ceiling whilst
cutting out much o the suns heat.
Energy using equipment, lighting and rerigeration are
also major heat emitters in a building. As a general rule
o thumb, the more energy ecient equipment is, the
less heat it produces. So installing low-energy lighting
and keeping equipment operating at peak eciency
reduces cooling costs.
Cosidr zoig to match bildig
occpacy ad rdc costs
Many buildings have areas with dierent time and
temperature requirements which can be problematic
where only one overall heating or cooling control
system exists. A solution is to zone the building
where separate time and temperature controls are
installed or individual areas. Zoned areas can provide
better conditions as occupants in each area will have
greater control over their immediate environment.
It will also be more ecient, as HVAC can be turned
down or o in unused zones, thereby saving money.
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9Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Tr o ad powr dow
Try limiting the time that equipment is on and use
power-down acilities on copiers, axes, printers and
computers as these heat the workspace. Switch o
lighting i there is sucient daylight and use as little
as possible at night.
Trai sta o how to oprat air
coditioig its ad hatig cotrols
Sta should receive guidance on recommended
operating temperatures and how to set heating or
cooling units correctly. Louvres (movable slats to
guide the cool or heated air) are a eature on most air
conditioning units and sta should be able to operate
these to maintain a comortable temperature. Display
instructions on individual units and ensure that remote
controls have accessible and obvious storage spaces.
Good houskping and pop issus
Understanding the needs o building occupants and inorming them howto operate systems eectively can pay dividends.
Opportunities or energy saving
A commo ss approach to comort
ad tmpratrs
Most people eel comortable in a temperature range o
between 1826C, provided the temperature is in linewith outdoor conditions. Encourage sta to dress or the
conditions or provide uniorms that are appropriate or
these temperatures. Ensure workspaces are shielded
rom draughts and direct sunlight. These are no-cost
solutions that save money and help maintain comort.
Kp widows ad doors closd
At times it makes sense to use the outside temperature
to adjust the conditions inside your building. However,when the heating, ventilation or air conditioning systems
are on, it is possible to save up to one third on heating or
cooling costs by reducing the amount o outside air that
enters a building. It is always better to adjust the system
rather than open a door or window and let heated or
cooled air out. For example, when the heating is on too
high, sta open windows to make the space more
comortable. Try adjusting the thermostats instead.
Did you know?
Comort coolig is vry xpsiv. I th uK,
thr ar likly to b oly a w days pr yar
wherethetemperatureisveryhigh(over28C).
usig comort coolig or jst this short tim
ca cost as mch as a whol yars hatig.
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10Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
esr cotrols ar i plac ad HVAC
systms oprat at tims ad lvls
to rfct dmad
HVAC loads will vary at dierent times and in dierent
parts o a building throughout the day. Well-set time
controls should ensure that systems only operate when
and where required, in order to match core business
hours. It is also worth regularly checking settings. Many
systems are on the wrong settings because someone
made a short-term adjustment and then orgot about it.
For more inormation, please see the Carbo Trst
TechnologyGuideonHeatingControl(CTG002) .
Ivolv sta r a awarss campaig
All sta members are crucial in eliminating energy
wastage. Motivate sta encourage them to review
their own working practices and suggest ways to make
their tasks more energy ecient. Beore sta can begin
to save energy, they must be made aware o areas o
potential waste in their own workplaces and the
important part they play in controlling the temperatures
they work in.
The Carbon Trust
has promotional
materials which help
encourage people to
be energy efcient
Further inormation
For rthr iormatio o raisig awarss
i yor bsiss s th Carbo Trsts pack,
CreatinganAwarenessCampaign(CTG001) .
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http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG001http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG001http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG0027/30/2019 CTV003
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11Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Undrstanding and using contros
An efcient HVAC system provides just the right temperature and environmental conditionswhilst using the least amount o energy. Once the ideal comort conditions or a building
have been identifed, controls can help achieve this goal.
Opportunities or energy saving
Thr ar two mai typs o cotrol:
Time controls ensure systems only operate when and
where the building is occupied
Temperature controls ensure systems provide the
correct required temperatures.
St tim cotrols to match occpacy
Check controls are appropriately set and displaying
the correct time and date. Adjust i necessary to
ensure heating and cooling only operate when and
where required.
Maitai appropriat local tmpratrsbasd o otsid coditios
I it is cold outside, building occupants will typically be
wearing warmer clothing, so ensure temperatures are
set accordingly. The reverse applies in summer i cooling
is in operation. People will dress or warmer weather so
do not reeze them with expensive overcooling.
Cooling is on when
temperature exceeds 24C
Heating and Cooling both off between 19C and 24C a dead band of 5 degrees
Heating is on until
temperature reaches 19C
35C 40C15C 20C0C 10C 25C5C 30C
Diagram o dead band control indicating recommended temperatures
Dot lt hatig ad coolig oprat
at th sam tim
The maximum temperature recommended or heating
is 19C. The temperature in an area can be comortably
above 19C but a system should not be providing heat
at this time. Similarly most air-conditioned areas need
not be cooler than 24C (unless they need to be or a
specic process). Set controls to give a wide gap
between the temperatures at which they cut in. Set a
gap between 1924C to create a comortable dead
band where no heating or cooling is operating. This will
help to keep occupants happy and increase cost
savings. Unless this is implemented, both systems may
operate simultaneously and waste energy and money.
Do not rely on your maintenance technician: ne tune
your controls to suit your business.
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12Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
The Carbon Trusts Technology Guide on heating
controls details urther solutions or HVAC systems.
These include:
Set tmpratr cotrols to the correct temperature
and then leave alone
Fit thrmostats in the right place (away rom
draughts and heat sources) and set correctly
Consider tting ThermostaticRadiatorValves(TRV)
to radiators to provide more localised control
Consider upgrading or rrbishig cotrols i current
controls are not providing comortable conditions
Consider installing modr sv day tim
switchs which can be programmed or dierent
daily schedules
Consider itrlockd cotrol o the HVAC system
to prevent ans, heating and cooling operating when
not required
Match vtilatio fow rats to demand and control
operating times using temperature, humidity and
CO2
sensors
Considerwathr compsatio ad optimm
start cotrols to adjust heating and cooling in line
with the changeable UK climate
Consult a qualied heating technician to discuss
options available.
Further inormation
Ivstig i hatig cotrol ca sav
thosads o pods ad may will pay back
thir ivstmt i jst a copl o yars.
Itrst-r loas ar also availabl rom th
Carbo Trst to covr th costs o prchasig
andinstallingthemcall08000852005
or visit www.carbotrst.co.k/loas
or mor iormatio.
Did you know?
Th crrt Bildig Rglatios call or
optimm start cotrols to b ttd to all boilr
plantratedatover50kW.Yourboilerratingis
sally displayd o th rot o th boilr or
isid th rot covr.
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13Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Opportunities or energy saving
Rglar maitac or
optimm prormac
HVAC components must be kept ree o dirt and other
obstructions in order or them to operate eciently.The overall system should be serviced annually either
by a maintenance technician or a proessional contractor.
Routine maintenance should be regularly undertaken
to identiy potential problems at an early stage.
Maitai boilrs
Have boilers serviced regularly by a reputable rm.
Gas-red boilers should be serviced once a year; oil
boilers twice a year. A regularly serviced boiler can
save as much as 10% on annual heating costs.
Maintaining xisting systms
Maintenance matters. The right approach, implemented properly, will keep your HVAC systemsrunning efciently, minimise the risk o breakdown and make the most o your energy savings.
Maintenance and energy management go hand in hand
both have the common objectives o:
Ensuring a building and its services continue to
unction reliably, eciently and eectively
Ensuring the health, saety and comort o occupants
Protecting and enhancing the value o investment
in a building and its equipment.
Checking that HVAC systems are working as intended
will help to prevent them rom using energy ineectively
and also lower the risk o breakdown and spiralling
costs. In this way, regular maintenance o equipment
and controls makes good business sense.
Did you know?
ergy cosmptio ca icras by p to
30%ifregularmaintenanceisnotundertaken.
Dot b araid to ask i yo thik yor systmist opratig corrctly, or i sta complai
abot problm aras i yor bildig, act o it
immdiatly. Always cotact yor maitac
tchicia with ay cocrs.
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14Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Stay sa
Heat exchangers and cooling tower water treatment
processes should be spotless. This saves energy and
prevents health problems such as Legionella.
Cla as, ltrs ad air dcts to improv
efciencybyupto60%
There is no point in having an eciently running system
i the conditioned air gets stopped by a solid wall beore
reaching the work space. Blockages in HVAC systems
are common and increase running costs so make sure
that the lters are regularly checked. Consider tting
pressure gauges to indicate when replacement o lters
is required.
Islat to accmlat
Boilers, hot water tanks, pipes and valves should be
insulated to prevent heat escaping. Payback can usually
be expected within a ew months o installation with
continued savings in subsequent years.
Chck codsrs
Condensers are usually located on the outside o
buildings and reject heat that has been removed rom
inside the building. Ensure condensing and evaporating
devices are clean and well maintained. Check
condensers are not obstructed.
Chck air coditioig ad comort
coolig plat
Ensure cooling plant is regularly maintained to avoid
operating at reduced levels o eciency. Check or
rerigerant charge and leakage. Replace insulation on
rerigerant pipework as poor condition will aect the
temperature o the rerigerant fowing through the
system and thus consume more energy in maintaining
the required temperature. Pay specic attention to
pipework located outside a building.
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15Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
looking at hardwar opportunitisWhen reurbishing or putting in a new HVAC system, it pays to speciy the most efcient system possible.
Remember that day-to-day running costs may soon outweigh the capital costs o installation and so the
more efcient the system, the less expensive it will be to run.
Always:
Select the most appropriate HVAC system or
your requirements
Prioritise energy eciency in the design and
installation stages
Implement and maintain good system controls
Set up and maintain the HVAC system eectively
(this may be through a maintenance contractor).
Rmmbr:
The solutions outlined here dont just apply to
reurbishment and new build they should be discussed
when renting a building or moving premises. Some
managers insist on a rent review to discuss these issues
with the landlord. Ater all, you bear the costs o your
landlords inecient equipment so its up to you to
choose careully. Always seek expert guidance beore
investing in a new or upgraded system. Cost, complexity and maintenance all increase when mechanical cooling is installed
Energy efficient mechanical optionsOptions
Investigate
whether full air
conditioning
(comfort cooling
plus
humidification)
is needed
Investigate
whether
comfort cooling
is needed
(without
humidification)
Try
passive cooling
Chilled ceilings or beams
Displacement ventilation
Fan-coil units
Mixed mode
(any combination of the above
and natural ventilation)
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Mixed mode
(a combination of the above)
Night cooling
Yes
Does the building have
to be sealed against
noise or pollution?
No
Are there high
internal heat gains?Yes
No
Will it be acceptable for
the occupied space to
exceed 28C for a few hours
on a few days each year? No
Yes
Is close control of
humidity needed?Yes
No
Energy-Efciency Loans
Smallormedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)
i eglad or Scotlad ad all bsisss
i Wals that hav b tradig or at last
12monthscouldborrow*from3,000to
100,000.Loansareunsecured,interest-free
ad rpayabl ovr a priod o p to or
yars. Thr ar o arragmt s ad
applyig is straightorward.
All bsisss i northr Irlad* that hav
b tradig or at last 12 moths may b
ligibl or a scrd itrst-r loa.
Visit www.carbotrst.co.k/loas.
*Subject to eligibilit y. Regional variations apply.
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16Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Upgrading or installing componentparts o an HVAC system
Once inecient components have been identied and
need to be replaced, avoid simply exchanging like with
like. Ensure that the replacement is o the highest
possible eciency by speciying this upront.
Replace conventional boilers with codsig
boilrs where possible
Motors are used extensively throughout many HVAC
systems so it pays to replace standard motors with
new high cicy ones. It may also be worth
investing in Variabl Spd Drivs or motors to
reduce speeds and save energy
Many HVAC systems also have a variety o pumps and
ans consider dirct driv pmps ad as which
are more ecient than those that are belt driven
Consider the opportunity or hat rcovry ad
rcirclatio to recover a portion o the heat
generated in your building or process and re-use
it to warm resh air as it enters the building
Consider a Bildig ergy Maagmt Systm
(BMS or BEMS). A BEMS based on a network o
controllers oers closer control and monitoring o
building services perormance, including heating
ventilation and air conditioning. This is shown on a
computer screen in real time and allows the
perormance o plant to be monitored and settings
to be changed quickly and easily. BEMS can reduce
total energy costs by 10% or more so they are well
worth considering.
As part o the Carbon Trust Enhanced Capital
Allowances (ECA) scheme, an Energy Technology List
has been produced. The list details all energy-saving
technologies and products that qualiy or the ECA
scheme and should be used as a guide whenpurchasing new HVAC system components. See the
box on the right or more inormation.
upgradig or istallig a tir systm
The choice o a passive or a mechanical cooling
approach can be determined by a series o relatively
straightorward questions about a building and its
internal environment. The fow chart on the previous
page presents a summary o these questions andindicates whether comort cooling or ull air
conditioning is required.
When replacing HVAC systems,
some managers choose like-or-like
equipment, believing this will minimise
disruption to the business. Planning
upgrades careully and keeping thesystem maintained at its peak will
mean that emergency decisions and
inefcient purchases can be avoided
Cas studyWhat other organisations are doing?
A spctacl ls coatig bsiss discovrdthat th room whr th lss wr coatd had
a mch highr rgy sag compard with th
rst o th sit. With th hlp o a Carbo Trst
loa thy istalld a gas watr hatig systm,
w air coditioig ad islatio ad ar st
to sav 4,925 a yar as a rslt.
Tax incentives
EnhancedCapitalAllowances(ECAs)enable
bsisss to by rgy cit qipmt
usinga100%rateoftaxallowanceintheyear
o prchas. Bsisss ca claim this allowac
o th ivstmt val o rgy cit
qipmt, i it is o th ergy Tchology List.
Th procdr or claimig a eCA is th sam
as or ay capital allowac. For rthr
iormatio plas visit www.ca.gov.k or call
theCarbonTruston08000852005.
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17/20
17Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Nxt stpsThere are many easy low and no-cost options to help save money
and improve the operation o your HVAC systems and your building.
Stp 1. udrstad yor rgy s
Look at your HVAC system components and check the
condition and operation o all pieces o equipment.
Monitor the consumption o the building over, say, one
week to obtain a base gure against which energy
eciency improvements can be measured.
Stp 2. Idtiy yor opportitis
Compile an energy checklist. Walk round your building
and complete the checklist at dierent times o day
(including ater hours) to identiy where energy savings
can be made. An example checklist is on pag 18.
Stp 3. Prioritis yor actios
Draw up an action plan detailing a schedule o
improvements that need to be made and when,
along with who will be responsible or them.
Stp 4. Sk spcialist hlp
It may be possible to implement some energy saving
measures in-house but others may require specialist
assistance. Discuss the more complex or expensive
options with a qualied technician.
Stp 5. Mak th chags ad masr
th savigs
Implement your energy saving actions and measure
against original consumption gures. This will assist
uture management decisions regarding your
energy priorities.
Stp 6. Coti to maag yor bsiss
or rgy cicy
Enorce policies, systems and procedures to ensure that
your business operates eciently and that savings are
maintained in the uture.
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7/30/2019 CTV003
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18Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Appndics
Dowload
Start saving energy today. The principles
o reducing energy costs are essentially
the same or all HVAC systems.
Action checklist
19HVAC
Action
Action checklist
Reducetheneed.Turnoff unnecessaryequipmentdur ing theday
andespeciallyoutof hours to reduceheatbuild-up inthespace.
Sethigher switch-ontemperatures for cooling andlower
temperatures for heat ing.Setagap or deadbandbetween
heating andair conditioning control temperatures of about
5C.This improves occupantscomfort, cuts operating costs
andreduces wear andtear onbothsystems.
TurnHVACsystems off outof hours,unless thebuilding is
night-cooling.Con sider installing automaticcontrols to
ensureequipment stays off.
Lookinto areas thatappear too hotor coldand consider
localisedthermostatic controls.
Lookout for draughts especiallyaround poorly-fitting
windows anddoors. Install draughtproofing to reduce
heatlosses andincrease staff comfort.
Checkinsulation levels andincrease wherever practical
to reducethe needfo r heating.
Walkaroundyour s iteatd ifferentt imes of thedayand
during differentseasons to seehow andwhen heaters
andcoolers areworking. Checktime andtemperature settings.
Takeadvantage of free-cooling.Where external temperatures
arecolder thanthe requiredinternal temperature,you can
vent ilatethebuild ing withfreshair.Nightcoolingis useful
for cooling thebuild ing efficientlyinsummer.
Start saving energy today. The principles of reducing energy
costs are essentially the same for all HVAC systems:
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7/30/2019 CTV003
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19Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Carbon ootprint calculator Our online calculator will help youcalculate your organisations carbon emissions.
www.carbotrst.co.k/carbocalclator
Interest ree loans Energy Eciency Loans rom the Carbon Trust are a costeective way to replace or upgrade your existing equipment with a more energyecient version. See i you qualiy.
www.carbotrst.co.k/loas
Carbon surveys We provide surveys to organisations with annual energy billso more than 50,000*. Our carbon experts will visit your premises to identiy energy
saving opportunities and oer practical advice on how to achieve them.
www.carbotrst.co.k/srvys
Action plans Create action plans to implement carbon and energysaving measures.
www.carbotrst.co.k/apt
Case studies Our case studies show that its oten easier and less expensivethan you might think to bring about real change.
www.carbotrst.co.k/casstdis
Events and workshops The Carbon Trust oers a variety o eventsand workshops ranging rom introductions to our services, to technical energyeciency training, most o which are ree.
www.carbotrst.co.k/vts
Publications We have a library o ree publications detailing energy savingtechniques or a range o sectors and technologies.
www.carbotrst.co.k/pblicatios
Nd furthr hp? Call our Customer Centre on 0800 085 2005
Our Customer Centre provides ree advice on what your organisation
can do to save energy and save money. Our team handles questions
ranging rom straightorward requests or inormation, to in-depth
technical queries about particular technologies.
Go onin to gt morThe Carbon Trust provides a range o tools, services and inormation to help you
implement energy and carbon saving measures, no matter what your level o experience.
* Subject to terms and conditions.
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help
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carboncalculatorhttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carboncalculator7/30/2019 CTV003
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The Carbon Trust is a not-or-prot company with the mission to accelerate the move to a low
carbon economy. We provide specialist suppor t to business and the public sector to help cut
carbon emissions, save energy and commercialise low carbon technologies. By stimulating
low carbon action we contribute to key UK goals o lower carbon emissions, the development
o low carbon businesses, increased energy security and associated jobs.
W hlp to ct carbo missios ow by:
providing specialist advice and nance to help organisations cut carbon
setting standards or carbon reduction.
W rdc pottial tr carbo missios by:
opening markets or low carbon technologies
leading industry collaborations to commercialise technologies
investing in early-stage low carbon companies.
www.carbontrust.co.uk
0800 085 2005
ACT ON CO2
is the Governments initiative to help
individuals understand and reduce their carbon ootprint.
Visit http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk or more inormation.
The Carbon Trust receives unding rom Government including the Department o Energy and Climate
Change, the Department or Transport, the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government
and Invest Northern Ireland.
Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the inormation contained within this publication
is correct, the authors, the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warrantyand make no representation as to its accuracy and accept no liability or any errors or omissions.
Any trademarks, service marks or logos used in this publication, and copyright in it, are the property
o the Carbon Trust. Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or right to use
or reproduce any o the trademarks, service marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary inormation
in any way without the Carbon Trusts prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enorces inringements
o its intellectual property rights to the ull extent permitted by law.
The Carbon Trust is a comp any limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under Company
number 4190230 with its Registered Oce at: 6th Floor, 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3BF.
Published in the UK: July 2010. CTV003v2
Queens Printer and Controller o HMSO.
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