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8/14/2019 Coseriu Eugenio- Introduccion a La Linguistica
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CLRXEB[OOCL D ID
ICLJ_RCOD
K[JKLCE OE_KXC[
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8
lbcok
PXKICGCLDXK_,
C EHMKRE BK ID ICLJ_RCOD
CC KI IKLJ[DMK
CCC KI DORE ICLJ_RCOE
CQ ID IKLJ[D
Q ID XKDICBDB BKI IKLJ[DMK
QC IKLJ[D S _EOCKBDB
QCC _CLOXELD S BCDOXELD
QCCC ID_ OCKLOCD_ ICLJ_RCOD_
C^ AELRCOD
HCHICEJXDAD K_KLOCDI
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?
PXKICGCLDXK_
LERD BK PXK_KLRDOCL BK ID KBCOCL GKMCODLD.43>?#
Ksrk ichxe bki pxeaksex K{jklce Oeskxc{ a{k p{hicodbe pex
pxcgkxd qk} kl 43;4,4
Rxkclrd des bksp{s) oelskxqd rebe s{
qdiex) oesd sclj{idx kl l{ksrxd peod) pxeoicqk d cgpxeqcsdocelks
d ids xkorcacodocelks e ies xkp{bces oelscj{cklrks, Ie t{k nd
scbe hckl oelokhcbe hckl nkone gdlrcklk s{ ie}dld d rxdqs bk
ies des, Ks ki odse bk ksrd ehxd, Pex kiie) ki Oklrxe bk
Icljsrcod Ncsplcod id xkkbcrd dnexd) oege rksrcgelce bk idqdicbk} bk id beorxcld icljsrcod k~p{ksrd pex K{jklce Oeskxc{
kl s{ klreloks d gdb{xd m{qklr{b, Ks beorxcld ksklocdi) kl
g{ones odses dgpicdbd pxkocsdbd pex ki d{rex kl s{s i{gcleses
rxdhdmes pesrkxcexks,
M[DL G, IEPK HIDLON
4Kl kbcocl gcgkejxacod g{ icgcrdbd) oege pxcgkxd pdxrk bk {l gdl{di bksrcldbe d ies
ksr{bcdlrks bk icljsrcod bki Clsrcr{re bk Pxeaksexks Dxrcjds) bk Gelrkqcbke,
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2
_EHXK K_RD KBCOCL
4, Nk bkhcbe clscsrcx g{one dlrk Oeskxc{ pdxd t{kacldigklrk dookbckxd d t{k ksrd ehxd sk kbcrk kl oelbcocelks t{k
pkxgcrdl {ld bca{scl gs dgpicd, Ki pext{ bk id qdocidocl bkid{rex ks oidxe= ki ichxe t{k pxksklrdges s{xjc kl 43;4 oel {l
pxepscre g{ gebksre= ki bk k~pelkx ids oesds gs kikgklrdiksbk id ocklocd bki iklj{dmk d ksr{bcdlrks bk pxcgkx de) a{r{xes
pxeaksexks bk klskdl}d gkbcd kl dij{le bk l{ksrxes pdsks6 bks{kxrk t{k ldoc) le pdxd skx p{hicodbe) scle oege gdrkxcdiclrkxle bk {xjklocd pdxd pelkx kl gdxond oel t{ a{kx}d$
ie t{k i{kje sk oelqkxrcxd kl {l jxdl oklrxe bk beoklocd kclqksrcjdocl kl ids bcqkxsds xdgds bk id icljsrcod= ki bk
Gelrkqcbke .bcxcjcbe pex Oeskxc{ bk 43;4 d 431?#, Pkxe)xkoele}ogesie) ksk gercqe le oelsrcr{d dxj{gklre s{acocklrkaxklrk d id odicbdb bk ksrk rk~re .sklociie) pxea{lbe) xcoe kl
s{jkxklocds#, Gk dbnckxe) p{ks) scl xkskxqd d ids dokxrdbdspdidhxds bk pxksklrdocl bki beorex M{dl G, Iepk Hidlon) d
t{ckl kl xkdicbdb bkhkges ki t{k ksrds pjclds bk Oeskxc{) rdlrkgpxdldgklrk gdjcsrxdiks) nddl qcsre id i{} phicod.pxehdhikgklrk oel id gcsgd dorcr{b xkgcsd pex pdxrk bk i
rdghcl dlrk id pxcgkxd kbcocl cgpxksd bk s{ ehxd#, Qdd) p{ks)l{ksrxe djxdbkocgcklre bk id kbcrexcdi ge pxepce di
Oklrxe bk Icljsrcod Ncsplcod bk id [lcqkxscbdb LdoceldiD{rlegd bk G~coe) bcxcjcbe pex ki ci{srxk ncspdlcsrd dlrks
gkloceldbe) pex d{rexc}dxles d ndokx l{kqd kbcocl bki ichxe
oelrxch{cx ds d bcq{ijdx ids sdlds cbkds t{k ie dlcgdl,
8, Rxds gdlkmdx kl oidsk b{xdlrk dij{les des) oel di{gles
bk pxcgkx o{xse) id ehxd bk Oeskxc{ Ikoocelks bk icljsrcod
jklkxdi .kl ksrd gcsgd kbcrexcdi) 43>4#) dbqkxr klskj{cbd) dioeleokx ki rk~re bk Clrxeb{oocl kl s{ kbcocl gkmcodld) t{k sk
rxdrd bk ehxds oegpikgklrdxcds, Xkdigklrk) Ikoocelks) d{lt{koelscbkxdbd pex s{ d{rex oege {ld kspkock bk clrxeb{oocl d id
icljsrcod) le ks) lc g{one gkles) ehxd pdxd pxclocpcdlrks .sdiqet{k ies di{gles o{klrkl oel {l pxeaksex t{k pdxscgelcesdgklrk
qdd k~picolbeid odpr{ie rxds odpr{ie#, Odxorkx bk clcocdocl
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;
peskk) kl odghce) kl piklcr{b ksrd Clrxeb{oocl) t{k) pex
oelscj{cklrk) p{kbk rdghcl pxkpdxdx ki rkxxkle pdxd {l gkmex
dpxeqkondgcklre bk Ikoocelks, _k oelsrcr{k) p{ks) oel ksrds
bes ehxds) {ld s{kxrk bk rxdrdbe bk rkexd bki iklj{dmk
icljsrcod jklkxdi kl bes pdxrks= {ld sklociid) odsc sclbcaco{irdbks) ksrcg{idlrk) excklrdbexd) erxd g{ bklsd d
pxepcdgklrk {lcqkxscrdxcd kl id clrklocl bk Oeskxc{) t{k
kond skj{xds dloids kl ki odgpe bk id clqksrcjdocl sk pidlrd
bkocbcbdgklrk kl ki oklrxe bk ids klox{ocmdbds bk id ocklocd
icljsrcod,
?, Bksbk ksrk p{lre bk pdxrcbd oegl odhx xkdic}dx kl ki
a{r{xe oerkmes) oeexbcldocelks qdxcds) kro,) klrxk ids bes ehxds )
kl jklkxdi) klrxk ksrk gdl{di clrxeb{orexce ids bkgs
p{hicodocelks bki d{rex) bk gdlkxd t{k o{dit{ckxd bk ies dspkoresrxdrdbes kl i dpdxk}od oel rebds ids xkakxklocds beorxcldiks
hchicejxacods t{k) kl erxes i{jdxks bk s{ ehxd oelm{lrd)
bksdxxeiidl e oegpikrdl ksds cbkds ksklocdiks, _c le sk nd
xkdic}dbe rdi idhex kl id pxksklrk kbcocl) ks) bk {l idbe) pext{k
rebdqd t{kbdl g{ones rxdhdmes pex p{hicodx .dij{les d kl
pxeokse kbcrexcdi# oelqcklk kspkxdx d t{k id ehxd bk Oeskxc{ sk
ndiik kbcrexcdigklrk skbcgklrdbd ) bk erxe) pext{k iikqdx dnexd d
odhe rdi epkxdocl ndhxd xkrxdsdbe oelscbkxdhikgklrk id
p{hicodoclbk ksrd Clrxeb{oocl rdl {xjklrkgklrk lkoksdxcd) d{l
oege clsrx{gklre bcborcoe, Ki ichxe sk xkkbcrd) pex rdlre) sie
oel oexxkoocelks bk bkrdiik .sehxk rebe) bk k~pxkscl#) pkxe scl
lclj{ld gebcacodocl ksklocdi k cloi{se scl dor{dic}docl
hchicejxacod .ids peods clbcodocelks ddbcbds d ksrk xkspkore sk
ndl p{ksre klrxk oexonkrks#,
2, Ksre ircge) rdghcl pex ki clrkxs t{k ki rk~re pxksklrd
pdxd id ncsrexcd xkocklrk bk id bcsocpicld . le sie kl l{ksrxes
pdsks#) pxkocsdgklrk kl id aexgd kl t{k sk p{hicod, Kl kakore) kl
gegklres kl t{k kl id rkexd kpcsrkgeiejd bki iklj{dmk kl
id ncsrexcd bk id icljsrcod sk g{kqkl ids oesds) d qkoks) oel
k~okscqd okikxcbdb axcqeicbdb) les pdxkok pdxrco{idxgklrk
epexr{le pxegeqkx id bcq{ijdocl kl s{ aexgd pxcgkxd excjcldi
bk {ld ehxd a{lbdgklrdi) ksre ks) bk {ld ehxd kl id t{k ies
a{lbdgklres bk {ld ocklocd sk ndiidl k~p{ksres oel klqcbcdhik
oidxcbdb) le xkcbd oel id pxea{lbcbdb) belbk pebkges
kloelrxdx id t{clrdksklocd bk rebe ki o{kxpe beorxcldi t{k s{
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d{rex nd qklcbe bksdxxeiidlbe) oel lerdhik oenkxklocd) kl iesg{ones des pesrkxcexks bk rxdhdme scsrkgrcoe, Nk dt{) p{ks)ids xdoks gs sklociids bki pklsdgcklre ocklracoe bk {l jxdlicljcsrd) bk {ld jxdl kso{kid= ki a{loceldicsge xkdicsrd,
Gdbxcb) m{ice bk 43>1,ME_ PEIE
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:
C
EHMKRE BK ID ICLJ_RCOD
Oelokpres a{lbdgklrdiks= iklj{dmk) iklj{d) dore icljsrcoe, Kioelokpre bk csejiesd Icljsrcod acieiejd, Icljsrcod jklkxdi)
icljsrcod rkxcod) rkexd bki iklj{dmk,
4, Id pxcgkxd rdxkd bk rebd ocklocd ks bkaclxskid s gcsgd)
ks bkocx) bkaclcx s{ ehmkre) s{ diodlok s{s igcrks, Id icljsrcod)
iidgdbd rdghcl ocklocd bki iklj{dmk) jiereiejd e jieseiejd .ax,
iclj{csrct{k e socklok b{ idljdjk) cr, icljcsrcod e jierreiejcd)
dikg, _pxdonzcssklsondar) clji, iclj{csrcos# ) oel gkles
pxepckbdb) rdghcl acieiejd) acieiejd oegpdxdbd) jxdgrcod
oegpdxdbd) ks id ocklocd t{k ksr{bcd bksbk rebes ies p{lres bk
qcsrd peschiks ki iklj{dmk n{gdle dxrco{idbe) kl jklkxdi kl ids
aexgds kspkoacods kl t{k sk xkdic}d) ks bkocx) kl ies dores
icljsrcoes kl ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds t{k) rxdbcoceldigklrke pex oelqklocl) sk iidgdl iklj{ds,
8,4, Nd qdxces p{lres t{k doidxdx kl id bkaclcocl t{k sk
dodhd bk bdx) ie o{di ndxkges g{ pxelre, Ehskxqkges) pex ki
gegklre) t{k bk ksrd bkaclcocl xks{ird) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) t{k id
icljsrcod bk ies icljcsrds) ks bkocx) id icljsrcod oege ocklocd)
le bkhk oela{lbcxsk oel ki oeleocgcklre pxorcoe bk ies cbcegds,
Ki icljcsrd ksr{bcd) scl b{bd) ies cbcegds) pkxe le pdxddpxklbkxies6 ks bkocx t{k ies ksr{bcd ocklracodgklrk= oege
aklgkles) le oege clsrx{gklres, Ds) pdxd skdidx {l odse
igcrk) sk pebxd bkocx t{k {ld pkxseld p{kbk sdhkx {l seie
cbcegd .dt{ki kl t{k s{kik k~pxksdxsk= s{ clsrx{gklre# skx
icljcsrd) gcklrxds t{k erxds p{kbkl sdhkx g{onscges cbcegds
le skx gs t{k peijieres, Kl pdxrco{idx) ki icljcsrd le pxkocsd
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>
kl dhsei{re sdhkx ndhidx ki cbcegd t{k ksr{bcd bksbk ki p{lre bkqcsrd ocklracoe) d{lt{k d gkl{be ie dpxklbd) pdxd adocicrdxsk id
clqksrcjdocl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) {l icljcsrd t{k le oele}od ki
j{dxdl) pebx) scl b{bd) ksoxchcx {ld jxdgrcod ocklracod bki
j{dxdl) gcklrxds t{k lclj{le bk ies clbcqcb{es t{k ndhidlj{dxdl pebx ndokxie sc le ks icljcsrd, Ksrds bcsrclocelks
p{kbkl pdxkokx rxcqcdiks) pkxe le ie sel sc sk pcklsd kl ids
oela{scelks d t{k ies rxgcles icljcsrd icljsrcod
oeglgklrk sk pxksrdl= d ies icljcsrds sk iks pxkj{lrd g{onds
qkoks t{ o{lres cbcegds sdhkl) gcklrxds t{k id lcod
pxkj{lrd m{srcacodbd skxd kl ki ksr{bce bk t{k cbcegds sk eo{pdl)
sehxk rebe pext{k ies cbcegds bk ies icljcsrds le sel) oege
qkxkges) ies cbcegds bk ies peijieres, T{kbk) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe
t{k id icljsrcod le oeclocbk oel ki oeleocgcklre bk ids iklj{ds
t{k ki icljcsrd le ks {l scgpik oeleokbex bk cbcegds,
8,8,4, Erxd oela{scl d t{k sk pxksrd ki rxgcle icljsrcod
t{k d le ks q{ijdx) lc rdgpeoe clm{srcacodbd ks id
oela{scl oel id acieiejd, Kl ksrk odse) id oela{scl oexxkspelbk
d erxe lcqki sk m{srcacod rdlre pex ids daclcbdbks klrxk ids bes
ocklocds oege pex ki nkone bk t{k d qkoks ki rxgcle acieiejd sk
kgpikd kakorcqdgklrk pdxd bkscjldx ocklocds icljsrcods) d{lt{k
id rklbklocd dor{di skd id bk kicgcldx ksk {se, B{xdlrk g{one
rckgpe) {ld xdgd bk id icljsrcod) id jxdgrcod oegpdxdbd) sk nd
iidgdbe acieiejd oegpdxdbd, Kl pdxrco{idx kl Cljidrkxxd) ksrk
ircge rxgcle .oegpdxdrcqk pncieiej# sk kgpikd rebdqd pdxd
bkscjldx id jxdgrcod oegpdxdbd ) d qkoks) cloi{se pdxd
bkscjldx d rebd id icljsrcod) kl i{jdx bki rxgcle gs dpxepcdbe
iclj{csrcos, Kl Crdicd id icljsrcod sk iidgd gs hckl jierreiejcd
.bki jx, jirrd) iklj{d#) pext{k ds sk iidgd id dscjldr{xd bk
icljsrcod jklkxdi kl ids {lcqkxscbdbks) gs xdxdgklrk
icljcsrcod6 pkxe ids icljsrcods kspkocdiks sk iidgdl d gkl{be
acieiejd) pext{k ds sk oelrcldl iidgdlbe ids oexxkspelbcklrks
gdrkxcds kl ids {lcqkxscbdbks= ds) pex kmkgpie) sk iidgdl
acieiejd xegdl}d acieiejd jkxglcod ids dscjldr{xds bk
icljsrcod xeglcod jkxglcod bk icrkxdr{xds xeglcods
jkxglcods .sehxk rebe) dlrcj{ds#,
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8,8,8, Kl sklrcbe ksrxcore) pex acieiejd sk klrcklbk ne
oeglgklrk id oxrcod bk ies rk~res ) kl {l sklrcbe gs dgpice)
id ocklocd bk rebds ids claexgdocelks t{k sk bkb{okl bk ies
rk~res) kspkocdigklrk dlrcj{es) sehxk id qcbd) id o{ir{xd) idsxkidocelks seocdiks adgcicdxks) koelgcods) peircods
xkicjcesds) kro,) bki dghcklrk kl t{k ies rk~res gcsges sk
ksoxchckxel e d t{k sk xkackxkl,
Ks bkocx t{k) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd oelscbkxd
jklkxdigklrk ies rk~res sie oege nkones icljsrcoes) oege
aklgkles bk iklj{dmk) di aciieje ies rk~res ik clrkxksdl oege
beo{gklres bk o{ir{xd k ncsrexcd, Kl ksrk sklrcbe) id acieiejd ks
{ld ocklocd d{~cicdx bk id ncsrexcd bk id ncsrexcd icrkxdxcd) d
qkoks oeclocbk oel ksrd ircgd) sehxk rebe sc sk oelscbkxd {ldncsrexcd icrkxdxcd t{k cjlexk ki oxcrkxce ksrrcoe e t{k sk eo{pk bk
rk~res odxklrks bk qdiex icrkxdxce, Pkxe ks rdghcl ocklocd d{~cicdx
bk id icljsrcod) d t{k pxepexoceld d srd rebds dt{kiids
claexgdocelks t{k le sk p{kbkl bkb{ocx k~oi{scqdgklrk bki
dspkore icljsrcoe bk ies rk~res t{k) kl odghce) sel
clbcspklsdhiks pdxd id clrkxpxkrdocl k~dord bk ksk dspkore, Ds)
pex kmkgpie) sc sk bkso{hxk {l rk~re clbcre) ki aciieje
ksrdhikokx s{ akond) m{}jdx s{ d{rklrcocbdb s{ ksrdbe bk
dirkxdocl) oelscbkxdx s{s kqklr{diks qdxcdlrks) kro,) )
kqklr{digklrk) bkb{ocx bk i claexgdocl dokxod bk id ncsrexcd
bki jx{pe n{gdle kl t{k ki rk~re sk pxeb{me e di t{k ki gcsge sk
xkackxk) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd) m{}jdlbe ki dspkore p{xdgklrk
icljsrcoe) le claexgdrcqe e beo{gklrdi) bki rk~re) rklcklbe
kl o{klrd ies bdres t{k ik nd pxepexoceldbe ki aciieje)
oelscbkxdx ki rk~re kl id ncsrexcd bk id iklj{d kl t{k ksr ksoxcre
) kqklr{digklrk) kl ki gdxoe jklkxdi bki iklj{dmk e) pex ie
gkles) kl ki gdxoe bk id adgcicd icljsrcod d id t{k id iklj{d
bki rk~re pkxrklkok,
8,8,?, Id bcsrclocl p{kbk pdxkokx) kl ksrk odse) g{ s{rci
) pex erxd pdxrk) nd t{k dbqkxrcx t{k le sckgpxk ks kakorcqd) d
t{k g{onds qkoks ki aciieje rklbx t{k xko{xxcx d ies nkones
icljsrcoes pdxd pebkx o{gpicx oel s{ rdxkd .pex kmkgpie) pdxd
ksrdhikokx id akond e id d{rklrcocbdb bk {l rk~re# ) pex s{ pdxrk)
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ki icljcsrd pebx bkb{ocx bk ies nkones icljsrcoes bdres k
claexgdocelks dokxod bk id ncsrexcd seocdi o{ir{xdi t{k ki rk~re
le pxepexoceld k~piocrdgklrk, Ks bkocx t{k) lexgdigklrk) id
icljsrcod ks) d s{ qk}) ocklocd d{~cicdx bk id acieiejd t{k) ds
oege ki aciieje rcklk t{k skx {l peoe icljcsrd) ki icljcsrd rcklkt{k skx {l peoe aciieje= kl s{s igcrks) icljsrcod acieiejd d
gkl{be sk oela{lbkl,
Pkxe id oela{scl le ks jxdqk) p{ksre t{k le s{hscsrk gs
dii bk ksd }eld clrkxgkbcd) px~cgd d id ilkd bk bkgdxodocl,
Kl kakore) ki aciieje sk eo{pd) pex ie oegl) bk {ld seid iklj{d)
gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd rcklk jklkxdigklrk kl o{klrd ki oxcrkxce
oegpdxdrcqe6 ki aciieje drcklbk di dspkore beo{gklrdi bk ies
rk~res) gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd sk eo{pd bk s{ dspkore
icljsrcoe6 ki aciieje sk eo{pd) lexgdigklrk) bk rk~res bk ockxrddlrcjkbdb) gcklrxds t{k di icljcsrd p{kbk clrkxksdxik o{dit{ckx
rk~re ) sehxk rebe) le ik clrkxksdl sie ies rk~res ksoxcres scle
rdghcl id iklj{d ndhidbd6 di aciieje ik clrkxksdl sie ies rk~res
t{k p{kbdl pxepexoceldx dij{ld claexgdocl) gcklrxds t{k di
icljcsrd p{kbk clrkxksdxik o{dit{ckx rk~re kl s gcsge) d{lt{k)
kqklr{digklrk) odxk}od bk rebe qdiex claexgdrcqe, Dbkgs) ki
aciieje le sk eo{pd kl ids ocklocds icljsrcods kspkocdiks
.aelrcod) jxdgrcod) skglrcod) kro,#6 gcklrxds t{k ki icljcsrd
le sk eo{pd kspkoacodgklrk kl id acieiejd oege ncsrexcd
peircod) seocdi) o{ir{xdi) kro,) sdiqe kl id gkbcbd kl t{k s{s
claexgdocelks p{kbkl doidxdxik ies nkones icljsrcoes, Kl
oeloi{scl= id acieiejd) d{l hdslbesk kl rk~res t{k p{kbkl
rklkx rdghcl clrkxs icljsrcoe) sk eo{pd) kl jklkxdi) bk nkones
bk ncsrexcd) kspkocdigklrk dlrcj{d kspkocdigklrk seocdi
o{ir{xdi .icrkxdxcd#) gcklrxds t{k id icljsrcod sk eo{pd bk nkones
bk iklj{d e) gs hckl) bk iklj{dmk,
8,8,2, Nd t{k ehskxqdx) scl kghdxje) t{k id bcsrclocl t{k
nkges nkone sk ndok oeglgklrk) pkxe le sk ndok sckgpxk= le
id ndok id icljsrcod cbkdicsrd .pex km, Qessikx#) t{k cbklrcacod ki
iklj{dmk oel id peksd ) pex rdlre) id icljsrcod oel id acieiejd,
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?,4, Nkges bcone t{k id icljsrcod ks id ocklocd bki
iklj{dmk, Pdxd oelrcl{dx) rklkges) p{ks) t{k bdx {ld bkaclcocl)
pex ki gegklre pxeqcsceldi) bki rxgcle iklj{dmk, _k iidgd
iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bk scjles scghicoes kgpikdbes
pdxd id clrkxoeg{lcodocl seocdi) ks bkocx) o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bkscjles t{k scxqd pdxd k~pxksdx oeg{lcodx cbkds sklrcgcklres)
e skd) oelrklcbes bk id oelocklocd, _k p{kbk oelokhcx) pex rdlre)
{ld icljsrcod g{ dgpicd) oege ocklocd bk rebe iklj{dmk
peschik, Pkxe le ks srd id icljsrcod pxepcdgklrk bcond= skxd
gs hckl id ocklocd iidgdbd pex A, bk _d{ss{xk skgceiejd) qdik
bkocx) ocklocd jklkxdi bk ies scjles e bk rebes ies iklj{dmks
scghicoes) bk id o{di id icljsrcod skxd sie {ld pdxrk, Kl
kakore) id icljsrcod) kl sklrcbe ksrxcore) sk eo{pd sie kl ki
ksr{bce bki iklj{dmk kl t{k ies scjles sel pdidhxds
oelsrcr{cbds pex selcbes) ks bkocx) bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe,
?,8,4, Kl ki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe bcsrclj{cges bes xkdicbdbks
hscods= ki dore icljsrcoe id iklj{d) e skd) ki scsrkgd di t{k ki
dore oexxkspelbk, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe sk oelscbkxd
oege scsrkgd lcoe bk scjles seidgklrk bk {ld gdlkxd cbkdi)
p{ksre t{k kl xkdicbdb nd g{onscges scsrkgds bk scjles
.iklj{ds#) skjl ies bcsrclres pdsks ids oeg{lcbdbks seocdiks {
erxes jx{pes bk ndhidlrks, Id xkdicbdb oeloxkrd bki iklj{dmk ks ki
dore icljsrcoe) t{k ks ki dore bk kgpikdx pdxd id oeg{lcodocl
{le e gs scjles bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe= {ld pdidhxd) {ld axdsk
kakorcqdgklrk bcond) sel dores icljsrcoes, Ies dores
icljsrcoes) oege qkxkges) le sel l{lod klrkxdgklrk cblrcoes)
scle t{k qdxdl bk clbcqcb{e d clbcqcb{e) k cloi{se kl ki gcsge
clbcqcb{e) skjl ids ocxo{lsrdlocds) rdlre kl ie t{k oelockxlk d
s{ aexgd gdrkxcdi oege pex ie t{k drdk d s{ scjlcacodbe e)
gkmex) oelrklcbe, _cl kghdxje) pdxd t{k skd peschik id
oeg{lcodocl) t{k ks id acldicbdb bki iklj{dmk) ks pxkocse t{k ies
scjles e sgheies) kl {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb icljsrcod)
rkljdl gs e gkles id gcsgd aexgd gs e gkles ki gcsge
scjlcacodbe, Pex kiie) oel ockxrd dpxe~cgdocl oel lerdhik
jxdbe bk dhsrxdoocl) sk p{kbk ndhidx bk id cbklrcbdb bk ies
scjles t{k kloelrxdges kl ies dores icljsrcoes bk {ld
oeg{lcbdb) oelscbkxdbes kl ki kspdoce .jkejxacodgklrk# e kl ki
rckgpe .ncsrxcodgklrk#) e rdghcl kl s{ ksrxdrcacodocl seocdi
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o{ir{xdi, Ksrd dhsrxdoocl) t{k le ks k~okscqd p{ksre t{k ies
dores icljsrcoes) sc le cblrcoes) sel pex ie gkles g{
skgkmdlrks bklrxe bk id gcsgd oeg{lcbdb kl {l gegklre
bdbe) ks m{srdgklrk id t{k les pkxgcrk bkaclcx id iklj{d oege
oelm{lre bk ies dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks .csejiesds# bk {ldoeg{lcbdb bk clbcqcb{es ndhidlrks) ks bkocx) bk ies dores
icljsrcoes s{acocklrkgklrk skgkmdlrks oege pdxd skx
oelscbkxdbes cblrcoes t{k sk oegpx{khdl kl ids k~pxkscelks bk
{l bkrkxgcldbe lgkxe bk clbcqcb{es, Ki rxgcle csejiesd)
clrxeb{ocbe kl id ocklocd bki iklj{dmk pex id jkejxdad icljsrcod)
bkscjld kl pxcgkx i{jdx id ilkd cbkdi t{k dhdxod ies dores
icljsrcoes oeg{lks bk ockxre rkxxcrexce) pkxe ki gcsge oelokpre
sk p{kbk oelscbkxdx dhsrxdordgklrk) ks bkocx) rdghcl kl ki
rckgpe) oege ilkd cbkdi t{k dhdxt{k ies dores icljsrcoes
oeg{lks bk ockxrd peod e bk bes e gs peods) rdghcl a{kxdbk {l kspdoce jkejxacodgklrk bkrkxgcldbe) e skd) oege ilkd)
cbkdi t{k dhdxt{k ies dspkores oeg{lks bk ies dores icljsrcoes
clbcqcb{diks, Id iklj{d ks) p{ks) {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds
oegpxehdbe kl {ld oeg{lcbdb bk ndhidlrks6 scsrkgd t{k p{kbk
skx gs dgpice e gs icgcrdbe) skjl ki lgkxe bk clbcqcb{es bk
t{k sk oegpelk id oeg{lcbdb skjl ki gdex e gklex kspdoce
e rckgpe oelscbkxdbes, Rdi scsrkgd le k~csrk sie oeloxkrdgklrk)
ks bkocx) oege scsrkgd bk dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks
kakorcqdgklrk xkjcsrxdbes) scle rdghcl qcxr{digklrk) kl id
oelocklocd bk ies ndhidlrks pkxrklkocklrks d {ld oeg{lcbdb)
oege gkgexcd bk dores icljsrcoes pxkokbklrks peschcicbdb bk
pxeb{ocx skjl s{ gebkie l{kqes dores icljsrcoes gs e gkles
cblrcoes) e skd) oegpxklschiks bklrxe bk id gcsgd oeg{lcbdb,
?,8,8, Id ocklocd t{k ksr{bcd ki iklj{dmk kl s{ ksklocd kl
s{s dspkores jklkxdiks) scl xkakxklocd d {ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd)
sk iidgd icljsrcod jklkxdi) d qkoks sk cbklrcacod oel ie t{k sk
iidgd gs pxepcdgklrk aciesead bki iklj{dmk, _cl kghdxje) sk
rxdrd bk {ld cbklrcacodocl t{k ks gkmex kqcrdx) p{ksre t{k ids bes
bcsocpiclds dbeprdl p{lres bk qcsrd bcsrclres, Id aciesead bki
iklj{dmk le ksr{bcd ki iklj{dmk kl s pex s) scle kl xkidocl oel
erxds dorcqcbdbks n{gdlds kl pxcgkx i{jdx) kl xkidocl oel ki
pklsdgcklre .pex ie o{di sk eo{pd g{ kspkocdigklrk kl
skglrcod e ocklocd bk ies scjlcacodbes#) rxdrdlbe bk ksrdhikokx
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s{ ksklocd s{ i{jdx klrxk ies aklgkles t{k gdlcacksrdl id
ksklocd bki neghxk, Ki pxehikgd a{lbdgklrdi bk id aciesead bki
iklj{dmk ks oelrksrdx d id pxkj{lrd t{ ks ki iklj{dmk5)
pxehikgd bcakxklrk bki ehmkre pxepce bk id icljsrcod) t{k
clqksrcjd le rdlre ie t{k ki iklj{dmk ks kl s{ ksklocd oege gshckl id gdlkxd oege ki iklj{dmk sk gdlcacksrd kl s{s aexgds
ncsrxcods t{k sel ids iklj{ds, Pdxd dghds ocklocds .icljsrcod
jklkxdi aciesead bki iklj{dmk# ids iklj{ds ies dores
icljsrcoes oelsrcr{kl sie gdrkxcdi bk kmkgpicacodocl) pkxe
bksbk p{lres bk qcsrd bcsrclres, Id aciesead bki iklj{dmk sk a{lbd
sehxk {ld oelokpocl aciesacod bkrkxgcldbd) sie kl xkidocl
oel ksrd oelokpocl sk xkackxk d ies aklgkles icljsrcoes
oeloxkres6 pex rdlre) le rcklk lclj{ld acldicbdb bksoxcprcqd e bk
scsrkgdrc}docl bk ies nkones icljsrcoes kgpxcodgklrk
oegpxehdbes, Id icljsrcod jklkxdi) kl odghce) sk g{kqk kl idbcxkoocl oelrxdxcd) ks bkocx t{k pdxrk bk ies aklgkles
icljsrcoes oeloxkres rxdrd bk ksrdhikokx s{s odxdorkxsrcods
jklkxdiks) bksp{s bk ndhkxies scsrkgdrc}dbe) kspkocdigklrk
sehxk id hdsk bk id clqksrcjdocl d xkdic}dbd pex ids icljsrcods
pdxrco{idxks) ksre ks) ids icljsrcods t{k ksr{bcdl) kl odbd odse)
{ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd e {l bkrkxgcldbe jx{pe bk iklj{ds,
?,8,?, G{ones icljcsrds pxkackxkl iidgdx d id icljsrcod
jklkxdi icljsrcod rkxcod e rkexd bki iklj{dmk) pdxd bksrdodx ki
odxorkx kspkocdigklrk rkxcoe gkrebeijcoe bk ksrd ocklocd)
id epelkl d id icljsrcod kgpxcod) ks bkocx) di ksr{bce pdxrco{idx
bk bkrkxgcldbds iklj{ds6 dij{les xkskxqdl ki leghxk bk
icljsrcod jklkxdi pdxd {ld ocklocd gs dgpicd) t{k dhdxod id
icljsrcod rkxcod ) di gcsge rckgpe) rebe ki oelm{lre bk
ocklocds icljsrcods jklkxdiks t{k ksr{bcdl ies6 qdxces
dspkores bki iklj{dmk .aelrcod) skglrcod) jxdgrcod jklkxdi)
ksrcisrcod) kro,#) scl xkakxklocd d {ld iklj{d bkrkxgcldbd,
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CC
KI IKLJ[DMK
Ies oelokpres bk scjle sgheie, Odxdorkxsrcods bki iklj{dmkdxrco{idbe,
4,4, Nkges bcone t{k sk p{kbk iidgdx iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx
scsrkgd bk scjles t{k scxqd pdxd id clrkxoeg{lcodocl) ks bkocx)pdxd oeg{lcodx cbkds e ksrdbes pst{coes klrxk bes e gs
clbcqcb{es, S d gkl{be sk iidgd iklj{dmk o{dit{ckx rcpe bk
oeg{lcodocl klrxk skxks odpdoks bk k~pxkscl) skdl kiies
neghxks e dlcgdiks, Kl kakore) nkones bk k~pxkscl sk ndl
oegpxehdbe rdghcl klrxk ies dlcgdiks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) sk ndl
xkdic}dbe ksr{bces sehxk ki iklj{dmk bk ids dhkmds6 ) sehxk rebe)
ies pscoiejes ndl ksr{bcdbe rdghcl erxds k~pxkscelks
scjlcacodrcqds xkjcsrxdbds kl erxes dlcgdiks) oege odhdiies)
pkxxes) kro, _cl kghdxje) ies icljcsrds le dokprdl ki iklj{dmk
dlcgdi oege ehmkre bk id clqksrcjdocl icljsrcod) pex le
xkoeleokxik ids odxdorkxsrcods ksklocdiks bki iklj{dmk n{gdle,
Kl kakore) di oelscbkxdx ids k~pxkscelks dlcgdiks oege
iklj{dmks) ks bkocx) oege scsrkgds bk scjles) sk drxch{k d ksk
ircge rxgcle .scjle# {l scjlcacodbe g{ dgpice ) kl pdxrk)
bcso{rchik, Ie t{k klrklbkges oeglgklrk pex scjle ks {l
clsrx{gklre t{k ksr pex {ld cbkd) {l oelokpre e {l
sklrcgcklre) oel ies o{diks ki scjle gcsge le oeclocbk= {l
clsrx{gklre t{k kqeod) kl pdxrco{idx) {l oelokpre kl qcxr{b bk
{ld oelqklocl bk do{kxbe oel {ld rxdbcocl bkrkxgcldbd)
pkxe t{k le rcklk oel ki oelokpre kqeodbe lclj{ld xkidocl
lkoksdxcd bk od{sd d kakore e qcokqkxsd, Ies pscoiejes) ) klrxk
kiies) kl pdxrco{idx ies hkndqcexcsrds) t{k iidgdl oelrk~re d
o{dit{ckx oelm{lre bk nkones t{k sk klo{klrxdl oeglgklrk kl
{ld q xkidocl lkoksdxcd e) pex ie gkles) ndhcr{di) oelscbkxdl
oege scjles ies nkones gcsges bk {l oelrk~re) kl id
gkbcbd kl t{k ki pxksklrdxsk bk {le bk kiies xkoidgd e cgpicod id
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peschcicbdb e lkokscbdb bk t{k sk pxksklrk.l# rdghcl erxe.s#
nkone.s# pkxrklkocklrk.s# di gcsge oelrk~re, Dpicodlbe ksrkp{lre bk qcsrd di iklj{dmk n{gdle) ies ksr{bceses di{bcbes
oelscbkxdl ies scjles bk srk .ids pdidhxds# oege {ld kspkock bk
ksrg{ies d ies t{k oexxkspelbkxdl oege xkdoocelksbkrkxgcldbds cgjklks, Ksrd oelokpocl rcklk) scl b{bd) s{s
skxces a{lbdgklres bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd pscoeijcoe) pkxe lep{kbk k~picodx kl aexgd sdrcsadorexcd ki sdire bki scjle nkone
di scjle s{srcr{ocl e clsrx{gklre oelqkloceldi kikgklre bko{ir{xd pkxrklkocklrk d {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb,
4,8, Pex erxd pdxrk) d{l dbgcrcklbe oege m{srcacodbd id
dldiejd klrxk kses bes rcpes bk scjles) pebkges bkocx
scgpikgklrk t{k id icljsrcod rxdrd sie bki skj{lbe rcpe) ks
bkocx) sie bk ies scjles t{k rcklkl qdiex scghicoe) e skd) bk iest{k sel rdghcl) d{lt{k le k~oi{scqdgklrk) sgheies, Ks
epexr{le xkoexbdx) d ksrk pxepscre) id odxdorkxc}docl bki scjleicljsrcoe bdbd pex ki ksr{bcese d{srxdoe Fdxi Hnikx kl s{
Rkexd bki iklj{dmk V_pxdonrnkexck) Mkld) 43?2= rx, ksp,) Gdbxcb)43;0W= ki scjle icljsrcoe ks slregd oege k~pxkscl bki
ndhidlrk) ks bkocx) kl o{dlre gdlcacksrd dije dokxod bk t{ckl iepxeb{ok6 ks skdi kl xkidocl oel ki eklrk) e skd) oel s{xkokprex6 ks sgheie kl xkidocl oel s{ scjlcacodbe xkdi) ks
bkocx) kl o{dlre bkscjld d rxdqs bk {l oelokpre .e) bksbk kip{lre bk qcsrd pscoeijcoe) d rxdqs bk {ld cgdjkl# dije t{k
pkxrklkok d {ld xkdicbdb t{k ks) e pex ie gkles sk oelscbkxd)clbkpklbcklrk rdlre bki ndhidlrk oege bki eklrk, _c dbgcrcgesid qdicbk} bk ksrk oelokpre bk scjle) d le pebkges iidgdx
pxepcdgklrk scjles d ids k~pxkscelks bki iklj{dmk dlcgdi= klkakore) ki iklj{dmk dlcgdi oexxkspelbk) skjl pdxkok) d {ld
k~ocrdocl ascod e acsceijcod) d {ld xkdoocl qcrdi bk odxorkx
kikgklrdi t{k le cgpicod lclj{ld epkxdocl scgheic}dlrk, Kiiklj{dmk dlcgdi skxd) pex oelscj{cklrk) {l psk{beiklj{dmk) sk
bcsrclj{cxd a{lbdgklrdigklrk bki iklj{dmk bki neghxk pex lerklkx s{s scjles ki qdiex scghicoe oelqkloceldi t{k rcklkl
ies scjles bk ies iklj{dmks n{gdles= ies scjles dlcgdiksoexxkspelbkxdl gs hckl d ids xkdoocelks kikgklrdiks t{k kl ids
gdlcaksrdocelks n{gdlds sel ies jxcres t{k le oelsrcr{kl
pxepcdgklrk k~pxkscl icljsrcod,
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4,?, _k nd oegpxehdbe) dbkgs) t{k d{l ies jxcres bki
neghxk) kl s{ aexgd gs kidhexdbd) xkpxksklrdbd pex ids
clrkxmkoocelks) rcklkl sckgpxk odxorkx oelqkloceldi
rxdbcoceldi) ks bkocx) odxorkx bk sgheies oelqkloceldigklrk
dokprdbes pex {ld oeg{lcbdb, Kl kakore) clrkxmkoocelksalcodgklrk cblrcods p{kbkl gdlcaksrdx oesds bcsrclrds) ks bkocx)
rklkx bcsrclrd scjlcacodocl) kl bcsrclrds oeg{lcbdbks icljsrcods,
Ie gcsge odhk bkocx bk ids elegdrepkds) t{k kl ki iklj{dmk
n{gdle cgcrdl e rxdrdl bk xkpxeb{ocx x{cbes ldr{xdiks e qeoks bk
dlcgdiks, Kl kakore) ksr oegpxehdbe t{k ki skx n{gdle le
xkpxeb{ok l{lod k~dordgklrk kses x{cbes ksds qeoks= kl id
iidgdbd xkpxeb{oocl nd sckgpxk {l dspkore scghicoe
oelqkloceldi) e skd) dije t{k pkxrklkok d {ld rxdbcocl
icljsrcod) ie o{di les xkqkid t{k ies selcbes ldr{xdiks) gs hckl
t{k xkpxeb{ocxsk) sk clrkxpxkrdl oelqkloceldigklrk) bk gdlkxdbcsrclrd) skjl ids bcsrclrds oeg{lcbdbks icljsrcods, Ds) id qe}
bki pdre) pdxd bdx {l seie kmkgpie) sk cgcrd bk gebe d qkoks
rerdigklrk bcakxklrk kl ies bcsrclres cbcegds= ksp, o{d'o{d) odrdi,
gkon'gkon) ax, oe{cl'oe{cl) cr, t{do't{do) x{g, gdo'gdo) dikg,
t{cof't{dof) bdls xdp'xdp, Oege sk qk) ie lcoe t{k t{kbd
oelsrdlrk ks id cbkd hdsrdlrk qdjd bk {l gelesidhe xkpkrcbe,
8,4, T{kbd) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe t{k ies scjles bki iklj{dmk
n{gdle rcklkl sckgpxk qdiex scghicoe) ks bkocx) {l qdiex t{k le
xkscbk kl ies scjles gdrkxcdiks oege rdiks di t{k sres sie sk
xkackxkl, Pkxe) d{l ds) id bkaclcocl bki iklj{dmk scj{k scklbe
bkgdscdbe dgpicd sc t{kxkges xkakxcxid di iklj{dmk t{k
oelsrcr{k ki ehmkre pxepce bk id icljsrcod, Kl kakore) ies
scsrkgds bk scjles scghicoes t{k id n{gdlcbdb kgpikd sel
hdsrdlrk l{gkxeses= dbkgs bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe) sk p{kbkl
oelscbkxdx oege iklj{dmks rebes ies scsrkgds bk skdidgcklre
.oel hdlbkxcrds) oel skdiks i{gclesds) kro,# o{dit{ckx erxe
scsrkgd t{k k~pxksk e oeg{lct{k dije scghicod
oelqkloceldigklrk, Ksre doelrkok) pex kmkgpie) oel ki dxrk hdme
rebes s{s dspkores) bksbk id gscod ndsrd id bdl}d) oel ies
jksres) id ksoxcr{xd ies qdxces iklj{dmks scghicoes
oelqkloceldiks) bksbk ki bk ids aiexks e ki bk ies ldcpks ndsrd
ki bk ids skdiks bki rxacoe, _cl kghdxje) nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k
g{ones bk ksres iklj{dmks sel rxdb{ochiks di iklj{dmk
dxrco{idbe= ks bkocx t{k s{s scjles sk p{kbkl rxdb{ocx
k~dordgklrk gkbcdlrk pdidhxds) e scgpikgklrk xkpxksklrdl
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pdidhxds e axdsks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) id ksoxcr{xd) kl s{s dspkores
gs oeg{lks) ks scgpikgklrk {l scsrkgd bk scjles scghicoes
pdxdikie di iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe) d t{k xkpxeb{ok d srk pex gkbce
bk erxes scjles, Le rebd ksoxcr{xd) pex s{p{ksre) d t{k id
ksoxcr{xd pcorejxacod) {sdbd pex g{ones p{khies pxcgcrcqes)le rxdb{ok pdxdikidgklrk axdsks pdidhxds6 rdgpeoe ie ndok
pxepcdgklrk id ksoxcr{xd cbkejxacod) pex kmkgpie) id bk ies
oncles) t{k le xkpxksklrd pdidhxds alcods scle cbkds) oelokpres)
oelsrcr{k pex rdlre {l scsrkgd kl jxdl pdxrk d{rlege) t{k sk
p{kbk ikkx scl pdidhxds sk pebxd clrkxpxkrdx) le sie kl
oncle) scle rdghcl kl o{dit{ckx erxe cbcegd, Pkxe ids ksoxcr{xds
gs {s{diks) oege id scihcod id aelrcod) xkpxeb{okl
kakorcqdgklrk) oel gdex e gklex k~dorcr{b) ki ndhid dxrco{idbd,
_cl kghdxje) le ks rdi ki odse bk erxes bk ies iklj{dmks
gkloceldbes) pex kmkgpie) bk ies scsrkgds clrkxldoceldiks bkskdiks) bk ies jksres ) g{ kl pdxrco{idx) bki dxrk) t{k le sk
rxdb{ok pxepcdgklrk) scle t{k sie p{kbk clrkxpxkrdxsk pex
gkbce bki iklj{dmk ndhidbe) oel ki o{di) kl xcjex) le pxksklrd
pdxdikicsge lclj{le, [l o{dbxe) pex kmkgpie) p{kbk skx
clrkxpxkrdbe bk bcsrclrds gdlkxds kl o{dit{ckx cbcegd e)
rdghcl) pex gkbce bk erxes scsrkgds bk sgheies= pex
kmkgpie) gkbcdlrk erxes iklj{dmks dxrsrcoes) oege id gscod,
8,8, Id icljsrcod le p{kbk skx) pex rdlre ocklocd jklkxdi
bk ies iklj{dmks t{k oelsrcr{kl gs hckl ki ehmkre bk id
iidgdbd skgceiejd) scle t{k rxdrd k~oi{scqdgklrk) kl pxcgkx
i{jdx) bki iklj{dmk dxrco{idbe ) kl skj{lbe i{jdx) bk ies bkgs
scsrkgds t{k sie xkpxeb{okl d srk,
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4>
CCC
KI DORE ICLJ_RCOE
_{ odxorkx bk oxkdocl clbcrd s{s igcrks,
4, Nkges qcsre t{k) kl aexgd oeloxkrd) le k~csrkl iklj{ds)
scle sie dores icljsrcoes bk k~pxkscl oeg{lcodocl)bcsrclres bk {l clbcqcb{e d erxe bcsrclres) rdghcl) kl ki gcsge
clbcqcb{e) skjl ids ocxo{lsrdlocds, Lcljl scjle icljsrcoe
rcklk k~dordgklrk id gcsgd aexgd ki gcsge qdiex .scjlcacodbe#
pdxd rebes ies clbcqcb{es t{k ie kgpikdl kl rebes ies
gegklres kl t{k sk kgpikd, Kl ki iklj{dmk k~csrk cbklrcbdb klrxk
clr{cocl k~pxkscl) p{ks odbd clbcqcb{e t{k ndhid k~pxksd
lrkjxdgklrk) pdxd s gcsge) ies oelrklcbes bk s{ oelocklocd)
gds le k~csrk cbklrcbdb klrxk k~pxkscl oeg{lcodocl) klrxk
k~pxkscl xkokpocl) klrxk id k~pxkscl bk {l clbcqcb{e D id
clr{cocl t{k id gcsgd pxeb{ok kl {l clbcqcb{e H, _cklbe
sckgpxk k~pxkscl bk {ld clr{cocl clbcrd lcod) ki dore
icljsrcoe ks dore bk oxkdocl) dore sclj{idx t{k le xkpxeb{ok
k~dordgklrk lcljl dore icljsrcoe dlrkxcex t{k sie pex ies
igcrks t{k ik cgpelk id lkokscbdb bk id clrkxoeg{lcodocl seocdi
sk pdxkok d dores icljsrcoes dlrkxcexks) pkxrklkocklrks d id
k~pkxcklocd bk {ld oeg{lcbdb, Ks bkocx t{k ki dore icljsrcoe
ks) pex s{ ldr{xdik}d) dore kgclklrkgklrk clbcqcb{di) pkxe
qclo{idbe seocdigklrk pex s{ gcsgd acldicbdb) t{k ks id bk
bkocx d erxes dije dokxod bk dije,
8,4, Ki oelokpre bk dore icljsrcoe t{c}s ki gs
cgpexrdlrk bk id icljsrcod gebkxld ks di gcsge rckgpe ki
gs oegpikme ) d pksdx bk oexxkspelbkx d id lcod xkdicbdb
oeloxkrd bki iklj{dmk) nd scbe ki ircge kl skx diodl}dbe pex id
clqksrcjdocl icljsrcod, Bksbk ies jxdgrcoes jxckjes ndsrd ki
scjie ^C^) sk ndhi sckgpxk k~oi{scqdgklrk bk iklj{ds)
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oelscbkxdbds oege scsrkgds xjcbes oege nkones xkdigklrk
k~csrklrks) d pksdx bk t{k ids iklj{ds sie p{kbkl ksrdhikokxsk
ehmkrcqdgklrk sehxk id hdsk) d pdxrcx) bk ies dores oeloxkres bk
ndhidx, Gs dl= kl ki scje ^C^) d oelsko{klocd bki bksdxxeiie bk
ids ocklocds ldr{xdiks bk id dpicodocl bk s{s grebes d idclqksrcjdocl icljsrcod) sk iikj d oelscbkxdx ids iklj{ds oege
exjdlcsges ldr{xdiks clbkpklbcklrks bk ies clbcqcb{es ndhidlrks=
sk dacxg) bk ksrk gebe) id cbkd bk t{k ids iklj{ds) oege ies
exjdlcsges ldr{xdiks) ldokl) oxkokl g{kxkl) id bk iklj{ds
gdbxks iklj{ds ncmds, Cbkds) kqcbklrkgklrk) kt{cqeodbds)
d t{k ids iklj{ds pkxrklkokl d id odrkjexd bk ids a{locelks
seocdiks) bk ids o{diks) kgpikdlbe {ld cgdjkl) sk p{kbk) pex
s{p{ksre) bkocx t{k g{kxkl) pkxe bk lclj{ld gdlkxd t{k
g{kxkl oege ies skxks qcqes, Ids iklj{ds bksdpdxkokl pext{k
bksdpdxkok id oeg{lcbdb t{k ids ndhid e pext{k id oeg{lcbdbgcsgd ids dhdlbeld pdxd dbeprdx erxd iklj{d) pkxe) pex ie
oegl) kqei{oceldl) ks bkocx t{k odghcdl ncsrxcodgklrk)
oege rebds ids a{locelks seocdiks, Ki jxckje gebkxle) pex
kmkgpie) ks id oelrcl{docl bki jxckje dlrcj{e) e skd t{k ks ki
gcsge jxckje dlrcj{e t{k sk nd rxdlsaexgdbe jxdb{digklrk) d ie
idxje bk ies scjies, Ds) rdghcl) o{dlbe bkocges t{k ki idrl ks
{ld iklj{d g{kxrd) id k~pxkscl sk m{srcacod sie kl o{dlre les
xkakxcges) peljdges) di idrl bk Ocokxl) e skd) d {ld iklj{d
oegl icrkxdxcd t{k d le sk kgpikd {s{digklrk) kl o{dlre d
le iidgdges idrl d ies cbcegds xegdloks) t{k xkpxksklrdl s{
oelrcl{docl) ks bkocx) s{ ksrdbe dor{di,
8,8,4, Id qdiexdocl bki dore icljsrcoe oege dspkore
a{lbdgklrdi bki iklj{dmk sk bkhk) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) d Z, qel
N{gheibr) d t{ckl sk oelscbkxd) m{srdgklrk) a{lbdbex bk id
icljsrcod jklkxdi, Kl kakore) N{gheibr) kl id clrxeb{oocl d s{
ehxd sehxk id iklj{d fdzc bk id csid bk Mdqd .p{hicodbd pesr{gd
kl 4>?1#) bcsrclj{c pex pxcgkxd qk} ies bes dspkores
a{lbdgklrdiks bki iklj{dmk= ki iklj{dmk oege klxjkcd) ks bkocx)
oege oelrcl{d oxkdocl bk dores icljsrcoes clbcqcb{diks) oege
dije bclgcoe t{k le ksr nkone bk {ld qk} pex rebds scle t{k sk
ndok oelrcl{dgklrk) ) pex erxd pdxrk) ki iklj{dmk oege kxjel)
qdik bkocx) oege pxeb{ore e oesd nkond) oege scsrkgd
ncsrxcodgklrk xkdic}dbe .iklj{d#, Oel ksrd bcsrclocl)
N{gheibr bce {ld l{kqd excklrdocl d ies ksr{bces icljsrcoes6
pkxe kl s{ rckgpe le sk r{qe g{ond o{klrd bk rebe ie t{k kiid
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cgpicodhd ) b{xdlrk odsc rebe ki scjie pdsdbe) id gdex pdxrk bkies icljcsrds scj{ckxel ndhidlbe bk ids iklj{ds oege aklgkles
clbkpklbcklrks bk ies clbcqcb{es,
8,8,8, _ie g{one gs rdxbk) kl s{s o{xses bk icljsrcodjklkxdi bcordbes kl ies pxcgkxes des bk l{ksrxe scjie kl id
[lcqkxscbdb bk Jclkhxd) ki sdhce s{c}e Akxbcldlb bk _d{ss{xk
bksrdo l{kqdgklrk ies bes dspkores ksklocdiks bki iklj{dmk
iidglbeies) xkspkorcqdgklrk) pdxeik .ndhid) dore icljsrcoe#
idlj{k .iklj{d#, Id idlj{k oelsrcr{k) skjl _d{ss{xk) id lexgd)
ki scsrkgd icljsrcoe t{k sk xkdic}d kl ki ndhidx) pkxrklkok d id
seockbdb6 id pdxeik ks id dorcqcbdb bk ndhidx pkxrklkok di
clbcqcb{e, Ehmkre bk id icljsrcod) skjl ki gcsge ksr{bcese) ks
kl pxcgkx i{jdx ki scsrkgd) e skd) id idlj{k6 pkxe) pex erxe idbe) ki
icljcsrd le p{kbk bksoeleokx id pdxeik) d t{k) bk do{kxbe oel{ld rkscs bki pxepce _d{ss{xk) ldbd k~csrk kl id iklj{d t{k le
ndd k~csrcbe dlrks kl ki ndhid, Ids cbkds sesrklcbds pex
_d{ss{xk t{kbdxel pex {l rckgpe kl ki dghcklrk bk s{s di{gles
bk Jclkhxd) p{ksre t{k sie kl 4341 sk p{hico) pesr{ge) s{
Oe{xs bk iclj{csrct{k jklxdik) kidhexdbe pex s{s bcsop{ies
Ondxiks Hdii D, _konkndk, Klrxkrdlre) rdghcl erxes
ksr{bceses bksrdodhdl ki qdiex bki dore icljsrcoe) kl pxcgkx
i{jdx ki dikgl Fdxi Qessikx) t{ckl) hdme id clai{klocd bki
cbkdicsge aciesacoe g{ kl pdxrco{idx bk Hklkbkrre Oxeok)
xkdoocel oelrxd ki pescrcqcsge icljsrcoe oelrxd id
oelscbkxdocl ldr{xdicsrd bki iklj{dmk) xkdl{bdlbe bcxkordgklrk
cbkds bk N{gheibr k clscsrcklbe kl id cgpexrdlocd bki clbcqcb{e
oege oxkdbex bk iklj{dmk) ks bkocx) kl ki dspkore di t{k
N{gheibr ndhd iidgdbe klxjkcd .Pescrqcsg{s {ld Cbkdicsg{s
cl bkx _pxdonzcssklondar) Nkcbkihkxj) 4302 Vrxdb, ksp,) Gdbxcb'
H{kles Dcxks) 4383W#, Bk ksrd gdlkxd) bes icljcsrds bk
aexgdocl rklbklocds oegpikrdgklrk bcsrclrds) {l pescrcqcsrd
._d{ss{xk# {l cbkdicsrd .Qessikx# iikjdhdl) pex qds bcqkxsds) d
ksrdhikokx l{kqdgklrk id bcsrclocl klrxk iklj{d dore
icljsrcoe t{k ne sk xkoeleok oege cgpxksoclbchik,
8,8,?, Dbkgs) Qessikx clscsrd) klrxk erxds oesds) kl id
cgpexrdlocd bk {l adorex ndsrd klreloks odsc cjlexdbe pex ies
icljcsrds= kl ki eklrk, Kl kakore) ki dore icljsrcoe) pex s{
gcsgd acldicbdb) t{k ks id bk oeg{lcodx dije d dij{ckl) cgpicod
sckgpxk) pex ie gkles) bes clbcqcb{es= {l ndhidlrk {l eklrk,
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K~csrkl) pex s{p{ksre) dores icljsrcoes t{k) kl ockxre sklrcbe) sk
pebxdl oelscbkxdx p{xdgklrk clbcqcb{diks) oege ki gelieje e
ki ndhidx oelscje gcsge, Pkxe rdiks dores icljsrcoes kspkocdiks
sie les xkqkidl t{k ki iklj{dmk ks {l nhcre) d t{k) di ndhidx
oel leserxes gcsges) ks oege sc les oelscbkxxdgesbksbehidbes= les ndhidges kl id iklj{d bk l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb)
bk id gcsgd gdlkxd oege oeg{lcodxdges dije d dij{ckl
bcsrclre bk leserxes, Ki gcsge nkone les xkqkid) rdghcl) t{k ki
dore icljsrcoe le pkxrklkok k~oi{scqdgklrk di .7 d {l#
clbcqcb{e) oege dacxgdhd _d{ss{xk) scle t{k ks) di gcsge
rckgpe) {l nkone clbcqcb{di {l nkone seocdi= nkone clbcqcb{di)
kl o{dlre ki clbcqcb{e ndhidlrk k~pxksd bk {ld gdlkxd clbcrd
{ld clr{cocl clbcrd t{k ik pkxrklkok k~oi{scqdgklrk6 nkone
seocdi) kl o{dlre ki clbcqcb{e le oxkd lrkjxdgklrk s{ k~pxkscl
scle t{k gs hckl id xkoxkd bk do{kxbe oel gebkies dlrkxcexks)ks bkocx t{k sk segkrk lkoksdxcdgklrk d ie t{k oelsrcr{k lexgd
kl s{ oeg{lcbdb le sk dikmd bkgdscdbe bk ksd lexgd) se pkld
bk t{kbdx cloegpxklbcbe, Ks qkxbdb t{k l{lod sk p{kbk dacxgdx
t{k {ld k~pxkscl bk {l clbcqcb{e D skd pkxakordgklrk
oegpxklbcbd pex {l clbcqcb{e H) eklrk) e skd) t{k id pkxokpocl
bk {l dore icljsrcoe pxeb{}od kl ki xkokprex k~dordgklrk
dt{kiid gcsgd clr{cocl d id t{k id k~pxkscl oexxkspelbk kl ki
ndhidlrk6 pkxe) pex erxe idbe) rdgpeoe sk p{kbk dacxgdx t{k ndd
dore icljsrcoe oegpikre o{dlbe adird rerdigklrk id
oegpxklscl) t{k ks id acldicbdb gcsgd bki ndhidx,
?, T{kbd) p{ks) ksrdhikocbe t{k ki dore icljsrcoe) oege
dore bk xkidocl klrxk bes clbcqcb{es pex ie gkles) cgpicod
lkoksdxcdgklrk= {ld clr{cocl {ld k~pxkscl bki clbcqcb{e D
{ld pkxokpocl {ld cgdjkl .l{kqd clr{cocl# bk {l clbcqcb{e
H, Ksrd oegpikmcbdb bki dore icljsrcoe xkaikmd id oegpikmcbdb
gcsgd bki iklj{dmk oelsrcr{k) di gcsge rckgpe) id xd}l
lrcgd bki odghce icljsrcoe, Kl kakore) {l dore icljsrcoe bk
l{ksrxe clbcqcb{e D sk oxkd sehxk ki gebkie bk dores icljsrcoes
dlrkxcexks) pkxe le ks l{lod rerdigklrk cblrcoe d sres, _k nd
oegpxehdbe t{k cloi{se {l selcbe rdl scgpik oege ki bki
aelkgd d le sk pxel{locd pxorcodgklrk l{lod k~dordgklrk bk id
gcsgd gdlkxd pex clbcqcb{es bcsrclres lc sct{ckxd pex ki gcsge
clbcqcb{e kl bcsrclrds ocxo{lsrdlocds= ie t{k iidgdges d ks) kl
xkdicbdb) {l oelm{lre bk bcsrclrds xkdic}docelks dosrcods6 {ld
xkdic}docl dosrcod d oelscbkxdbd dcsidbdgklrk le ks scle {l
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kmkgpie bk {ld klrcbdb d dhsrxdord) bk ie t{k iidgdges ki
aelkgd d) e skd) {l kmkgpie bk {ld oidsk, Ds) rdghcl) {ldpdidhxd oeloxkrd pkxxe le ks scle {l kmkgpie bk id oidsk bki doreicljsrcoe pkxxe oelscbkxdbe dhsrxdordgklrk, Ks bkocx t{k ki
clbcqcb{e oxkd s{s dores icljsrcoes sehxk gebkies t{k j{dxbdkl s{ gkgexcd) ksre ks) xkoxkd dores icljsrcoes dlrkxcexgklrkk~pkxcgklrdbes ) di xkoxkdxies) ies gebcacod kl ockxrd gkbcbd kls{ aexgd e kl s{ oelrklcbe) e rdghcl kl dghes dspkores, sre)pex ie t{k oelockxlk di ndhidx, Pex erxe idbe) ie t{k eo{xxk kl kiclbcqcb{e D le sk xkpcrk l{lod bk gdlkxd cblrcod) lc oegepkxokpocl lc oege clr{cocl) kl ki clbcqcb{e H= ks bkocx t{ksckgpxk nd {l gdxjkl) d{lt{k glcge) bk cloegpxklscl, Kiieeo{xxk rdlre pex xd}elks p{xdgklrk ascods .dosrcods# oege pexxd}elks gs cgpexrdlrks) bkhcbds d ids bcsrclrds scr{docelks kl
t{k lkoksdxcdgklrk sk klo{klrxdl ies bes clbcqcb{esoelscbkxdbes) e rdghcl d ids bcsrclrds oelqklocelksicljsrcods kl t{k ki ndhidlrk ki eklrk sk klo{klrxdl e skscrdl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) ies bes clbcqcb{es p{kbkl pkxrklkokx dbcsrclrds odrkjexds seocdiks e o{ir{xdiks) e d bcsrclrdsoeg{lcbdbks xkjceldiks) e p{kbkl scr{dxsk kl {ld oelqkloclp{xdgklrk ijcod) ks bkocx) bk gkxd oeg{lcodocl scghicodehmkrcqd lk{rxd) scl lcljl qdiex dakorcqe) e kl {ldoelqklocl ksrcisrcod) ks bkocx) bk oeg{lcodocl bksklrcgcklres bk cgp{ises bk qei{lrdb) oeg{lcodocl t{ksehxkpdsd id scjlcacodocl p{xdgklrk scghicod bk ies scjleskgpikdbes,
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8?
CQ
ID IKLJ[D
Oxcrkxces pdxd s{ bkicgcrdocl, Iklj{d ldoceldi) oegl) icrkxdxcd,Iklj{ds kspkocdiks, Iklj{d bcdikore,
4,4, Ki rkxokx oelokpre a{lbdgklrdi t{k id icljsrcod rcklk
t{k doidxdx ks ki oelokpre bk iklj{d) d t{k) kl kakore) idxkdic}docl bk id ado{irdb bki iklj{dmk pxepcd bk ies neghxks
le eo{xxk bk gebe {lcaexgk) scle hdme l{gkxesscgds aexgds
ncsrxcods t{k sk iidgdl oeglgklrk iklj{ds,
4,8, Pkxe t{ t{ckxk bkocx iklj{dx5 Le t{kxkges sct{ckxd
xkoexbdx ki sklrcbe gexaeijcoe .dldrgcoe# bk ksrk rxgcle e
s{s l{gkxeses sklrcbes acj{xdbes le oelokxlcklrks di iklj{dmk)
p{ks d s{ kgpike icljsrcoe) ks bkocx) oege bkscjldocl bk {ld
aexgd bki iklj{dmk) xks{ird qdxcdbscge les pidlrkd {l dxb{e
pxehikgd bk bkaclcocl, _k bcok) pex kmkgpie) t{k rdi e o{di
pkxseld sdhk g{onds iklj{ds6 pkxe sk p{kbk bkocx rdghcl= id
iklj{d bk Okxqdlrks) id iklj{d bk Gelrkqcbke) id iklj{d bk
Dlbdi{od) id iklj{d bk ies gdxcles) id iklj{d kspdeid bki _cjie
bk Exe) jxdgrcod bk id iklj{d kspdeid) id iklj{d kspdeid
bksbk ies exjklks ndsrd l{ksrxes bds) kro,) kl odbd {ld bk
ksrds k~pxkscelks ki rxgcle rcklk {l sklrcbe bcsrclre= gs dgpice
e gs icgcrdbe) kl ki rckgpe e kl ki kspdoce,
8,4, Kl xkdicbdb) oege qcges) ki oelokpre jklkxdi bk
iklj{d) e) gkmex) id iklj{d kl jklkxdi ks {ld dhsrxdoocl
l{ksrxd= bk nkone) sk oegpx{khdl sie dores icljsrcoes
clbcqcb{diks gs e gkles skgkmdlrks t{k) pex oegebcbdb
gkrebeijcod) p{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk cblrcoes, [ld iklj{d le ks)
p{ks) scle ki oelm{lre bk ies dores icljsrcoes pxorcodgklrk
cblrcoes bk {ld oeg{lcbdb bk clbcqcb{es) {l scsrkgd bk
csejiesds oelqkloceldigklrk ksrdhikocbe) t{k dhdxod ie oegl
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bk ids k~pxkscelks bk {ld oeg{lcbdb) e rdghcl bk {l seie
clbcqcb{e kl bcsrclrds peods, Dbkgs bk k~csrcx oege oelm{lre
bk dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks oeloxkrdgklrk k~pxksdbes) id
iklj{d k~csrk rdghcl oege oelm{lre bk dores icljsrcoes
oeg{lks qcxr{diks= kl id oelocklocd bk odbd {le bk leserxesk~csrk id iklj{d oege scsrkgd) oege gebkie) ki gcsge gebkie
k~csrk rdghcl) d{lt{k le kl aexgd rerdigklrk cblrcod) kl ids
bkgs pkxselds t{k pkxrklkokl d l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb, Ds) p{ks)
ies dores icljsrcoes xkjcsrxdbes kl {ld oeg{lcbdb sel sie gs
e gkles oeg{lks) pkxe) pdxd oelscbkxdxies bksbk ki p{lre bk
qcsrd ocklracoe) ndokges dhsrxdoocl bk ies dspkores t{k ies
bcakxklocdl, _k rxdrd bk {ld dhsrxdoocl pkxakordgklrk iocrd t{k
sk kgpikd kl rebds ids ocklocds t{k ksr{bcdl aklgkles
oeloxkres= ks) kl ksklocd) dliejd id dhsrxdoocl t{k ndok) pex
kmkgpie) ki herlcoe di ksr{bcdx ki xhei) bkmdlbe d {l idbe rebdsids pdxrco{idxcbdbks t{k pkxrklkokl d ies xheiks clbcqcb{diks
le di xhei oege oidsk, Xks{ird bk ie bcone) dbkgs) t{k) bksbk
ki p{lre bk qcsrd p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) ki igcrk klrxk ids
iklj{ds ks oelqkloceldi) oege rdghcl ie ks ki igcrk klrxk ies
bcdikores= bkpklbk bk ids csejiesds t{k sk oelscbkxkl) p{ks odsc
le nd csejiesds t{k oeclocbdl k~dordgklrk kl {l bkrkxgcldbe
rkxxcrexce,
8,8, Id bkaclcocl bk id iklj{d oege scsrkgd bk csejiesds
m{srcacod ies qdxces kgpikes bki rxgcle kl ies kmkgpies t{k sk
ndl db{ocbe gs dxxchd, Ds) pex kmkgpie) iklj{d kspdeid
scjlcacod ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bk ies kspdeiks
bk rebes ies clbcqcb{es t{k pkxrklkokl d id oeg{lcbdb icljsrcod
kspdeid) ks bkocx) o{es dores icljsrcoes sel kl g~cgd pdxrk
ies oeg{lks kl Kspdd, Id iklj{d bk Gelrkqcbke ks ki scsrkgd
bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bk ksrd oc{bdb) ks bkocx) ki oelm{lre bk
dores icljsrcoes oeg{lks d ies gelrkqcbkdles, Id iklj{d bk ies
gdxcles ks ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds odxdorkxsrcoe bki iklj{dmk
rolcoe bk ies gdxcles) gcklrxds t{k kl id k~pxkscl jxdgrcod bk
id iklj{d kspdeid) ki rxgcle iklj{d bkscjld ockxre scsrkgd bk
csejiesds t{k sk regd oege gebkie bk k~pxkscl
oeg{lcodocl ncsplcod) kl id axdsk id iklj{d kspdeid bksbk
s{s exjklks ndsrd l{ksrxes bds ki gcsge rxgcle bkscjld {l
scsrkgd bk csejiesds oelscbkxdbe kl s{ bksdxxeiie d rxdqs bki
rckgpe) bksbk {l scsrkgd D .idrl# ndsrd {l scsrkgd H .kspdei
dor{di#, Dbkgs) ki oelokpre bk scsrkgd bk csejiesds les pkxgcrk
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kgpikdx ki rxgcle iklj{d d{l xkacxclbeles d {l seie clbcqcb{e=pex kmkgpie) id iklj{d bk Okxqdlrks ks ki scsrkgd odxdorkxsrcoebk csejiesds t{k sk p{kbk bkb{ocx bk ids ehxds bk ksrk ksoxcrex,Kl odbd odse sk rxdrd) p{ks) bk {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds, srd ks)
pex rdlre) id bkaclcocl gs dgpicd gs k~dord bki rxgcleiklj{d,
8,?, Xks{ird gs oidxd dnexd id bcakxklocd klrxk id iklj{d bkies peijieres id iklj{d bk ies icljcsrds= gcklrxds t{k kipeijiere oeleok pxorcodgklrk {l bkrkxgcldbe scsrkgd bkcsejiesds) pkxrklkocklrk d ockxre gegklre ncsrxcoe) di icljcsrdik clrkxksdl rebes ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds t{k sk p{kbkloelsrcr{cx sehxk id hdsk bk {l oelm{lre bk dores icljsrcoes)bklrxe bki kspdoce ki rckgpe) rebes ies scsrkgds bk csejiesds d
t{k sk p{kbkl drxch{cx ksres e dt{kiies dores icljsrcoes, Ds)pex kmkgpie) pebkges oelscbkxdx oege scsrkgd bk csejiesds kindhid pdxrco{idx bk {ld ieodicbdb .Gelrkqcbke#) e bk gsieodicbdbks .ki kspdei xcepidrklsk#) e bk rebds ids aexgds t{kp{kbk ds{gcx ki kspdei) e bk rebes ies cbcegds lkeidrcles.oelscbkxdbes) kl ksrk odse) oege aexgds dor{diks bk id iklj{didrcld#) e bk rebes ies cbcegds clbek{xepkes .oelscbkxdbes oegeaexgds dor{diks bk id iklj{d clbek{xepkd#, Bksbk i{kje) odbdscsrkgd bk csejiesds dhdxod sie ies dores icljsrcoes oeg{lkskl ki oelm{lre oelscbkxdbe ) pex kiie) o{dlre gs dgpice ks kiscsrkgd bk csejiesds oelscbkxdbe kl ki kspdoce e kl ki rckgpe)rdlre gklex ks ki lgkxe bk csejiesds t{k ie oelsrcr{kl) qcokqkxsd, Ds) pex kmkgpie) ki scsrkgd lkeidrcle oelrcklk gklescsejiesds t{k ki scsrkgd kspdei gs t{k ki scsrkgdclbek{xepke, S) d s{ qk}) ki scsrkgd kspdei oelrcklk gklescsejiesds t{k ki scsrkgd xcepidrklsk,
?,4, _cl kghdxje) nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k ies icljcsrds lendhidl oeglgklrk bk {ld iklj{d idrcld dor{di . gkles dl bk{ld iklj{d clbek{xepkd dor{di# scle bksbk {l p{lre bk qcsrdrkxcoe) gcklrxds t{k pxorcodgklrk ndhidl bk iklj{ds lkeidrcldse xeglcods bk iklj{ds clbek{xepkds, Ksre) pext{k) kl idbkicgcrdocl {s{di bk ids iklj{ds oege oelm{lrescbklrcacodhiks d{rleges bk rxdbcocelks bki ndhidx .iklj{dsncsrxcods e cbcegds#) sk rcklkl kl o{klrd le sie oxcrkxcesksrxcordgklrk icljsrcoes) scle rdghcl oxcrkxces ncsrxcoes)peircoes) o{ir{xdiks) kro, Kl kakore) ks peschik ksrdhikokx oel
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oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk jiereijcoes ki igcrk klrxk ockxrds iklj{ds
ncsrxcods) pex kmkgpie) klrxk ki kspdei ki qdsoe) d t{k sk
rxdrd bk scsrkgds bk csejiesds xdbcodigklrk bcakxklrks, Pkxe le ks
cj{digklrk aoci ksrdhikokx ki igcrk klrxk ki kspdei ki axdlos)
klrxk ki axdlos ki crdicdle) e klrxk ki skxqce ki hijdxe,
?,8, [l oxcrkxce {s{di) kl odses oege sres) ks ki bk id
clrkxoegpxklscl, Ksrk oxcrkxce qdik) pex kmkgpie) kl ki odse bk
ids iklj{ds xeglcods .d{lt{k le bk rebes s{s bcdikores#) p{ks)
oeglgklrk) {l kspdei le oegpxklbk d {l axdlos) d {l
crdicdle e d {l x{gdle6 gds le qdik sckgpxk kl ki odse) bk ids
iklj{ds ksidqds e jkxglcods .{l ksieqkle klrcklbk d {l oxedrd
{l bdls d {l s{koe) ndhidlbe odbd {le s{ pxepc cbcegd#)
gkles dl kl ki odse bk ids iklj{ds skgrcods) t{k pxksklrdl {ld
lerdhik negejklkcbdb, S) d qkoks) ksrk oxcrkxce le qdik lcsct{ckxd kl ki ghcre bk id gcsgd iklj{d ncsrxcod= ds) pex
kmkgpie) kl ki scsrkgd crdicdle nd igcrk bk oegpxklscl klrxk
ockxres bcdikores) oege ie nd rdghcl kl ki scsrkgd dikgl,
?,?, Erxe oxcrkxce ks ki bk oelocklocd bki ndhrdlrk=
bkrkxgcldbes dores icljsrcoes pkxrklkokl d ockxrd iklj{d
ncsrxcod sc ki ndhidlrk rcklk id oelocklocd bk ndhidx ksd iklj{d)
ks bkocx) bk t{k s{ ndhid pkxrklkok d ockxre scsrkgd icljsrcoe,
Ks) srk) {l oxcrkxce gs skj{xe t{k ki dlrkxcex) pkxe rdgpeoe ks
{lcqkxsdi) d t{k nd odses kl t{k ksd oelocklocd adiid e pxksklrd
ockxres igcrks, Ds) pex kmkgpie) {l odgpkscle geibdqe bcx t{k
ndhid geibdqe) le x{gdle) {l odgpkscle bk id Gdokbelcd
{jesidqd bcx t{k ndhid gdokbelce .e rdghcl skxqce) e
hijdxe) skjl s{s cbkds peircods) skjl s{ clsrx{oocl) skjl id
rxdbcocl bk s{ adgcicd#) gcklrxds t{k icljsrcodgklrk ks bcaoci
xkoeleokx id k~csrklocd bk {ld iklj{d geibdqd bk {ld
iklj{d gdokbelcd oege bcakxklrks) xkspkorcqdgklrk) bki
x{gdle bki hijdxe,
2,0, Pex kiie) kl ies rxdhdmes bk icljsrcod sk ndhid d
gkl{be le bk iklj{ds scle bk bcdikores scsrkgds bk bcdikores)
d ksres ircges sk iks bd) sc sk t{ckxk) ki leghxk bk iklj{ds)
d{lt{k s{s igcrks le oeclocbdl kl odbd odse oel ies igcrks
rxdbcoceldiks) e peircoes) e o{ir{xdiks,
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2,4, [l bcdikore ks ki scsrkgd bk csejiesds bk {ld xkjcl)bkicgcrdbe sehxk id hdsk bk oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk oelqkloceldiks
.d{lt{k ehmkrcqes#) ks bkocx) rklcklbe kl o{klrd sie ockxres
aklgkles odxdorkxsrcoes, Ki lgkxe bk ies bcdikores kl {l
scsrkgd bk bcdikores .iklj{d# p{kbk) pex rdlre) qdxcdx skjl iesaklgkles ids xkjcelks t{k sk oelscbkxkl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) kl
ki scsrkgd kspdei sk p{kbk bkicgcrdx {l lgkxe o{dit{ckxd bk
bcdikores .odsrkiidle) dlbdi{}) dxdjels) krorkxd#) bklrxe bk ies
bcdikores sk p{kbkl bcsrclj{cx scsrkgds gklexks bk csejiesds)
iidgdbes oelqkloceldigklrk s{hbcdikores e pdrecs .ndhids
ieodiks= reikbdle) oexbehs) skqciidle#) oel oxcrkxces p{xdgklrk
pkxseldiks, K~csrk) scl kghdxje) pex ie gkles pdxd ies scsrkgds
s{acocklrkgklrk ksr{bcdbes) {ld bcqcscl rxdbcoceldi) t{k sk
dokprd oeglgklrk pex oegebcbdb gkrebeijcod bcborcod,
2,8,4, Pkxe oge ksrdhikokges ies igcrks bk {l scsrkgd
bk bcdikores5 D gkl{be sel s{acocklrks ies oxcrkxces icljsrcoes,
Ds) pex kmkgpie) oelscbkxdges oege pexr{j{ksds) le
kspdeids) ids ndhids kl t{k id clcocdi bki idrl sk oelskxqd
sckgpxk .akcre) adidx) aeje) axklrk d nkone) ndhidx) a{kje#) idr, or sk
pxksklrd oeglgklrk oege cr le oege o .ksoxcre on= ecre)
bcxkcre) axklrk d eone) bkxkone#) oi) pi idrcles sk pxksklrdl oege
ksoxcre on le oege i ksoxcre ii .ondqk) oneqkx) axklrk
d iidqk) iieqkx#) kl t{k ies jx{pes t{k oelrcklkl oelseldlrks
ldsdiks pxksklrdl {ld ldsdic}docl qeoicod .cxge) gdln)
axklrk d nkxgdle) gddld#) kl t{k idr, ic sk pxksklrd oege i
ksoxcre in le oege fn ksoxcre m .acine axklrk d ncme#) kro,
2,8,8, Pkxe d qkoks ksres oxcrkxces le sel s{acocklrks, Ds)
pex kmkgpie) le nd lcljl igcrk icljsrcoe lkre klrxk ies
bcdikores ksidqes gkxcbceldiks) bksbk Rxcksrk ndsrd ki Gdx Lkjxe6
_k p{kbkl epelkx ies bcdikores ksieqkles d bcdikores ikmdles)
oege ies hijdxes) pkxe klrxk ies bcdikores okxodles id
bkicgcrdocl ks pxorcodgklrk cgpeschik) d t{k sk pdsd
jxdb{digklrk bk {le d erxe, Kl odses oege srk) ki icljcsrd
rcklk t{k dokprdx oxcrkxces k~rxdjiereijcoes) pex kmkgpie)
oxcrkxces peircoes e o{ir{xdiks, Kl kakore) ki nkone bk t{k kl
ockxrd xkjcl .e ksrdbe# sk kgpikk ockxrd iklj{d oegl e icrkxdxcd)
e ldoceldi) les ndok oelscbkxdx ies qdxces scsrkgds bk csejiesds
bk id gcsgd xkjcl oege bcdikores bk ksd iklj{d oegl sc klrxk
ies bcdikores id iklj{d oegl nd {l lgkxe s{acocklrk bk
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csejiesds oeg{lks) ks bkocx) sc klrxk kses bcdikores ksd iklj{doegl nd gs skgkmdl}d clrxlskod t{k klrxk ies gcsges o{dit{ckx erxd iklj{d oegl, Ds) pex kmkgpie) kl Axdlocdp{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk oege axdloksks ies bcdikores lkeidrcles)
pkxe le ki hxkrl) t{k ks oircoe) lc ki aidgkloe) t{k ksjkxglcoe) lc ki qdsoe) t{k le ks sct{ckxd clbek{xepke, KlCljidrkxxd oelscbkxdges oege cljiksks ies bcdikores t{k rcklklg{onds csejiesds oeg{lks oel ki cljis ldoceldi icrkxdxce) pkxele ki jdicoe ksoeos lc ki jdis) t{k sel oircoes) le jkxglcoes,
2,8,?, Nd t{k dbqkxrcx) scl kghdxje) t{k) icljsrcodgklrk)ies bcdikores oelscbkxdbes le sel bcdikores bk id iklj{d oeglscle bk leghxk) d t{k) lexgdigklrk) le pxeokbkl bk {ldbcqcscl bk ksrd iklj{d) bk id t{k sel gs hckl nkxgdles t{k
ncmes, Kl kakore) id iklj{d oegl le ks kl s{ excjkl scle {lbcdikore oege ies bkgs) bk {ld xkjcl e bk {ld oc{bdb) pkxet{k) pex gercqes peircoes) ncsrxcoes e o{ir{xdiks .icrkxdxces#) ndiikjdbe d skx iklj{d ldoceldi) e skd t{k sk {sd kl rebe kirkxxcrexce oelscbkxdbe oege iklj{d s{pkxbcdikordi) di idbe bk idsndhids ieodiks, Ds) ki kspdei oegl ks) kl s{ excjkl) ki bcdikoreodsrkiidle6 ki axdlos oegl ks ki bcdikore bk id xkjcl ik'bk'Axdlok ) kl pdxrco{idx) bk id oc{bdb bk Pdxs6 ki crdicdle oeglks ki bcdikore resodle) gs pxkocsdgklrk) ki aiexklrcle, D pksdxbk ksre) di dacxgdxsk oege rdi) id iklj{d oegl s{kikbcakxklocdxsk bki bcdikore bki t{k s{xjc) bki o{di xkond}d g{ondsqkoks ids odxdorkxsrcods bkgdscdbe ieodiks) sk oelqckxrk klqkxbdbkxd iklj{d ldoceldi) pex klocgd bk rebes ies bcdikores) dies t{k) pex s{ pxksrcjce) iejxd d qkoks kicgcldx pex oegpikre,Ds) pex kmkgpie) id fecl jxckjd .kl s{ excjkl) ki bcdikore bkircod# kicgcl oel ki rckgpe d rebes ies bkgs bcdikores jxckjes,Kl kakore) skjl pdxkok) lclj{le bk ies bcdikores jxckjesdor{diks .sc sk k~oi{k ki rsdoelce# pxeokbk bk ies bcdikoresdlrcj{es= rebes xkpxksklrdl bksdxxeiies bk id fecl nkiklsrcod, Ksbkocx t{k ies bcdikores jxckjes dor{diks sel kakorcqdgklrkbcdikores s{xjcbes bk {ld iklj{d oegl .bk id dlrcj{d fecl#)pkxe bk lclj{ld gdlkxd bcdikores bk id dor{di iklj{d jxckjdoegl icrkxdxcd) rebdqd kl aexgdocl,
2,?,0, D qkoks) bk {ld lcod iklj{d icljsrcod) ks bkocx)bk {l lcoe scsrkgd bcdikordi) s{xjkl gs iklj{ds oeg{lks eldoceldiks) erxds qkoks d gs scsrkgds bcdikordiks oexxkspelbk
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{ld lcod iklj{d oegl, Qdges d bdx dij{les kmkgpies bk kiie,Rklkges ie pxcgkxe kl ki odse bki scsrkgd icljsrcoe dikgl kl ki bki ksidqe gkxcbceldi6 ie skj{lbe) kl Kspdd) kl Axdlocd kl Bcldgdxod Lex{kjd,
2,?,4, Kl kakore) icljsrcodgklrk k~csrk {l scsrkgd bkbcdikores dikgdlks ep{ksre) bklrxe bki scsrkgd bk ids iklj{dsjkxglcods) di axcsl di cljis) pex {l idbe) ) pex erxe) dibdls) s{koe) lex{kje k csidlbs, Kl ksrk scsrkgd sk bcsrclj{klbes jx{pes= ki hdme dikgl .Lckbkxbk{rson e Pidrrbk{rson# kidire dikgl .Neonbk{rson#, i Neonbk{rson sk ndhid kl D{srxcd)kl jxdl pdxrk bk _{c}d kl id Dikgdlcd gkxcbceldi6 kiLckbkxbk{rson) kl id Dikgdlcd skprklrxceldi) kl Neidlbd) kl {ldpdxrk bk Hijcod kl dij{lds }elds bk Axdlocd xkjcl bk Odidcs#,
i dikgl . d{srxdoe# oegl icrkxdxce .ie t{k sk iidgdoeglgklrk iklj{d dikgdld# ks {ld aexgd bki Neonbk{rson)gcklrxds t{k kl Neidlbd ks iklj{d icrkxdxcd oegl {ld aexgdbki Lckbkxbk{rson .ks bkocx) bki gcsge scsrkgd bk id Dikgdlcdskprklrxceldi# ) pxkocsdgklrk) {l bcdikore hdme axdloelce= idiklj{d neidlbksd ks) pex rdlre) icljsrcodgklrk) {l bcdikorehdme dikgl t{k) pex xd}elks peircods o{ir{xdiks) nd diodl}dbeki pxksrcjce bk iklj{d icrkxdxcd ldoceldi, srk gcsge bcdikore.ids bcakxklocds le sel s{hsrdlocdiks# le nd diodl}dbe rebdqd kiksrdbe bk iklj{d oegl .d pksdx bk skx rdghcl iklj{d icrkxdxcd#kl Hijcod kl ids }elds bk Axdlocd belbk sk ndhid) belbk)dbkgs) le sk iidgd neidlbs scle aidgkloe, Pex erxd pdxrk) skpebxd bkocx) kl ockxre sklrcbe) t{k cloi{se ki cljis ks) kl s{excjkl) {l bcdikore hdme dikgl .dljiesdml# rxdsidbdbe dCljidrkxxd,
2,?,8, Kl S{jesidqcd sk bcsrclj{kl icljsrcodgklrk rxksjx{pes bcdikordiks ksidqes= ki ksieqkle) ki skxqce'oxedrd kigdokbelce .t{k sk dokxod gs hckl di hijdxe#, Ki srdr{s bkodbd {le bk ksres jx{pes ks bcsrclre, Kl Ksieqklcd) k~csrk {lksieqkle icrkxdxce oegl .kl ie ksklocdi) id iklj{d bkI{hicdld#) pex klocgd bk ies g{ones bcdikores ieodiks, Kl idsxkjcelks skxqcds oxedrds) sk bcsrclj{kl icljsrcodgklrk rxksbcdikores= srfdqe) ofdqe fmfdqe#) bk ies o{diks {le .kisrfdqe# oelsrcr{k id hdsk bk id iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd bk iesskxqces bk ies oxedrds) d id t{k) pex gercqes bk exj{iieldoceldi) ies oxedrds iidgdl oxedrd .nxqdrsfc mk}cf# ies
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?0
skxqces) skxqce .sxpsfc mk}cf#, _cl kghdxje) nd ockxrds
bcakxklocds, Ies oxedrds kgpikdl ki srfdqe cmfdqe) gcklrxds t{k
ies skxqces kgpikdl ki srfdqe fdqe, Pex oelscj{cklrk) sk p{kbk
bkocx t{k pex peods bcakxklocds aelrcods dij{lds erxds bk
qeodh{idxce) kl ki rkxxcrexce skxqceoxedrd nd bes iklj{dsicrkxdxcds= id skxqcd id oxedrd) s{xjcbds) le sie bki gcsge
jx{pe bcdikordi) scle rdghcl bki gcsge bcdikore, _k pebx) p{ks)
bkocx t{k {l clbcqcb{e ndhid skxqce e oxedrd) le skxqce'
oxedrd) skjl kgpikk oege iklj{d oegl id iklj{d icrkxdxcd bk
Hkijxdbe e id bk ]djxkh, Pkxe ids aexgds bcdikordiks
refqcods skxl skxqcds e oxedrds5 Pdxd ksrdhikokx ksrd
bcsrclocl) d le qdik ki oxcrkxce icljsrcoe .bk do{kxbe oel srk
sel scgpikgklrk skxqceoxedrds# nd t{k xko{xxcx d id
oelocklocd bki ndhidlrk e d {l oxcrkxce oelaksceldi k cloi{se d id
ksoxcr{xd= sk oelscbkxdl oxedrds ies odricoes . rdghcl iesg{s{igdlks#) t{k kgpikdl ki diadhkre idrcle) skxqces) ies
exrebe~es) t{k kgpikdl ki diadhkre ocxicoe, Rebe ksre) kl ie t{k
oelockxlk di rkxxcrexce refqcoe, _k p{kbkl) kl odghce) iidgdx
oxedrds) scl rkgex bk kt{cqeodxsk) ies bcdikores ofdqe
fmfdqe) d t{k ids pehidocelks t{k ies ndhidl sel odsc
klrkxdgklrk odricods, Ks bkocx t{k ies oxedrds ndhidl ies
bcdikores fmfdqe) srfdqe ofdqe {sdl oege iklj{d icrkxdxcd
ki bcdikore _rfdqe cmfdqe .{sdbe) oege bcdikore) rdghcl pex
ockxres skxqces) oege ies gelrklkjxcles#6 ies skxqces ndhidl ki
bcdikore srfdqe {sdl oege iklj{d icrkxdxcd ki bcdikore srfdqe
fdqe bk Hkijxdbe,
2,?,?, Rebdqd gkles bkaclcbd ks id pescocl bki
gdokbelce) t{k ndsrd ndok peoes des k~csrd sie oege jx{pe
bcdikordi pkxrklkocklrk) pex g{ones dspkores) di scsrkgd
icljsrcoe hijdxe, Kl id dor{dicbdb) scl kghdxje) oel id
oelsrcr{ocl) kl id Akbkxdocl {jesidqd) bk {ld Xkphicod
Gdokbelcd) sk ksr aexgdlbe {l gdokbelce oegl icrkxdxce)
t{k) oel ki rckgpe) pebx diodl}dx pxksrcjce bk iklj{d
ldoceldi, [l odse kl jxdl pdxrk dlieje ie kloelrxdges kl ki
scsrkgd x{gdle, Kl ki x{gdle sk bcsrclj{kl o{drxe jx{pes
bcdikordiks= bdoe'x{gdle) gdokbe'x{gdle) gkjikle'x{gdle k
csrxe'x{gdle, Ki x{gdle oegl icrkxdxce ks {ld aexgd bk bdoe'
x{gdle) gs hckl qdidod .kspkocdigklrk) kl ki dspkore aelrcoe#,
Pkxe kl id Xkphicod _eqcrcod Geibdqd .oxkdbd oel id dlk~cl
bk id Hksdxdhcd d id [X__# le sk nd dokprdbe ksrd iklj{d oegl
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icrkxdxcd sk nd t{kxcbe oxkdx erxd) sehxk id hdsk bk id aexgd
bcdikordi geibdqd, Pex oelscj{cklrk) ki geibdqe) t{k bksbk kip{lre bk qcsrd icljsrcoe ks ldbd gs t{k {l s{hbcdikorex{gdle) ks) e pxkrklbk skx) kl id Xkphicod _eqcrcod Geibdqd)
iklj{d icrkxdxcd ldoceldi, Ks bkocx t{k) gcklrxds t{k iesgeibdqes bk id Geibdqcd x{gdld kgpikdl oege iklj{d oeglki x{gdle icrkxdxce) ies geibdqes bk id [lcl _eqcrcod rcklklerxd iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd= {ld aexgd bk s{ gcsge pdrecsieodi,
2,?,2, Kl Axdlocd) sc sk pxksoclbk bki iidgdbe axdloe'pxeqkl}di) nd bes jx{pes bcdikordiks jdiexxeglcoes= iesbcdikores bki lexrk) e axdlos pxepcdgklrk bcone) iesbcdikores bki s{x { eoocrlcoes) iidgdbes d qkoks pxeqkl}diks
.ki rxgcle) kl ksrk odse) le ks dpxepcdbe) d t{k kses bcdikoresdhdxodl {ld }eld g{one gs k~rklsd t{k id Pxeqkl}d#6 jx{pes dies t{k) kl id Kbdb Gkbcd) oexxkspelbdl bes iklj{ds icrkxdxcds e)gkmex bcone) bes rcpes bk iklj{ds icrkxdxcds= id idlj{k beci ididlj{k beo, Dor{digklrk) kl odghce) le nd kl Axdlocd gs t{k{ld seid iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd) t{k ks ki axdlos oegl .iet{k sk iidgd iklj{d axdloksd#) e skd) pxorcodgklrk) ki ndhid bkik'bk'Axdlok .axdlockl e axlocoe#) pdxrco{idxgklrk bk idoc{bdb bk Pdxs, Kgpikdl ksrd gcsgd iklj{d rdghcl iesaxdloksks gkxcbceldiks) t{cklks) pex oelscj{cklrk) rcklkl {ldiklj{d oegl t{k pkxrklkok d erxe scsrkgd bcdikordi le di s{epxepc, S) d pksdx bki xkldocgcklre icrkxdxce t{k ki pxeqkl}dir{qe kl ki scjie pdsdbe oel Gcsrxdi ki Aichxcjk) sk p{kbk bkocxt{k) ne) ies bcdikores bk id idlj{k beo .pxeqkl}di bcdikoresdaclks# sel sie scsrkgds bk ndhids ieodiks le oelsrcr{kl {ldiklj{d, Gs dl= ki gcsge axdlos sk kgpikd oege iklj{doegl rdghcl pex ies hxkrelks) t{k ndhidl bcdikores oircoes)pex ies aidgkloes bki Pds'bk'Odidcs) t{k ndhidl {l bcdikorejkxglcoe) pex ies qdsoes bk ies Pcxclkes) o{es bcdikorespkxrklkokl d {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds dcsidbe) pxkclbek{xepke,
2,?,;, G{ skgkmdlrk d id bki pxeqkl}di ks id scr{doclbki odrdil, Kl id Pklls{id Chxcod rklkges rxks jx{pesbcdikordiks lkeidrcles= ki jdiikje'pexr{j{s) ki kspdei kiodrdil .t{k sk k~rcklbk rdghcl d {ld }eld bk id Axdlocdgkxcbceldi p{kbk skx cloi{cbe kl {l scsrkgd gs dgpice)odrdil'pxeqkl}di#, Kl Pexr{jdi k~csrk {ld seid iklj{d oegl
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icrkxdxcd) ki pexr{j{s) oexxkspelbcklrk d {l lcoe scsrkgdbcdikordi6 kl Kspdd) kl odghce) ki kspdei .odsrkiidle# ksiklj{d oegl bk pehidocelks t{k ndhidl bcdikores pkxrklkocklrksd rxks scsrkgds lkeidrcles .jdiikjes) kspdeiks pxepcdgklrk
bcones ks bkocx) dsr{xcdles) ikelksks) odsrkiidles) dlbdi{oks)dxdjelksks) kro,) odrdidlks# d {l scsrkgd pxkclbek{xepke.qdsoes#, Pkxe g{ones odrdidlks kgpikdl oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd ki odrdil, Kl ksrk odse) t{ ks ki odrdil5 [l bcdikoree {ld iklj{d5 Ies odsrkiidlcsrds bcxl t{k ks {l bcdikorekspdei6 ies odrdidlcsrds) t{k ks {ld iklj{d, Bksbk ki p{lrebk qcsrd p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) dghds dacxgdocelks seldokprdhiks= ki odrdil ks {l bcdikore .scsrkgd xkjceldi bkcsejiesds# ks kspdei .p{ksre t{k sk ndhid kl Kspdd#6 pkxeks rdghcl {ld iklj{d) d t{k iklj{d sk iidgd) e sk p{kbk
iidgdx) o{dit{ckx scsrkgd bk csejiesds, _kjl ki oxcrkxce bk idk~csrklocd bk {ld iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd) kl odghce) ki odrdilncsrxcoe sk klo{klrxd kl ki igcrk klrxk iklj{d bcdikore= kl iesgegklres kl t{k ki odrdil sk dokprd oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd bk ids xkjcelks odrdidlds) sk rxdrd bk {ld iklj{drdghcl kl sklrcbe ncsrxcoe'o{ir{xdi6 kl ies gegklres kl t{k kiodrdidlcsge bkodk) kl t{k ies odrdidlks {sdl oege iklj{d oegl icrkxdxcd ki kspdei .odsrkiidle#) ki odrdil ks {ld iklj{d siekl ki sklrcbe p{xdgklrk icljsrcoe) e skd) {l jx{pe bcdikordi.d{lt{k le {l bcdikore bki scsrkgd t{k sk iidgd kspdei) gkles dl bki kspdei oegl) t{k ks kl s{ excjkl ki bcdikoreodsrkiidle#, S sk pebxd bkocx rdghcl t{k ki odrdil ks {ldiklj{d pdxd ies odrdidlks t{k ie kgpikdl oege iklj{d {lbcdikore pdxd ies t{k ie kgpikdl oege bcdikore,
2,?,1, Kl Lex{kjd) acldigklrk) sk ndhidl bcdikoresjkxglcoes pkxrklkocklrks d {l scsrkgd hdsrdlrk {lcrdxce) di t{k)bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd sie icljsrcoe) pebkges iidgdx iklj{dlex{kjd, Pkxe kl ki gcsge rkxxcrexce k~csrkl bes iklj{dsicrkxdxcds oeg{lks) bk ids o{diks {ld ks {ld aexgd bki bdls,Kl kakore) pex xd}elks ncsrxcods .bkpklbklocd peircod#) klLex{kjd sk kgpik pex g{one rckgpe) eacocdi icrkxdxcdgklrk) kibdls) t{k) peoe gebcacodbe) oelsrcr{k rebdqd id iklj{d bkixkcle .xcfsgi#, Pkxe kl ki ircge scjie sk nd cbe oelsrcr{klbe)di idbe bki xcfsgi) {ld l{kqd iklj{d icrkxdxcd oegl) hdsdbdsehxk bcdikores ieodiks= ki idlbsgi) ks bkocx) iklj{d bki pds6pex oelscj{cklrk) sk p{kbk bkocx t{k) kl ockxre sklrcbe) rdghcl
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ies lex{kjes sk klo{klrxdl kl id scr{docl bk ies pxeqkl}diks odrdidlks) d t{k pex ie gkles {ld bk s{s bes iklj{ds oeg{lksle pkxrklkokl) kl s{ excjkl) d s{ pxepce scsrkgd bcdikordi, S) bkrebes gebes) ie t{k sk iidgd oeglgklrk iklj{d lex{kjd) le
oeclocbk oel ie t{k ki lex{kje ks bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrdp{xdgklrk icljsrcoe,
;,4, Gs bcaoci rebdqd ks ksrdhikokx ies igcrks bk {ldiklj{d kl ki rckgpe, Kl ockxre sklrcbe) sk p{kbk bkocx t{k {ldiklj{d le s{xjk le bksdpdxkok kl lcljl gegklre pxkocse)scle t{k sie sk bksdxxeiid e kqei{oceld= ki idrl le ks) kl ksrksklrcbe) {ld iklj{d g{kxrd) p{ks scj{k qcqcklbe kl ies cbcegdslkeidrcles) hdme aexgds t{k sk iidgdl jdiikje'pexr{j{s)kspdei) odrdil) eoocrdle) axdlos) crdicdle) xkrexegdlok)
x{gdle, Nd g{kxre) kl odghce) ki idrl oegl icrkxdxce) p{ksret{k d le nd lclj{ld pehidocl t{k ie kgpikk oege rdi, Pexkiie sk p{kbk bkocx) oelqkloceldigklrk) t{k ki idrl oege rdidodhd kl ies scjies Q'QC) ks bkocx) o{dlbe sk t{ckhxdbkaclcrcqdgklrk id {lcbdb bk id iklj{d oegl kl ies pdsksxeglcoes, _cl kghdxje) ndsrd id aexgdocl sc le bkaclcrcqd)pex ie gkles g{ dqdl}dbd bk ids iklj{ds oeg{lks icrkxdxcds.scjies ^CC'^CQ#) bkhkxdges ndhidx) le bk iklj{ds xeglcods)scle bk scsrkgds bcdikordiks xeglcoes, Pkxe) kl ki aelbe) ksds{lre bk oelqklocl bk oegebcbdb rkxgcleijcod,
;,8, Kl ki gcsge sklrcbe sk p{kbk oelscbkxdx ki odse bk iesndhidxks ncspdledgkxcodles, i dxjklrcle) pex kmkgpie) ks {ldiklj{d e {l bcdikore5 Bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd icljsrcoe) kipxehikgd ks clksklocdi qdle) p{ks ies bes rxgcles seloelqkloceldiks g{onds qkoks p{kbkl skx scllcges, Kl kakore)icljsrcodgklrk sk p{kbk ndhidx bk {ld iklj{d dxjklrcld d{lbk {ld iklj{d pexrkd= ki dxjklrcle ks) icljsrcodgklrk) {ljx{pe bcdikordi) e {ld iklj{d .scsrkgd bk csejiesds#) t{k aexgdpdxrk bk id iklj{d kspdeid oegl) t{k d s{ qk} ks {ld aexgd bkid iklj{d kspdeid oege scsrkgd bk bcdikores kspdeiks) t{kpkxrklkok di scsrkgd bk csejiesds lkeidrcle) kro, Kl odghce)bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd k~rxdicljsrcoe) ki dxjklrcle le k~csrkoege iklj{d) d t{k ki kspdei oegl scj{k oelskxqdlbe s{{lcbdb6 d pksdx bk ids bcakxklocds ieodiks) ki cbcegd eacocdi scj{kscklbe ki kspdei {l kspdei odsc cblrcoe di bk Kspdd .leehsrdlrk ids bcakxklocds bk pxel{locdocl# ies ksoxcrexks
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dxjklrcles oelrcldl ksoxchcklbe kl kspdei oelscbkxdlbeoege gebkie ki kspdei odsrc}e, Pkxe ki dxjklrcle pebxdiikjdx d skx {ld iklj{d sc sk dikmdsk lerdhikgklrk bk id {lcbdbkspdeid) sc ki Ksrdbe dxjklrcle iikjdsk d {sdx oege iklj{d
eacocdi ki ndhid ieodi sc ies ksoxcrexks dxjklrcles sk bkocbckskl dksoxchcx kl dxjklrcle bkmdskl bk ksoxchcx kl kspdei jklkxdi,
S ks h{kle ehskxqdx t{k rebe ksre le rcklk ldbd t{k qkxoel id k~csrklocd bk {ld xd}d e bk {ld ldoceldicbdb) t{k seloelokpres) xkspkorcqdgklrk) hceijcoe peircoe) leicljsrcoes= p{kbk k~csrcx {ld ldoceldicbdb dxjklrcld scl t{kk~csrd {ld iklj{d dxjklrcld) ds oege k~csrk {ld ldoceldicbdbs{c}d scl t{k k~csrd {ld iklj{d s{c}d, Bki gcsge gebe) k~csrk{ld xd}d bclxcod scl t{k k~csrd {ld iklj{d bclxcod )
qcokqkxsd) k~csrk {ld iklj{d dikgdld scl t{k k~csrd {ld xd}ddikgdld,
1,4, Oege qkges) ki scjlcacodbe bki rxgcle iklj{d ksg{onds qkoks qdxcdbe kl ki {se oegl bkpklbk bk qdxcesoxcrkxces gs e gkles dpicodhiks ) kl ircge dlicscs) bkoelqklocelks, Pex rdlre) scklbe ki {se bk ksrk rxgcle) kl kiaelbe) e ids gs bk ids qkoks) oelqkloceldi) skx h{kle pxkocsdxki sklrcbe t{k sk ik t{ckxk bdx odbd qk} t{k sk ie kgpikd, Ds) pexkmkgpie) kl {ld ehxd jxdgdrcodi) skx epexr{le pxkocsdx sc kirxgcle iklj{d t{ckxk bkocx scsrkgd bk bcdikores .e skd) sc sk rxdrdbki ksr{bce ocklracoe bk {l scsrkgd bk csejiesds) oel rebes ieskqklr{diks scsrkgds gklexks t{k dhdxt{k# e scgpikgklrk iklj{doegl e icrkxdxcd .ks bkocx) sc sk rxdrd bk {l lcoe scsrkgd bkcsejiesds) regdbe oege gebkie#, S) pdxd kicgcldx oela{scelks)sk pebxd) pex kmkgpie) kqcrdx kl ockxres odses ki rxgcle iklj{dkl ies ksr{bces icljsrcoes) bcocklbe) pex kmkgpie) jxdgrcodkspdeid e jxdgrcod bki kspdei) sc sk rxdrd bk {ld jxdgrcod bkrebes ies bcdikores kspdeiks) jxdgrcod bk id iklj{d kspdeidsc sk rxdrd bk {ld jxdgrcod bki kspdei oegl) iklj{d eacocdi)ldoceldi icrkxdxcd, srd) d s{ qk}) le skxd scle {ld oelqklocl)t{k ndhxd t{k m{srcacodx pxkocsdx,
1,8,0, Bk rebes gebes) skxd {ld oelqklocl epexr{ld) dt{k) kl id icljsrcod) ki rxgcle iklj{d pxksklrd rdghcl g{oneskgpikes kspkoacoes) oege kl ids k~pxkscelks= iklj{ds
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kspkocdiks) iklj{ds dxrcacocdiks) iklj{ds oxceiids) iklj{ds axdlods)
kro,
1,8,4, _k iidgdl iklj{ds kspkocdiks ids ndhids
odxdorkxsrcods bk jx{pes seocdiks e pxeaksceldiks) oege rdghclies iklj{dmks rolcoes .pex kmkgpie) id iklj{d bk ies gdxcles) idiklj{d bk ies pksodbexks) id iklj{d bk ies ksr{bcdlrks) id iklj{dbk ies cljklckxes) id iklj{d bk ies ehxkxes gkrdixjcoes) kro,#)t{k k~csrkl) di idbe bk ies bcdikores bk ids iklj{ds oeg{lks)oege aexgds kspkocdiks bk srds t{k d gkl{be sk iidgdlrdghcl dxjers) d{lt{k ksrk rxgcle sk xkskxqk pex g{ones pdxdids ndhids bk ies gdinkonexks ) kl jklkxdi) pdxd ies scsrkgdsicljsrcoes kgpikdbes) kl ki gdxoe bk id gcsgd iklj{d oegl)oel ki pxepscre bk t{k xks{irkl cloegpxklschiks d ies t{k le
pkxrklkokl d {ld bkrkxgcldbd oeg{lcbdb) e skd) oege iklj{dsskoxkrds,
1,8,8, Iklj{ds dxrcacocdiks sel ies scsrkgds icljsrcoesoelsrx{cbes pex {le e gs clbcqcb{es) sehxk id hdsk bk iklj{dsncsrxcodgklrk k~csrklrks) oel ki pxepscre bk {ld bca{scl{lcqkxsdi) ks bkocx) oege peschiks clsrx{gklres bk oegpxklsclclrkxldoceldi) pex klocgd bk ies cbcegds ldoceldiks, Rdiks sel)pex kmkgpie) ki kspkxdlre) ki cbe) ki qeidpf) id clrkxiclj{d) kihdsco kljicsn) kro,
1,8,?, Ids iklj{ds oxceiids sel iklj{ds oeg{lkscls{acocklrkgklrk dpxklbcbds pex pehidocelks clbjklds)kspkocdigklrk kl rkxxcrexces bk oeielc}docl) t{k oelskxqdlaexgds) pdidhxds oelsrx{oocelks bk ids iklj{ds d ids t{ks{srcr{kl .pex kmkgpie) ki axdlos bk ies lkjxes bk Ndcr)kspkocdigklrk bk ids oidsks clakxcexks6 ki pexr{j{s {sdbe pexockxrds pehidocelks daxcodlds) kro,#,
1,8,2, Ids iklj{ds axdlods sel ndhids t{k p{kbklpkxrklkokx e le d {ld oeg{lcbdb) oege bcdikore e oege iklj{dldoceldi) pkxe t{k sk {sdl pex pehidocelks bk bcsrclrdsldoceldicbdbks iklj{ds) kspkocdigklrk kl s{s xkidocelksoegkxocdiks kl erxds xkidocelks oel k~rxdlmkxes6 ds) pexkmkgpie) ki s{dnkic) {ld iklj{d hdlr) sk kgpikd oege iklj{daxdlod kl ki axcod oklrxeexcklrdi6 ki pcbjcl'kljicsn .t{k rcklkrdghcl odxdorkxsrcods bk iklj{d oxceiid) scklbe {l cljis oel
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aelrcod oelsrx{oocl kl jxdl pdxrk onclds#) sk kgpikd oege
iklj{d axdlod kl ki Dscd s{bexcklrdi) kro,
1,8,;, _el) rebds ksrds iklj{ds) scsrkgds t{k clrkxksdl sie
icgcrdbdgklrk d ids icljsrcods pdxrco{idxks .oelokxlcklrks dadgcicds bk iklj{ds# d id icljsrcod ncsrxcod .d t{k d
gkl{be pkxgdlkokl a{kxd bki bksdxxeiie lexgdi bk ids iklj{ds) epxksklrdl bksdxxeiies pko{icdxks#) pkxe t{k p{kbkl pxepexoceldx
rciks s{jkxklocds kmkgpies d id icljsrcod jklkxdi, Bk rebesgebes) rdghcl kl ksres odses qdik id bkaclcocl bk iklj{d oegescsrkgd bk csejiesds,
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Q
ID XKDICBDB BKI IKLJ[DMK
_{ i{jdx klrxk ids dorcqcbdbks bki neghxk, Iklj{dmk pklsdgcklre,
Iklj{dmk dakorcqcbdb, Dspkore clbcqcb{di dspkore seocdi bki iklj{dmk,
Iklj{dmk o{ir{xd,
4,4,0, Pdxd iikjdx d oegpxklbkx ids bcsrclrds pescocelks t{kkloelrxdges kl id icljsrcod kl id rkexd bki iklj{dmk) rklkges
t{k k~dgcldx hxkqkgklrk dij{les pxehikgds t{k drdkl d id
ksklocd gcsgd bki iklj{dmk) pxehikgds g{ bkhdrcbes t{k
oexxkspelbkl d erxds rdlrds gdlkxds bk klodxdx ki aklgkle
icljsrcoe, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk ks {l aklgkle s{gdgklrk
oegpikme= pxksklrd dspkores p{xdgklrk ascoes .selcbes#
dspkores acsceijcoes) dspkores pst{coes dspkores ijcoes)
dspkores clbcqcb{diks dspkores seocdiks, Pex oelscj{cklrk)
skjl id excklrdocl aciesacod .k~piocrd e cgpiocrd# bk ies
icljcsrds bk ies rkxcoes bki iklj{dmk) sk bksrdodl {les { erxes
dspkores) t{k d gkl{be sk oelscbkxdl pxkbegcldlrks) kl
pkxm{coce bk ies xksrdlrks,
4,4,4, Ies ijcoes t{k sk eo{pdl bki iklj{dmk ies
icljcsrds bk excklrdocl iejcocsrd drcklbkl sehxk rebe d ie t{k
iidgdl ki dspkore ijcoe bki iklj{dmk) ks bkocx) di dspkore bk
p{xd oeg{lcodocl scghicod bk oelokpres= qdlsk) pex kmkgpie)
ies qdxces ksr{bces t{k d pxehikgds icljsrcoes nd bkbcodbe
Hkxrxdlb X{sskii, Id cbkd a{lbdgklrdi bk ies iejcocsrds t{k) klockxre sklrcbe) oexxkspelbk d ie t{k kloelrxdges d kl
N{gheibr) oel ki leghxk bk aexgd clrkxcex .cllkxk _pxdonaexg#)
pkxe d {ld aexgd clrkxcex klrklbcbd oege {lcqkxsdi) ks id bk
{ld dxgd}l cbkdi pxcgdxcd d pxcexc t{k rebe cbcegd kakorcqe
xkiikldxd xkqksrcxd bk gdrkxcdi kgpxcoe bk gebe bcsrclre)
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ehkbkocklbe) d d gercqes jklkxdiks n{gdles) d d gercqeskgpxcoes doocbklrdiks odghcdlrks .N{sskxi#, Pex rdlre) ies
ijcoes drcklbkl) kl pxcgkx i{jdx) d {l iklj{dmk dhsrxdore le di
iklj{dmk oege aklgkle ncsrxcoe6 sk eo{pdl) oel pxepscres
lexgdrcqes) kl ki ksr{bce bk {l iklj{dmk ocklracodgklrk rci)ks bkocx) ie gs dbko{dbe peschik pdxd id k~pxkscl bk cbkds .le
kl ki bk {l iklj{dmk oeloxkre) bki t{k rxdrdl ies icljcsrds#)
ksr{bcdl sehxk rebe ki iklj{dmk kl xkidocl oel id xkdicbdb oel
ies nkones bk oeleocgcklre) g{one gkles kl xkidocl oel ki
clbcqcb{e ndhidlrk, [le bk ies pxclocpdiks oklrxes bk clrkxs bk
ies iejcocsrds ks ki bk id oeloexbdlocd klrxk jxdgrcod ijcod) ks
bkocx) klrxk id ijcod bki iklj{dmk id ijcod oege rdi,
4,4,8, Id rklbklocd iejcocsrd sk p{kbk kloelrxdx) gs e
gkles drkl{dbd) kl id oelokpocl bk qdxces icljcsrds) cloi{se klies t{k) pex erxd pdxrk) dbgcrkl ndokl pxkqdikokx cbkds
pscoeiejcsrds) oege Nkxgdll Pdi .Pxclocpckl bkx
_pxdonjksonconrk VIkcp}cj) 4>>0W# e Ondxiks Hdii .Iclj{csrct{k
jklxdik kr iclj{csrct{k axdlodcsk VHkxld) 43?8W) ks
pxorcodgklrk id rklbklocd pxkbegcldlrk kl id jxdgrcod
rxdbcoceldi) t{k ks kl jxdl pdxrk {ld jxdgrcod ijcod) hdsdbd
ksklocdigklrk kl id cbkd bk id oexxkspelbklocd e kt{cqdiklocd
klrxk ids odrkjexds ijcods ids odrkjexds jxdgdrcodiks,
4,8, Kl ki peie ep{ksre sk klo{klrxdl ies pscoeiejcsrds) t{k
d gkl{be oelscbkxdl ki iklj{dmk oege oelm{lre bk nkones
p{xdgklrk pst{coes, K~csrk rebd {ld qdsrd ocklocd iidgdbd
pscoeiejd bki iklj{dmk) o{ircqdbd pex ksr{bceses ci{srxks oege
N, Bkidoxec~ e Fdxi Hnikx) o{e ehmkre ie oelsrcr{kl rebes
dt{kiies dspkores t{k kl ki iklj{dmk p{kbkl oelscbkxdxsk nkones
pst{coes) oege sel cgjklks) clr{cocelks pkxokpocelks
qkxhdiks, Ies xks{irdbes diodl}dbes pex id pscoeiejd bki iklj{dmk
sel g{ cgpexrdlrks ndl oelrxch{cbe lerdhikgklrk di pxejxkse
bk id icljsrcod, Pkxe nd t{k ehskxqdx t{k) d qkoks) sk qd gs
dii bk ies igcrks bk ksd xd}eldhik lkoksdxcd clqksrcjdocl bk
nkones) iikjlbesk ndsrd dacxgdx {ld ksklocd p{xdgklrk
pst{coedakorcqd bki iklj{dmk sesrklkx t{k ki iklj{dmk ks) kl ie
ksklocdi) gkxd k~pxkscl bk {ld odxjd pst{cod) scl xkidocl oel
id k~pxkscl ijcod bk cbkds, _k gdlcacksrd ksrd rklbklocd
rdghcl kl dij{les icljcsrds) oege Qklbxks ) sehxk rebe)
Mkspkxskl) t{ckl sesrcklk t{k) pex ie gkles kl s{ excjkl) ki
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iklj{dmk ldbd rkld t{k qkx oel id oeg{lcodocl) scklbe
k~pxkscl bki clsrclre bk seocdhcicbdb) gdlcaksrdocl bk {ld odxjd
pst{cod) {ld kspkock bk k~piescl sklrcgklrdi) ks bkocx) {ld
kspkock bk odlre e bk scgpik jxcre) oel ki o{di {l clbcqcb{e
regdhd oelrdore oel erxe clbcqcb{e, Gs ikmes dl iikjd idpscoeiejd hkndqcexcsrd) t{k) pdxrcklbe kl s{ ksr{bce bk id
oelb{ord bk ockxres dlcgdiks s{pkxcexks bk ockxres nkones bk
k~pxkscl t{k klrxk sres sk xkjcsrxdl) iikjd d t{kxkx clrkxpxkrdx
rdghcl id dorcqcbdb scghicod bki neghxk kl {l gdxoe
od{sdicsrd bk oelrk~res bk nkones p{xdgklrk pscoeascoes,
8,0, Lclj{ld bk ksds bes pescocelks sk p{kbk sesrklkx ne)
d id i{} bk {ld qcscl xkdicsrd bki iklj{dmk bk id oelscbkxdocl
ncsrxcod bk ies aklgkles icljsrcoes oege aklgkles seocdiks
bk o{ir{xd, _c dokprdges id bkaclcocl t{k nkges bdbe bki nkoneoeloxkre bk ndhidx) ks bkocx) bki dore icljsrcoe) rklkges t{k
xkoeleokx kl ki iklj{dmk {l dspkore ijcoe {l dspkore pst{coe'
dakorcqe) t{k clrkxackxkl ki {le oel ki erxe p{kbkl pxkqdikokx
dirkxldrcqdgklrk) pkxe scl iikjdx d id k~oi{scl xkopxeod,
8,4,4, Pex ki gcsge nkone bk t{k nkges odxdorkxc}dbe ki
iklj{dmk oege aklgkle t{k lkokscrd pex ie gkles bes
pkxselds) le pebkges d bksoeleokx ki dspkore bk
oeg{lcodocl) t{k p{kbk skx oeg{lcodocl bk sklrcgcklres) pkxe
rdghcl bk cbkds) bk oelokpres) ks bkocx) bk nkones bk
oeleocgcklre xdoceldi, Gs dl= ks clb{bdhik t{k ki iklj{dmk
p{kbk oelscbkxdxsk oege aexgd a{lbdgklrdi bk l{ksrxd dorcqcbdb
oejlesocrcqd, Kl kakore) l{ksrxd k~pkxcklocd bk id xkdicbdb sk
kidhexd gkbcdlrk ids dorcqcbdbks xdoceldiks bki oeleokx bki
bcsrclj{cx) srds sk gdlcacksrdl kl ies scjles icljsrcoes) pex
gkbce bk ies o{diks .d rxdqs bk s{s scjlcacodbes# les xkakxcges d
id xkdicbdb k~rxdicljsrcod oege d dije sdhcbe, Ies scjles
icljsrcoes exjdlc}dl aexgdigklrk l{ksrxe oeleocgcklre bk id
xkdicbdb) p{ksre t{k le sel kikgklres p{xdgklrk gesrxdrcqes
scle scghicoes jklkxdic}dbexks) ks bkocx t{k le bkscjldl
clbcqcb{es) k~pkxcklocds dcsidbds) scle t{k scjlcacodl jlkxes)
oidsks) e skd) oelokpres jklkxdiks kidhexdbes pex id xd}l, Ks {l
nkone cxxka{rdhik ki bk t{k cloi{se ies pdxrco{idxks sk bkscjldl kl
ids iklj{ds gkbcdlrk {lcqkxsdiks .ks bkocx) t{k ies leghxks
oel t{k les xkakxcges d ies clbcqcb{es sel leghxks bk oidsks=
iidgdges d {l ehmkre pdxrco{idx odsd) oel {l leghxk t{k ks ki bk
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s{ oidsk#) pex ie o{di) kl ies dores oeloxkres bk ndhidx)kakor{dges oelsrdlrkgklrk {ld epkxdocl ijcod) t{k ks id bk
dacxgdx cgpiocrdgklrk id cloi{scl bk {l clbcqcb{e kl s{ jlkxe,
Pex ksrd lrcgd oelk~cl t{k k~csrk klrxk iklj{dmk
oeleocgcklre) ks kqcbklrk t{k le ks peschik pxksoclbcx bk idijcod kl ki k~dgkl bki iklj{dmk= ies scjles) kl o{dlre sgheies)
sel pxeb{ore bk {ld dorcqcbdb t{k hckl p{kbk iidgdxsk ijcod)
scxqkl oege clsrx{gklre pdxd erxd dorcqcbdb) rdghcl ijcod,
8,4,8, Pkxe ksre le m{srcacod {ld oelscbkxdocl p{xdgklrk
iejcocsrd bki iklj{dmk lc g{one gkles id dacxgdocl bk {ld
pxkrklbcbd cbklrcbdb klrxk odrkjexds ijcods odrkjexds
jxdgdrcodiks, Kl kakore) ki iklj{dmk le ks dije t{k sk q{kiqk d
ndokx lrkjxdgklrk kl odbd dore oeloxkre bk ndhidx) scle t{k ks
rdghcl nkone rxdbcoceldi) kl jxdl pdxrk d{regdrc}dbe) p{ksret{k id epkxdocl oejlesocrcqd le sk xkpcrk kl s{ rerdicbdb odbd
qk} t{k sk ndhid) scle t{k ies dores icljsrcoes sk oxkdl sehxk
gebkies dlrkxcexks pex dldiejd oel dores icljsrcoes
skgkmdlrks) pkxrklkocklrks di gcsge scsrkgd,
Oelscbkxkges) pex kmkgpie) id odrkjexd jxdgdrcodi bki
jlkxe, Kqcbklrkgklrk) ki jlkxe jxdgdrcodi kl ids iklj{ds kl
t{k k~csrk oexxkspelbk di jlkxe ldr{xdi .sk~e# sie o{dlbe sk
rxdrd bk pkxselds .pxeaksex'pxeaksexd# e) kl jklkxdi) bk skxks
dlcgdbes6 lc sct{ckxd kl ksrk odse id oexxkspelbklocd ks
oelsrdlrk .pex kmkgpie) le nd {l akgklcle bk dxgdbciie#, Bk
rebes gebes) kl odses pdxkocbes) id jxdgrcod ksr gs e gkles
bk do{kxbe oel id ijcod, Pkxe le nd lclj{ld xd}l ijcod dor{di
pdxd bkocx id gksd) oel {l leghxk bk jlkxe akgklcle6 ) kl
kakore) ies dikgdlks ies x{ses bkscjldl ki gcsge ehmkre
gkbcdlrk leghxks gdso{icles .Rcson) srei#, Pxehdhikgklrk)
oege les klskd id icljsrcod clbek{xepkd) n{he dij{ld qk}
xd}elks bk cgdjcldocl e adlrdsd) e gcreijcods) pex ids o{diks
sk rkld {ld leocl bk jlkxe ldr{xdi rdghcl kl ki odse bk
ehmkres le dlcgdbes, Ds) pex kmkgpie) oege dj{bdgklrk
ehskxqd Gkciikr) kl ids iklj{ds clbek{xepkds kloelrxdges) oege
bkscjldocelks bki a{kje) {l rxgcle gs dlrcj{e) gdso{icle .bki
rcpe bki idr, cjlcs#) t{k sk xkgelrd pxehdhikgklrk d {ld peod kl
t{k ki a{kje sk oelokhd oege pxclocpce gdso{icle) oege a{kx}d
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qcxci) erxe rxgcle gs xkocklrk) lk{rxe .bki rcpe bki jx, Px#)
t{k oexxkspelbk d {ld oelokpocl bki a{kje oege aklgkle le
dlcgdbe, Ds) rdghcl) sk p{kbk ehskxqdx t{k ki sei) oelokhcbe
oege ako{lbdbex bk id rckxxd) ks bkocx) oege pxclocpce gdso{icle)
rkld kl ids iklj{ds clbek{xepkds gs dlrcj{ds leghxks bkjlkxe gdso{icle .idr, sei) jx, nkices#) gcklrxds t{k id rckxxd)
oelokhcbd oege kikgklre jklkxdbex ako{lbdbe pex ki sei) rkld
leghxks akgklcles .idr, rkxxd) jx, j#, Pkxe ksrds xd}elks sk ndl
eiqcbdbe odsc rerdigklrk kl id rxdbcocl o{ir{xdi bk ies
clbek{xepkes= ne ki sei rcklk leghxks gdso{icles kl ies
cbcegds xeglcoes .ksp, pexr, sei) cr, sei) ax, seikci) x{g, sedxk#)
gcklrxds t{k ks akgklcle kl dikgl .bck _ellk# lk{rxe) kl ies
cbcegds ksidqes .x{se seilok) skxqce'ox, s{lok#6 id i{ld) pex ki
oelrxdxce) rcklk leghxks akgklcles kl ies cbcegds xeglcoes
leghxk gdso{icle kl dikgl .bkx Geld#, Dbkgs) sc ks peschikndokx ksrd clqksrcjdocl pex ie t{k oelockxlk d {lds peods
pdidhxds) les ks cgpeschik iikjdx kl rebes ies odses d oegpxklbkx
id xd}l ijcod excjcldxcd) sc ks t{k n{he dij{ld) bki jlkxe
jxdgdrcodi, S) pex erxd pdxrk) sdhkges d t{k) kl ids iklj{ds) ie
t{k cgpexrd ks ki gebkie sehxk ki o{di sk oxkdl ies dores
icljsrcoes l{kqes) p{ksre t{k ids pdidhxds) kl {l scsrkgd
icljsrcoe) le sk pxksklrdl dcsidbds) scle xk{lcbds kl odrkjexds
dldijcods) o{d oelsrcr{ocl g{onds qkoks le bkpklbk bk s{
scjlcacodbe scle bk dspkores p{xdgklrk gexaeijcoes, Ds) pex
kmkgpie) dxgdbciie ks bk jlkxe gdso{icle pext{k klrxd kl id
odrkjexd bk ies s{hsrdlrcqes kl e) t{k rcklk jklkxdigklrk ksrk
jlkxe kl kspdei) gcklrxds t{k erxe leghxk bki gcsge dlcgdi)
g{icrd) ks bk jlkxe akgklcle) pext{k pkxrklkok d id odrkjexd bk
ies s{hsrdlrcqes kl d6 {l leghxk bk aexgdocl xkidrcqdgklrk
xkocklrk) oege heghdxbke) ks bk jlkxe gdso{icle oege ies
bkgs leghxks kl ke) gcklrxds t{k oerc}docl) d pksdx bk skx bki
gcsge rcpe scjlcacodrcqe) ks akgklcle) pex pxksklrdx {ld
bksclklocd rpcodgklrk akgklcld, Pkxe le nd b{bd bk t{k) scl
t{k sk gebcact{k s{ scjlcacodbe) ies gcsges leghxks odghcdxdl
bk jlkxe sc odghcdxdl bk bksclklocd) sc) pex kmkgpie) sk bcmkxd
heghdxbcocl oerc}dgcklre, Pex xd}elks dliejds) kl dikgl)
belbk rebes ies bcgcl{rcqes .t{k rkxgcldl kl 'onkl 'ikcl# sel
lk{rxes) ndsrd oelokpres kgclklrkgklrk akgklcles oege
skexcrd g{ondond sk leghxdl gkbcdlrk lk{rxes
.Axd{ikcl) Gdbonkl#) scgpikgklrk pex rxdrdxsk bk bcgcl{rcqes,
_k bkb{ok bk rebe ksre t{k id iklj{d) d{l xkaikmdlbe
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kqcbklrkgklrk ki pklsdgcklre) le scj{k s{s gcsgds ikks) kl
pdxrk pex s{ dspkore bk scsrkgd rxdbcoceldi kl pdxrk pex s{dspkore dakorcqe) ksrcisrcoe) t{k ks d gkl{be gkrdaxcoe= {l
kmkgpie oege ki bk ies qkxses bk Jekrnk ocrdbes pex Qessikx
Jxcs,,, ks rebd rkexd) pkxe ks qkxbk ki xhei bexdbe bk idqcbd p{kbk skx ijcodgklrk dhs{xbe) pkxe icljsrcodgklrk
ks oexxkore sk m{srcacod pikldgklrk) bksbk ki p{lre bk qcsrd
percoe) pex s{ odxorkx gkrdaxcoe,
8,8,4, Rdghcl id pescocl pscoeiejcsrd lkokscrd qdxcds
oexxkoocelks, Kl pxcgkx i{jdx) pex skx ki iklj{dmk aexgd bk {l
oelrklcbe oejlesocrcqe) oelsrcr{cbe gkbcdlrk epkxdocelks
ijcods6 kl skj{lbe i{jdx) pex skx ki iklj{dmk {ld a{locl
seocdi, Kl kakore) d{lt{k) cloi{se oege aklgkle bk
oeleocgcklre) ki iklj{dmk p{kbk skx clrkxpxkrdbepscoeijcodgklrk .p{ksre t{k rebe dore oejlesocrcqe cgpicod {l
pxeokse pst{coe#) bk lclj{ld gdlkxd sk p{kbk dacxgdx t{k ki
kikgklre oelsrdlrkgklrk pxkbegcldlrk kl ki iklj{dmk ks ki
adorex dakorcqe) oel ki o{di id xd}l ldbd rklbxd t{k qkx,
Clb{bdhikgklrk) di ndhidx) k~pxksdges rdghcl nkones dakorcqes6
sk p{kbk cloi{se dbgcrcx id k~csrklocd bk {ld oelqklocl
dakorcqd e ksrcisrcod) bk {l iklj{dmk kgercqe bcsrclre bki
iklj{dmk p{xdgklrk kl{locdrcqe, Pkxe rdghcl ki iklj{dmk
kgercqe sk k~pxksd kl sgheies t{k sel pxeb{ores bk {ld
epkxdocl ijcod pxeb{ok) d s{ qk}) sgheies t{k) qdocdbes bk
rebd odxjd kgercqd) pdsdl di iklj{dmk kl{locdrcqe) bk p{xd
oeg{lcodocl, Pex skx ki iklj{dmk {l nkone seocdi pdxd ki o{di sk
lkokscrdl pex ie gkles bes clbcqcb{es) o{d oelbcocl pxcgkxd
ks id oeg{lcodocl) bk lclj{ld gdlkxd pebkges dokprdx t{k ksr
oelsrcr{cbe pex scgpiks gdlcaksrdocelks bk odxjds pst{cods
ksrxcordgklrk clbcqcb{diks= d{l di k~pxksdx rdiks odxjds) le
pebkges ndokxie oel sgheies pkxseldiks) p{ksre t{k ies
sgheies) pdxd skx oeg{lcodhiks) rcklkl t{k dbdprdxsk d {ld
lexgd t{k xks{irk dokprdhik rdghcl pdxd ies bkgs clbcqcb{es
bk l{ksrxd oeg{lcbdb) d t{cklks ndhidges, Ks oelbcocl
cgpxksocl
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