Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver Large...

23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06

Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation

Juneau, AKwleighty@earthlink.net

907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell

Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver

Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost

When we realize these as emergencies:

• Global Warming, Climate Change• Energy Security and Cost• Peak Oil and Natural Gas

We must quickly invest in:• Energy conservation, efficiency• Large, new energy supplies:

� CO2-emissions-free� Indigenous� Both Distributed, Centralized

Shortest path to benign, secure, abundant energy ?

• Renewables– Diverse– Diffuse– Dispersed

• Centralized: – large, rich; lower cost than distributed ?– but stranded (no transmission)

• Gaseous hydrogen (GH2) pipelines– Conversion, gathering– Transmission– Storage– Distribution

• Geologic storage “firms”• Pilot plant needed:

– every major new industrial process – IRHTDF

The Great Plains Wind Resource

• Great Plains Wind: Huge, Stranded

• Total USA energy: 100 quads = 10,000 TWh

• Big Market: Hydrogen Fuel, not Grid Electricity

• Accelerate Conversion from Fossil

ALL Denmark’s energy from windpower

• Prof Bent Sorensen, Roskilde Univ, DK

• WHEC, Montreal, June 02

• ALL Denmark’s energy from wind –

► Elec, oil, gas

► Transport, space heat-cool, industry

• IF convert ~ 15% to H2, store in extant salt caverns

• Can USA do same?

• Start with transport fuel ?

Total solar: ~ 3 x 10^14 kg / yr

Total wind: ~ 3 x 10^11 kg / yr

Rich, strandedResources

The Great Plains Wind Resource

How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great

Plains renewablesto market ?

Why Hydrogen ?

• Bring diverse, stranded, large-scale, renewables to distant markets

• Firm time-varying-output renewables– seconds, seasons– energy storage

• Pipelines

• Geologic: salt caverns, other

Exporting From 12 Windiest Great Plains StatesNumber of GH2 pipelines or HVDC electric lines necessary to export total wind resource

Wind energy source: PNL-7789, 1991 * at 500 miles average length

$ 401

17

19

22

26

29

30

35

41

41

43

48

50

$ BillionTotal CapitalCost *

890

40

40

50

60

60

70

80

90

100

100

100

100

3 GWexportHVDClines

$ 5344012,849,3169,984TOTALS

2417124,144435New Mexico

2419137,272481Colorado

3022157,249551Iowa

3626187,500657Minnesota

3629206,906725Oklahoma

4230213,185747Wyoming

4835247,717868Nebraska

5441291,0961,020Montana

6041293,9501,030South Dakota

6043305,3651,070Kansas

6048339,6121,190Texas

6050345,3201,210North Dakota

$ BillionTotal CapitalCost *

6 GW36” GH2 export pipelines

Wind Gen

MW(nameplate)(40% CF)

AEP, TWhState

Left: 3,000 MW HVDC (Pacific DC Intertie, PDCI) Right: HVAC

Bishop, CA

SIEMENS

HVDC line

+/- 500 kv

North Dakota wind needs

115 new linesat 3,000 MW

each

Twelve Plains states

wind needs 890 new linesat 3,000 MW

each

“Hydrogen Transmission Scenario”Collection Topology Options:

Electrolyzer and Rectifier Location

Electrolyzer

H2O

H2

O2

Electrolyzer

H2O

H2

O2PE

PE

To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline

To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline

PE: Power Electronics

Electrolyzer

Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers2 MW each

Norsk Hydro electrolyzer, KOH type 560 kW input, 130 Nm3 / hour at 450 psi (30 bar)

High-pressElectrolyzers

GeneratorsICE, CT, FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

500 milesHydrogen Gas

Pipeline20" diameter

1,500 -- 500 psi

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

Pipeline EnergyStorage

City gate

1,500 psi 500 psi

Transmission Distribution

20", 36" GH2 Pipeline Capacity, 500 Miles, 1500 psi IN / 500 psi OUT

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

200 300 500 1,000

Pipeline Length, Miles

Cap

acity

, MM

scfd

.

20" diameter 36" diameter

20”, 36” GH2 Pipeline Capacity

1,500 psi IN / 500 psi OUT

Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile pipeline, $US million

Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000

Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline, 20” 930 930

TOTAL $ 2,430 $ 3,930

City-gate GH2 cost: 15% CRF, 20" pipeline, 2 GW Gre at Plains windplant

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

200 300 500 1000

Pipeline length, miles

2005

$U

S /

kg G

H2

B1: Unsubsidized B2: US fed PTC only B3: PTC + Oxygen sales B4: PTC + O2 sale + C-credit

Wind-Hydrogen 1,000 Mile Pipeline Optimization Simu lation

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3

Wind Gen Capacity / Pipeline Capacity

Del

iver

ed C

ost $

/ kg

H2

-

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Util

izat

ion

-

Delivered Cost WindGen Utilization Pipeline Utilization Electrolyzer Utilization

Electrolyzers

GeneratorsICE, CT, FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 miles Hydrogen GasPipeline 36" diameter, 1,500 - 500 psi

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

Pipeline Storage = 240 GWh

GeologicStorage ?

Storage

Storage

Storage

Hydrogen Energy Storage

Hourly Hydrogen Pipeline Input and Output

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1 25 49 73 97 121 145

MW

h

-

Input Output

Hours

Great Plains Windplant, Pipeline Hourly Output for Typical Week

From: Charles W. Forsberg, ORNL, 17 th NHA Conference, 12-16 Mar 06

Total USA Natural Gas Underground StorageSource: USDOE, EIA http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngs/ngs.html

Working Gas in Underground Storage Compared with 5-Yea r Range

Renewable-source GH2 geologic storage potential. Candidate formations for manmade, solution-mined,

salt caverns

Geologic Salt: “Domal” , “Bedded”

“Dome” salt deposits are thicker and

more homogeneous than “bedded”

ChevronPhilips GH2 Storage Cavern

• Near Freeport, TX• Solution-mined• Estimated capital cost ’05 ~ $5 M• 20 years old• 2,200 psi design -- 2,000 psi operating• Cavern roof 2,800 ft below surface• 160 ft diam x 1,000 ft high

– 580,000 m3

– 6.4 million ft 3

Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile pipeline, $US million

Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000

Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline, 20” 930 930

TOTAL $ 2,430 $ 3,930

Total Installed Capital Cost1,000 mile Pipeline

“Firming” GH2 cavern storage Windplant size 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

[million] [million]Wind generators $ 1,000 $ 2,000Electrolyzers 500 1,000Pipeline 930 930# storage caverns [4] [8]Caverns @ $5M ea 20 40Cushion gas @ $5M ea 20 40TOTAL $ 2,470 $ 4,010

Cavern storage: 1.6% total capital cost

“Firming” GH2 Cavern Storage for ALL Great Plains Wind

~ 12,000 cavernsExcavate: $5 M each $ 60 BCushion gas: $5 M each $ 60 B

Total $120 B

Adds VALUE: strategic, market

Electrolyzers Compressors

GeneratorsICE, CT,

FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,600 kmGH2

Pipeline

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

H 2

Biomass orCoal

Gasification

O 2

Syngas

CT, ICE GeneratorElectricity

Grid

Reactors Chemicals

Water-shiftReactionH 2

CO 2

H20

CO 2 Sequestration

Sequestration

H20

H20

Geologic Hydrogenstorage ?Geologic Oxygen storage ?

International Renewable Hydrogen

Transmission Demonstration Facility

(IRHTDF)

Pilot plant

Global opportunity:IPHE project

IRHTDF startup

• $150K “champion” funding: AASI• Coalition of interest

– Renewables sources: wind, CSP, biomass– Automakers– USDOE, Labs– Industry: GE, APCI, BP, Shell, automakers– Great Plains states: MN, UMHI– Japan, NAGPF– Environ, trade, policy groups

• Revise concept• Econ + tech

– Feasibility studies; – Catalog R+D to precede it

• Preliminary design• IPHE project proposal (via ILC): sponsors, site

NATURALHY

Prepared by O. FlorissonGasunie

Full H2-area

The NATURALHY approach

H2

N.G.

NATURALHY:

• Breaks “chicken-egg” dilemma

• Bridge to sustainable future

When we realize these as emergencies:

• Global Warming, Climate Change• Energy Security and Cost• Peak Oil and Natural Gas

We must quickly invest in:• Energy conservation, efficiency• Large, new energy supplies:

� CO2-emissions-free� Indigenous� Both Distributed, Centralized

EIA estimated 2025 energy use

Nuclear 7.64

Coal 26.89

Gas 34.88

Oil 56.7

Hydro 0.95

Nuclear 7.64

Wind 0.11

Solar 0.01

Coal 26.89

Gas 34.88

Oil 56.7

H2 Production 0

Electricity Generation

45.74

Bio/Geo

5.94Bio/Geo 5.94

Residential 14.09

Commercial 12.31

Industrial 34.81

Automotive 25.83

Freight 13.18

Airlines

Residential 14.09

Commercial 12.31

Automotive 25.83

Freight 13.18

Airlines 5.06

Industrial 34.81

Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 133.1 Quads) Projection Year 2025From Year 2025

Efficiency Year 2025Energy Distribution Year 2025

Estimated 2050 energy use(H2 fleet using wind electrolysis)

Nuclear 7.84

Wind 16.27

Coal 25.99

Gas 41.83

Oil 42.92

H2 Production 14.76

Hydro 1.21

Nuclear 7.84

Wind 16.27

Solar 0.01

Coal 25.99

Gas 41.83

Oil 42.92

H2 Production 14.76

Electricity Generation

60.3

Bio/Geo

7.28Bio/Geo 7.28

Residential 17.22

Commercial 16.91

Industrial 45.97

Automotive 10.71

Freight 18.45

Airlines 7.77

Residential 17.22

Commercial 16.91

Automotive 10.71

Freight 18.45

Airlines 7.77

Industrial 45.97

Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 143.3 Quads) Projection Year 2050From Year 2025

Efficiency Year 2025 ModifiedEnergy Distribution Year 2025 Modified

Estimated 2050 energy use(H2 fleet using nuclear thermochemical)

Nuclear 30.72

Coal 28.38

Gas 42.83

Oil 42.9

H2 Production 22.85

Hydro 0.97

Nuclear 30.72

Wind 0.12

Solar 0.01

Coal 28.38

Gas 42.83

Oil 42.9

H2 Production 22.85

Electricity Generation

47.11

Bio/Geo

7.06Bio/Geo 7.06

Residential 17.22

Commercial 16.91

Industrial 45.97

Automotive 10.71

Freight 18.45

Airlines 7.77

Residential 17.22

Commercial 16.91

Automotive 10.71

Freight 18.45

Airlines 7.77

Industrial 45.97

Estimated Future U.S. Energy Requirements - 153 Quads) Projection Year 2050From Year 2025

Efficiency Year 2025 ModifiedEnergy Distribution Year 2025 Modified

“There’s a better way to do it…find it”

International Renewable Hydrogen

Transmission Demonstration Facility

(IRHTDF)

Pilot plant

Global opportunity:IPHE project

I R H T D F

• Pilot plant: Every new industrial process • Renewables-hydrogen system

� Generation� Conversion� Collection� Transmission� Storage� Distribution, end users� Synergy: O2, seasonal

23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06

Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation

Juneau, AKwleighty@earthlink.net

907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell

Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver

Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost

hyco99.ppt 2

abc

Air Products H2 / CO Pipeline - Texas Gulf Coast

MONT BELVIEU

PORTARTHUR

BEAUMONT

BAYPORT

BATTLEGROUND

PASADENA

CITY OFHOUSTON

CLEARLAKEGULF OF MEXICO

BAYTOWN

ORANGE

225

610

10

45

73

10

10

LAPORTE

LAKECHARLES

Approx. 60 Miles

HYDROGENCOSYNGASAir Products Facilities

Approx. 60 Miles

BAYTOWN

“We know how to pipeline hydrogen” Air Products~ 10,000 miles of GH2 pipeline, worldwide

hyco99.ppt 3

abc

Air Products H2 PipelineBaton Rouge/New Orleans, Louisiana

CARVILLE

PLAQUEMINE

GEISMAR

CONVENT

LAPLACEGARYVILLE

BATON ROUGE

NOLANEW ORLEANS

LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN

CHALMETTE

BELLE CHASE

Air Products Facilities

Hydrogen Pipeline

TAFT

GEISMAR

hyco99.ppt 4

abc

Rotterdam Pipeline System

ROTTERDAMROTTERDAM

PERNIS

ROZENBURGROZENBURG

ZWIJNDRECHTZWIJNDRECHT

ToTo Moerdijk Moerdijk

Industrial Gas Pipeline

APAP Pernis Pernis

APAP Botlek Botlek

APAPEuropoortEuropoort

ARCO CARSON

ARCO CARSON

MOBIL TORRANCE

MOBIL TORRANCE

TEXACO WILMINGTONTEXACO WILMINGTON

DOMINGUEZCHANNELDOMINGUEZCHANNEL

ULTRAMAR WILMINGTONULTRAMAR WILMINGTON

SHELL(SHUT DOWN)

SHELL(SHUT DOWN)

ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.

TOSCOWILMINGTON

TOSCOWILMINGTON

FLETCHER (SHUT DOWN)

FLETCHER (SHUT DOWN)

TOSCO CARSON

TOSCO CARSON

110110110

1

405

405

110

VAN NESSVAN NESSAVE.AVE.

SEPULVEDABLVD

SEPULVEDABLVD

ANAHEIM STREET

ANAHEIM STREET

91

710

19

LONG BEACH ARPT.

LONG BEACH ARPT.

190th St.190th St.

CARSON H2CARSON H2

WILMINGTON H2

WILMINGTON H2

AIR PRODUCTS FACILITY

EXISTING H2 PIPELINE

PROPOSED H2 PIPELINE

Air Products CompanyREFINERY ACTIVITY

LOS ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA

HHHH

H HHH

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

HH2H2

H2

H2

H2 H2H2

H2H2

H2

H2

H2H2

H2 H2

H2

H Existing flaw depth

Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) of Pipeline Steel

Industrial H2 Pipelines

• 3,000 km worldwide• Industrial corridors; on-site• 30% SMYS typical *• Constant pressure; low fatigue• Low-alloy, low-strength steel• Re-purposed oil pipelines

* Specified Minimum Yield Strength

Line Pipe Material Options

• Control Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)• Minimize energy-distance cost (kg-km)• “Sour service” X65 steel• HTUFF by Nippon Steel: microstructure• CRLP by TransCanada and NCF• New ?

Composite Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP)

TransCanada Pipelines & NCF Industries

Composite – Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) 3,400 psi, .75” X70 steel plus .75” composite

NCF Industries and TransCanada PipelinesASME International Pipeline Conference and Expositi on,

Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.

Composite exterior

Low-alloy steel liner

Composite Reinforced Line

Pipe (CRLP)

42” diameter3,400 psi

.75” X70 steel.75” composite

NCF Industries and TransCanada Pipelines

ASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,

Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.

CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc.

CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.

CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from

NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.

CRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc. U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.

Wrapper, composite spliceCRLPTM is a trademark of NCF Industries, Inc. CRLPTM is manufactured under license from NCF Industries, Inc.

U.S. and Foreign patents have been issued and are pending.

23rd World Gas Conference,Amsterdam, 5-9 June 06

Bill Leighty, DirectorThe Leighty Foundation

Juneau, AKwleighty@earthlink.net

907-586-1426 206-719-5554 cell

Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines Deliver

Large-scale Stranded Renewable Energy at Competitive Cost