Colonial Society DividedColonial Society Divided Six Classes of People Peninsulares – Born in...

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Colonial Society Divided

Six Classes of People Peninsulares – Born in

Spain Creoles – Europeans born

in Latin America Meztizo – Mixed European

and Indian Mulattos – Mixed

European and African Natives &

Africans

Revolutions in the Americas

Saint Domingue first Latin American Country to gain independence from Europe Haiti

Haitian Revolution

1791, 100,000 + slaves rebelled against French

1804, Haiti gained its independence

Creoles Lead Independence

Creoles felt they were treated unfairly

Napoleon’s Spanish King

Napoleon makes his brother the King of Spain

Many people in Spain and Latin America revolt After old king was restored, Latin American

revolutions continue

Do Now

What was the first western country to win independence?

What year?

What European country did they gain their freedom from?

Latin American Leaders

Simon Bolivar – Writer, fighter, and political thinker Helped Venezuela win independence in 1821

Latin American Leaders

Jose de San Martin – Helped Argentina win independence in 1816, and Chile in 1818

Joseph de San Martin and Simon Bolivar

1824, joined forces to defeat Spanish and make Latin America independent

Simon Bolivar

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

Mestizos and Natives fought for independence

1810, priest Miguel Hidalgo made a Grito de Dolores - A call for peasants to fight Hidalgo lost

Priest Jose Maria Morelos took over They won in 1815

1821, Mexico officially won independence

1823, Central America separated from Mexico

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807

Portuguese King John VI fled to Brazil Helped Brazil for 10 yrs

Left son, Pedro, in charge of Brazil

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

8,000 creoles signed petition Asked Pedroto rule Brazil

He Agreed

1823, Brazil becomes independent through a bloodless revolt

Vocabulary 24.1

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mulattos

Simon Bolivar

Jose de San Martin

Miguel Hidalgo

Jose Morelos

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 2: Europe Faces Revolutions

Clash of Philosophies

Conservatives - usually wealthy, argued to protect monarchies

Liberals-middle class merchants want more power to elected parliament

Radicals- peasants, want drastic changes and democracy to all people

Nationalism Develops

Nationalism - loyalty should be dedicated to the nation, not the ruler Usually Liberals or

Radicals

Nation-state –nation with independent government

Nationalist Ideas

Nationalists believed that people of a common language and culture defined a nation Ideas of French

Revolution

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Ottomans controlled the Balkans Region that includes Greece and other

countries

1821, Greeks were the first to fight for independence

Greek Support

Powerful governments opposed Revolution

Greeks were popular around the world Culture was respected by many

Greeks Gain Independence

1827, British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed Ottoman fleet

1830, Britain, France, and Russia sign Peace treaty Guarantee Greek independence

1830 Uprisings

1830’s, old borders were breaking down

Many revolutions across Europe

October, 1830, Belgium declares independence

Italy tries to restore some states

Do Now

What were the three types of political philosophies?

Explain:

What was the first country to fight for independence in Europe in 1821?

1830 Uprisings Crushed

Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order

Polish living in Russia revolted Russians took 1 year to crush rebellion

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite

1848, Metternich resigned Uprisings in Europe

Others want independence

Revolutions didn’t unite nations

1849, Europe conservative again

Radicals Change France

After Louis XVII, Charles X inherited throne

1830, suspends legislature People revolt

Charles flees to London

Radicals Change France

Metternich was furious

His monarchies were crumbling

Feared spread of Revolution

The Third Republic

Louis Philippe took over constitutional monarchy Popular with middle class Nickname: Citizen

because he wore regular clothes

Silenced those who opposed him

The Third Republic

Important Reforms: 1882, primary education

6-13years old 1884, legalized trade

unions 1900, work hours

reduced 1906, employers must

give employees one day off per week

France Accepts a Strong Ruler

Citizens kicked Louis Philippe out Formed new government

Voters elected Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s Nephew)

He built railroads, decreased unemployment, and country prospered

Reforms in Russia

1800, Russia still not industrialized

1820s, serfdom still existed Prevented economic improvement

Freeing serfs would anger the Nobles

Defeat Brings Change

1853, Czar threatened to take over part of Ottoman Empire

1856, Russia lost Could not provide enough supplies for troops

End of Serfdom

Alexander II moves Russia towards modernization

1861, serfs granted freedom Nobles kept half the land Peasants kept half

Reform and Reaction

Everyone had 49 years to pay government for land

Debt forced them to work the land

Alexander III encouraged industrial development

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 3: Nationalism

Setting the Stage

Metternich wanted to maintain old Europe

1800’s, Nationalism is growing

Congress created political boundaries Ignored national groups Controlled by large empires

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Some new nations had different groups

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Austrian Empire – Hapsburgs

Russian Empire – the Romanovs

Ottoman Empire- the Turks

Breakup of Austrian Empire

1866, Prussia defeats Austria

Austria splits in Austria- Hungary Until WWI, 1914

The Russian Empire Crumbles

Russification – forcing Russian culture on all citizens

Helped strengthen national feelings and breakup Russia

1917, Last Romanov czar

Ottoman Empire Weakens

1856 British and French pressure to grant equal citizenship

Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians

Broke apart after WW1

Cavour Unites Italy

1852, Camilo di Cavour becomes Prime Minister Believed:

Italy should be a Monarchy

Economy was important Nationalism would unite

Italy

Cavour Unites Italy

France supports Italy in the war with Austria

1860, northern Italian states liberated from Austria

Garibaldi Brings Unity

Giuseppe Garibaldi- called the sword of Italy

Used guerilla warfare gained control of Sicily in 1860

Cavour added territory in central Italy

1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome

The Red Shirts

Nickname because of Gaibaldi’s uniform

Garibaldi unites southern areas

King Victor Emanuel is the leader

“Right Leg In The Boot At Last”

What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon to be nation of Italy?

How is Garibaldi portrayed?

What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonists view of Italian unification?

Steps Toward Unification

1848 Germany not unified nation

39 separate states with a common language and culture were ready to unite

German Issues

German liberals revolted in Prussia

Supported republic or constitutional monarchy

German unity should promote individual rights

Bismarck Takes Control

1862 Wilhelm I chose Bismarck as Prussia’s Prime Minister conservative member of

Prussia’s wealthy Wanted unification

Bismarck Takes Control

Philosophy was practical rather than idealistic

Realpolitik- policies based on Prussian interests

Bismarck

Argued German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron”

Liberal parliament would not approve funds for the military He collected the taxes anyway

Prussia Expands

1864 formed and alliance with Austria against Denmark

After battle, Denmark gave the territory to Austria and Prussia

The Seven Weeks’ War

• Bismarck Provoked Austria

• Austria declared war on Prussia

The Austro-Prussian War

• Prussia’s king blamed Austria for starting the war

• Highly skilled and well equipped Prussians defeat Austrians

• Forced Austria to surrender territory

The Franco-Prussian War

• 1870 conflict with France

The Franco-Prussian War

• 1871 Prussian victory

• The peace treaty declared the unification of Germany

Creating the German Empire

Victory created a German Empire

Allied German states met at Versailles Wilhelm I the first

kaiser or emperor Bismarck the first

chancellor

Germany rose in power

The Empire’s Growth and Change

• 1871 Germany prospered

• Second Reich– Holy Roman

Empire was the First Reich

Bismarck and the Wilhelm II

• Bismarck did not want to expand German borders

• Many alliances:

– Austria, Hungary– Italy and Russia– Protect each

other from attack

A Shift in Power

1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers in Europe

1871 Germany and Britain the most powerful militarily and economically

Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Section 4: Revolutions in the Arts

The Romantic Movement

1800’s Enlightenment ideas in art

Romanticism-interest in nature and in thought of feelings of the individual

The Ideas or Romanticism

• Emotion was a key element

The Ideas of Romanticism

• Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time

• Glorified heroes

• Value the common people

• Promoted radical change in democracy

Romanticism in Literature

Poetry, music and painting the most influential arts

Romantics- poetry was the highest form of expression

Romanticism in Literature

Germany produced one of the earliest writers John Wolfgang von Goethe

Wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther

Young mans love drives him to suicide

The Gothic Novel• Gothic horror stories

• Took place in medieval castles

• Fearful, violent and supernatural

• Mary Shelley wrote a gothic horror story Frankenstein

• Monster created from body parts of human beings

Composers Emphasize Emotion

• Emotion dominates music

• Celebrated heroism and national pride with new power of expression

• Music became part of middle class life

• Fran Liszt (pianist) earnings and popularity like present day rock star

Composers Emphasize Emotion

• Greatest romantic composer Ludwig van Beethoven

• Evolved from classical music into romantic compositions

• Ninth symphony soars, celebrating freedom, dignity, and triumph of the human spirit

Composers Emphasize Emotion

Romantic composers appealed to heart and souls of their listeners

Felix Mendelssohn-drew on literature (Shakespeare’s Mid Summers Night Dream

Frederic Chopin used Polish dance rhythms

The Shift to Realism in the Arts

• 19th century industrialization affected everyday life

• Industrial workers lived grim lives in dirty cities

• Realist painters showed the importance of the working class

Photographers Capture Reality

Could record an instant in time

1839, First photographs called daguerreotypes (Louis Daguerre)

Photographers• William Talbot invented

light sensitive paper to produce photographic negatives

• Advantage of paper is that many prints could be made of one image

• Talbot’s process allowed photos to be reproduce in newspapers and magazines

• Photography an art of the industrial age

Writers Study society

• Realism flourished in France

• Honore de Balzac wrote 100 novels entitled The Human Comedy

• Brutal struggle for wealth in French society

• Emile Zola exposed the miseries of French workers in small shops, factories, and coal mine

Writers in Society• His revelations

shocked readers

• Spurred reforms and labor laws

• Charles Dickens created unforgettable characters of London’s poor

• Life of a working class person as sheer monotony set in a gloomy neighborhood

Impressionists React Against Realism

• 1860’s painters react against realist style

• Impressionism- try to show their impression of a subject

• Fascinated by light, used shimmering colors to capture a moment

Life in the Moment Impressionists showed

a more positive view

Instead of abused workers they showed shop clerks, dock workers enjoying themselves Dance halls Cafes

Life in the Moment Painted performers in

theatres and circuses

Glorified delights of life in rising middle class

Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir- were leaders in the movement that became very popular

Life in the Moment• Composers created

impressions of mood and atmosphere

• Used different combinations of instruments, tone patterns, and music structures

• Able to create mental pictures of flashing lights, feel of warm day

Life in the Moment• Maurice Revel and

Claude Debussy most notable members of the impressionist music movement

• Changes in political, social and artistic and intellectual movement signaled important changes in daily life

• One of the most significant will be industrialization