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Understanding Sentence Clause Structure
Crafting dynamic sentences can be challenging for all writers. Each writer must ask themselves:
• Are my ideas simple or complex?
• How do I express my ideas clearly?
This presentation focuses on the basic components of a sentence, the different types of sentences, and various functions of each type of sentence.
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What is a sentence?
Make a statement. “I went to the prom
with Lucy.” (Declarative)
Give a command. “Leave me alone.”
(Imperative)
Make an exclamation.“That was awesome!”
(Exclamatory)
Ask a question.“What time is the
matinee?”(Interrogative)
A sentence can:
A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of an independent clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
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Independent & dependent Clauses
An
Ind
epen
den
t Cla
use:
A complete thought.
Can stand alone.
“My dog is cold.” A D
epen
den
t Cla
use: An incomplete thought.
Cannot stand alone.
“Because it’s snowing.”
Every sentence contains at least one independent clause. It may contain one or more dependent clauses.
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Simple & Compound Sentences
Simple
• A simple sentence contains one independent clause.• “Lucy rode her bike to the park.”
Compound
• A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction.
• “Lucy rode her bike to the park, but Lucy did not play with her friend Sally.”
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Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences
Complex
• A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses, and it contains at least one subordinating conjunction.
• “Jane went to work today, even though she has the flu.”
Compound-
Complex
• A compound-complex sentence contains two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
• “I want to eat healthy food, but because fast food is so cheap and convenient, I struggle to maintain a healthy diet.”
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List of Coordinating ConjunctionsThese join two sentence elements that are the same, such as two independent clauses in a compound sentence.
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There are only seven:• and• but • for• nor• or• so• yet
List of Subordinate ConjunctionsThese introduce a dependent clause. This list is not exhaustive.
• after• although• as• as soon as• because• before• by the time• if• in case• in the event that• just in case• now that
• once• only if• since• the first time• though• unless• until• when• whenever• whereas• whether or not• while
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Why use a simple sentence?
To Make Direct Statements• “I always drink coffee
in the morning.
To Display Lists• Today I ate eggs,
toast, and bacon for breakfast.
To Give Directions• Turn to page 355 in
your textbook.
To Ask Questions• Where did you put the
dog food?
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Why use compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences?
To Combine Similar Ideas
Compound: Recycling reduces trash and less trash leads to
healthier oceans.
Complex: Since recycling leads to
healthier oceans, everyone should
recycle.
Compound-Complex:Since recycling leads to
healthier oceans, everyone should
recycle; we can all do our part.
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Why use compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences?
To Compare & Contrast
Compound: Van Gogh was a gifted artist, but his art was not appreciated during his
lifetime.
Complex: Although we now
consider Van Gogh to be a gifted artist, his
genius was not appreciated during his
lifetime.
Compound-Complex:Although we now
consider Van Gogh to be a gifted artist, his genius
was not appreciated during his lifetime, and he died believing he was a
failure.
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To Elaborate or Reason
Compound: Cell phones should not
be allowed in class because they distract students and teachers.
Complex: Since cell phones
distract students and teachers, they should
not be allowed in class.
Compound-Complex:Since cell phones
distract students and teachers, they should
not be allowed in class, and I encourage faculty
to support this effort.
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Why use compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences?
To Demonstrate Cause & Effect or a Chain of Events
Compound: The soldiers did not obey
orders, so they were discharged.
Complex: Since the soldiers did not obey orders, they were
discharged.
Compound-Complex:Since the soldiers did not obey orders, they were discharged, and they will be shipping home
soon.
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Why use compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences?
“All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that
you know.”- Ernest
Hemingway
Time to practice! Work on creating compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences in the student response sheets.
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