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Chemistry 367L/392N
Paul J Flory 1910-1985Paul J Flory 1910-1985
Macromolecular ChemistryMacromolecular Chemistry
Wallace H. Carothers 1896-1937Wallace H. Carothers 1896-1937
Chemistry 367L/392N
Nomenclature MethodsNomenclature Methods Source name (more common use)
– based on monomer name (polystyrene) IUPAC, constitutional repeating unit
– used in both source and structure names…messy! Abbreviations and acronyms
– PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)]…also common
Trade names– marketing and technological literature
Chemistry 367L/392N
ExamplesExamplesCH CH2
O C CH3
O
CH CH CH2 CH2
CH CH2
C N
CH2
OO
O
CH2
Ph
1. Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) - structure2. Poly(vinyl acetate) - source
1. Poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)2. Polybutadienea
1. Poly(1-cyanoethylene)2. Polyacrylonitrile
1. Poly(methylene)2. Polyethene; polyethylene
1. Poly[(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran- 3,4-diyl)(1-phenylethylene)]2. Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-styrene)
Chemistry 367L/392N
Industrial Influence: Trade Names Industrial Influence: Trade Names
PVC poly (vinylidene chloride) Saran wrap PVC poly (vinyl chloride) Pipe and records PET poly (ethylene teraphthalate) Coke bottles, Dacron Polystyrene Cups and packaging Delrin Bushings and engineering parts Lexan Bullet proof glass Teflon Non stick pans PVDF speakers and microphones Kevlar bullet proof vests Nylon Rope and fiber
Chemistry 367L/392N
Common AbbreviationsCommon Abbreviations Selected examples
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene)PA66 [polyamide (Nylon) 66]PC (polycarbonate)PET [poly(ethylene terephthalate)]PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)]PS (polystyrene)PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]TP (thermoplastic elastomer polyolefin)
PVF2 [poly(vinlylidine fluoride)]
(www.plasticsusa.com/tradename.html)
Chemistry 367L/392N
Class NamesClass Names Polyolefin Polyester Polyamide Polycarbonate Polyurethane
Naming “classes” of polymersNaming “classes” of polymers
Chemistry 367L/392N
Cl Br Cl BrBrCl
Poly(ethylene-alt-carbon monoxide)
Poly(1-oxopropanediyl)
CH2-O -CH-CCl-CH2-O-CH-CHCl-CH2-O-CH-CHCl
CH3 CH3 CH3
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene)
Name ‘em or draw ‘em Name ‘em or draw ‘em
Chemistry 367L/392N
Wallace Hume Carothers 1896-1937Wallace Hume Carothers 1896-1937
Carothers, W.H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1929, 51, 2548-58
Chemistry 367L/392N
Addition PolymerAddition Polymer Polyvinylchloride
C C
H
H
Cl
H
chloroethene
C C C C
H H H H
H HCl Cl
poly(chloroethene) aka polyvinylchloride (pvc)
Chemistry 367L/392N
Condensation PolymerCondensation Polymer Dacron
HO C
O
C
O
OHn + HO CH2 CH2 OHn
heat with an acid catalyst
C
O
C
O
O CH2 CH2 O
poly(ethan-1,2-diyl benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate)
n
H2O +
Chemistry 367L/392N
Condensation PolymerCondensation Polymer
N (CH2)6 NH
H
H
HC
O
OH(CH2)4
HO
OC
1,6-diaminohexane hexanedioic acid
N (CH2)6
H
N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
part of a nylon polymer chain
( )n
Nylon 6,6
H2O +
Chemistry 367L/392N
Carothers DefinitionCarothers Definition
A dd itio n
CO2H
HO2CHO
OHO
OO
HO
O
H+
(
(
Condensation
- H2O
N C O
N C O
HOOH
OCNHN O
O
O NH
OAr
+
Condensation?
O
O O
O O
O
Condensation?
Addition?
Problems with Carothers DefinitionProblems with Carothers Definition
Chemistry 367L/392N
Another ProblemAnother Problem
from ω-hydroxycarboxylic acid
O R C
O
O C
O
R
OH R CO2H O R C
O
+ H2O
Polyester from lactone
Chemistry 367L/392N
Paul J FloryPaul J Flory 1910-1985 1910-1985
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974
"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
Chemistry 367L/392N
Flory Clears Things UpFlory Clears Things UpPolymer Structure is distinct from Polymerization Process.
O
O O
OH
HO
O
OH
HO
AdditionPolymerization
CondensationPolymerization
CondensationPolymer
Process Structure
Addition Similar connections Ring-opening No by-products
Same composition
(monomer = polymer)
Condensation New functional groups Release of small molecules Degradation gives different
composition
Chemistry 367L/392N
Basic Types of Polymerization MechanismsBasic Types of Polymerization Mechanisms
Chain-growth
Step-growth
Ring-openingO
OO-
O
RO-O
O
ROH+
CH2C
O
HO CH2 OH CH2C
O
O CH2 O HH
H2O
DimerTetramerOctamerHexamer
...
Chemistry 367L/392N
Chain growth systemChain growth system
The characteristic of a chain polymer is that The characteristic of a chain polymer is that polymer polymer growth takes place by monomer reacting only with the growth takes place by monomer reacting only with the reactive centersreactive centers.. Monomer does not react with Monomer does not react with monomer and the different-sized species such as dimer, monomer and the different-sized species such as dimer, trimer, and n-mer do not react with each other. The trimer, and n-mer do not react with each other. The polymerization ceases when the active center is polymerization ceases when the active center is destroyed by termination reaction(s). destroyed by termination reaction(s).
Chemistry 367L/392N
A condensation takes place between two A condensation takes place between two polyfunctional polyfunctional molecules to produce one larger molecules to produce one larger polyfunctional molecule with the possible polyfunctional molecule with the possible elimination of a small molecule such as water. elimination of a small molecule such as water. The reaction continues until one of the reagents The reaction continues until one of the reagents is used up. is used up.
Step Growth systemStep Growth system
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