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Ernesto"Che"Guevara(Spanishpronunciation: [ernesto "te" geaa]June14,[1]1928October9,1967)commonlyknownasCheGuevara ,ElChe,orsimplyChe,wasan

ArgentineMarxistrevolutionary,physician,author,intellectual,guerrillaleader,military

theorist,andmajorfigureoftheCubanRevolution.Sincehisdeath,hisstylizedvisagehas

becomeaubiquitouscounterculturalsymbolandglobalinsigniawithinpopularculture.[4]

Asayoungmedicalstudent,GuevaratraveledthroughoutLatinAmericaandwastransformed

bytheendemicpovertyhewitnessed. [5]Hisexperiencesandobservationsduringthesetripsledhimtoconcludethattheregion'singrainedeconomicinequalitieswereanintrinsicresultof

monopolycapitalism,neocolonialism,andimperialism,withtheonlyremedybeingworld

revolution.[6]ThisbeliefpromptedhisinvolvementinGuatemala'ssocialreformsunderPresidentJacoboArbenzGuzmn,whoseeventualCIAassistedoverthrowsolidifiedGuevara's

radicalideology.Later,whilelivinginMexicoCity,hemetRaulandFidelCastro,joinedtheir

26thofJulyMovement,andinvadedCubaaboardtheGranmawiththeintentionofoverthrowing

U.S.backedCubandictatorFulgencioBatista.[7]Guevarasoonrosetoprominenceamongtheinsurgents,waspromotedtosecondincommand,andplayedapivotalroleinthesuccessful

twoyearguerrillacampaignthatdeposedtheBatistaregime.[8]

FollowingtheCubanRevolution,Guevaraperformedanumberofkeyrolesinthenew

government.Theseincludedreviewingtheappealsandfiringsquadsforthoseconvictedaswar

criminalsduringtherevolutionarytribunals,[9]institutingagrarianreformasministerofindustries,servingasbothnationalbankpresidentandinstructionaldirectorforCubasarmed

forces,andtraversingtheglobeasadiplomatonbehalfofCubansocialism.Suchpositions

allowedhimtoplayacentralroleintrainingthemilitiaforceswhorepelledtheBayofPigs

Invasion[10]andbringingtoCubatheSovietnucleararmedballisticmissileswhichprecipitated

the1962CubanMissileCrisis.[11]Additionally,hewasaprolificwriteranddiarist,composingaseminalmanualonguerrillawarfare,alongwithabestsellingmemoirabouthisyouthful

motorcyclejourneyacrossSouthAmerica.GuevaraleftCubain1965toinciterevolutionsfirst

unsuccessfullyinCongoKinshasaandlaterinBolivia,wherehewascapturedbyCIAassisted

Bolivianforcesandexecuted. [12]

Guevararemainsbothareveredandreviledhistoricalfigure,polarizedinthecollective

imaginationinamultitudeofbiographies,memoirs,essays,documentaries,songs,andfilms.

Timemagazinenamedhimoneofthe100mostinfluentialpeopleofthe20thcentury,[13]whileanAlbertoKordaphotographofhimentitledGuerrilleroHeroico(shown),wasdeclared"the

mostfamousphotographintheworld." [14]

Earlylife

ErnestoGuevarawasborntoCeliadelaSernayLlosaandErnestoGuevaraLynchonJune14,1928[1]

inRosario,Argentina,theeldestoffivechildreninafamilyofSpanish,BasqueandIrishdescent. [15]Inlieuofhisparents'surnames,hislegalname(ErnestoGuevara)willsometimesappearwithdelaSerna,

orLynchaccompanyingit.InreferencetoChe's"restless"nature,hisfatherdeclared"thefirstthingto

noteisthatinmyson'sveinsflowedthebloodoftheIrishrebels."[16]VeryearlyoninlifeErnestito(as

hewasthencalled)developedan"affinityforthepoor".[17]Growingupinafamilywithleftistleanings,

Guevarawasintroducedtoawidespectrumofpoliticalperspectivesevenasaboy. [18]Hisfather,astaunchsupporterofRepublicansfromtheSpanishCivilWar,oftenhostedmanyveteransfromthe

conflictintheGuevarahome. [19]

Thoughsufferingcripplingboutsofacuteasthmathatweretoafflicthimthroughouthislife,heexcelled

asanathlete,enjoyingswimming,soccer,golf,andshootingwhilealsobecomingan"untiring"cyclist.[20][21]Hewasanavidrugbyunionplayer,andplayedatflyhalffortheUniversityofBuenosAiresFirst

XV.[22]Hisrugbyplayingearnedhimthenickname"Fuser"acontractionofElFuribundo(raging)andhismother'ssurname,delaSernaforhis

aggressivestyleofplay. [23]Hisschoolmatesalsonicknamedhim"Chancho"("pig"),becauseherarelybathed,andproudlyworea"weeklyshirt."

Guevaralearnedchessfromhisfatherandbeganparticipatinginlocaltournamentsbyage12.Duringadolescenceandthroughouthislifehewas

passionateaboutpoetry,especiallythatofPabloNeruda,JohnKeats,AntonioMachado,FedericoGarcaLorca,GabrielaMistral,CsarVallejo,and

WaltWhitman.[24]HecouldalsoreciteRudyardKipling's"If" andJosHernndez's"MartnFierro"frommemory. [24]TheGuevarahomecontainedmorethan3,000books,whichallowedGuevaratobeanenthusiasticandeclecticreader,withinterestsincludingKarlMarx,WilliamFaulkner,Andr

Gide,EmilioSalgariandJulesVerne.[25]Additionally,heenjoyedtheworksofJawaharlalNehru,FranzKafka,AlbertCamus,VladimirLenin,and

JeanPaulSartreaswellasAnatoleFrance,FriedrichEngels,H.G.Wells,andRobertFrost.[26]

Ashegrewolder,hedevelopedaninterestintheLatinAmericanwritersHoracioQuiroga,CiroAlegra,JorgeIcaza,

RubnDaro,andMiguelAsturias.[26]Manyoftheseauthors'ideashecatalogedinhisownhandwrittennotebooksofconcepts,definitions,andphilosophiesofinfluentialintellectuals.Theseincludedcomposinganalyticalsketchesof

BuddhaandAristotle,alongwithexaminingBertrandRussellonloveandpatriotism,JackLondononsociety,and

Nietzscheontheideaofdeath.SigmundFreud'sideasfascinatedhimashequotedhimonavarietyoftopicsfrom

dreamsandlibidotonarcissismandtheoedipuscomplex.[26]Hisfavoritesubjectsinschoolincludedphilosophy,

mathematics,engineering,politicalscience,sociology,historyandarchaeology.[27][28]

Yearslater,aFebruary13,1958,declassifiedCIA'biographicalandpersonalityreport'wouldmakenoteofGuevaras

widerangeofacademicinterestsandintellect,describinghimas"quitewellread"andthecommentthat"Cheisfairly

intellectualforaLatino". [29]

Motorcyclejourney

Mainarticles:TheMotorcycleDiariesandTheMotorcycleDiaries(film)

In1948,GuevaraenteredtheUniversityofBuenosAirestostudymedicine.Butin1951,hetookayearofffrom

studiestoembarkonatriptraversingSouthAmericabymotorcyclewithhisfriendAlbertoGranado,withthefinalgoalofspendingafewweeks

volunteeringattheSanPabloLepercolonyinPeru,onthebanksoftheAmazonRiver.OnthewaytoMachuPicchuhighintheAndes,hewas

struckbythecrushingpovertyoftheremoteruralareas,wherepeasantfarmersworkedsmallplotsoflandownedbywealthylandlords.[30]Lateronhisjourney,GuevarawasespeciallyimpressedbythecamaraderieamongthoselivinginaLeperColony,stating"Thehighestformsofhuman

solidarityandloyaltyariseamongsuchlonelyanddesperatepeople."[30]GuevarausednotestakenduringthistriptowriteanaccountentitledThe

MotorcycleDiaries,whichlaterbecameaNewYorkTimesbestseller,[31]andwasadaptedintoa2004awardwinningfilmofthesamename.

Bytrip'send,hecametoviewLatinAmericanotascollectionofseparatenations,butasasingleentityrequiringacontinentwideliberation

strategy.Hisconceptionofaborderless,unitedHispanicAmericasharingacommon'Latino'heritagewasathemethatprominentlyrecurredduring

hislaterrevolutionaryactivities.UponreturningtoArgentina,hecompletedhisstudiesandreceivedhismedicaldegreeinJune1953,makinghim

officially"Dr.ErnestoGuevara".[32][33]GuevaralaterremarkedthatthroughhistravelsofLatinAmerica,hecamein"closecontactwithpoverty,hungeranddisease"alongwiththe"inabilitytotreatachildbecauseoflackofmoney"and"stupefactionprovokedbythecontinualhungerand

punishment"thatleadsafatherto"acceptthelossofasonasanunimportantaccident".ItwastheseexperienceswhichGuevaracitesas

convincinghimthatinorderto"helpthesepeople",heneededtoleavetherealmofmedicine,andconsiderthepoliticalarenaofarmedstruggle.[5]

Guatemala,ArbenzandUnitedFruit

Mainarticle:1954Guatemalancoupd'tat

OnJuly7,1953,Guevarasetoutagain,thistimetoBolivia,Peru,Ecuador,Panama,CostaRica,Nicaragua,

HondurasandElSalvador.OnDecember10,1953,beforeleavingforGuatemala,Guevarasentanupdatetohis

AuntBeatrizfromSanJos,CostaRica.IntheletterGuevaraspeaksoftraversingthroughthe"dominions"ofthe

UnitedFruitCompany,whichconvincedhim"howterrible"the"Capitalistoctopuses"were. [34]Thisaffirmedindignationcarriedthe"headhuntingtone"thatheadoptedinordertofrightenhismoreConservativerelatives,and

endswithGuevaraswearingonanimageofthethenrecentlydeceasedJosefStalin,nottorestuntilthese

"octopuseshavebeenvanquished."[35]Laterthatmonth,GuevaraarrivedinGuatemalawherePresidentJacoboArbenzGuzmnheadedademocraticallyelectedgovernmentthat,throughlandreformandotherinitiatives,was

attemptingtoendthe latifundiasystem.Toaccomplishthis,PresidentArbenzhadenactedamajorlandreform

program,wherealluncultivatedportionsoflargelandholdingsweretobeexpropriatedandredistributedto

landlesspeasants.Thebiggestlandowner,andonemostaffectedbythereforms,wastheUnitedFruitCompany,

fromwhichtheArbenzgovernmenthadalreadytakenmorethan225,000uncultivatedacres. [36]Pleasedwiththeroadthenationwasheadingdown,GuevaradecidedtosettledowninGuatemalasoasto"perfecthimselfand

accomplishwhatevermaybenecessaryinordertobecomeatruerevolutionary". [37]

InGuatemalaCity,GuevarasoughtoutHildaGadeaAcosta,aPeruvianeconomistwhowaswellconnected

politicallyasamemberoftheleftleaningAlianzaPopularRevolucionariaAmericana(APRA,AmericanPopular

RevolutionaryAlliance).SheintroducedGuevaratoanumberofhighlevelofficialsintheArbenzgovernment.

GuevarathenestablishedcontactwithagroupofCubanexileslinkedtoFidelCastrothroughtheJuly26,1953

attackontheMoncadaBarracksinSantiagodeCuba.[38]Duringthisperiodheacquiredhisfamousnickname,

duetohisfrequentuseoftheArgentinevocativeinterjectionche,aslangcasualspeechfillerusedsimilarlyto"eh"or"pal." [39]

Guevara'sattemptstoobtainamedicalinternshipwereunsuccessfulandhiseconomicsituationwasoftenprecarious.OnMay15,1954,ashipment

ofkodainfantryandlightartilleryweaponswassentfromCommunistCzechoslovakiafortheArbenzGovernmentandarrivedinPuertoBarrios,[40]

[41].Asaresult,theU.S.CIAsponsoredanarmywhichinvadedthecountryandinstalledtherightwingdictatorshipofCarlosCastilloArmas.[37]GuevarawaseagertofightonbehalfofArbenzandjoinedanarmedmilitiaorganizedbytheCommunistYouthforthatpurpose,butfrustratedwith

thegroup'sinaction,hesoonreturnedtomedicalduties.Followingthecoup,heagainvolunteeredtofight,butsoonafter,Arbenztookrefugeinthe

MexicanEmbassyandtoldhisforeignsupporterstoleavethecountry.Guevarasrepeatedcallstoresistwerenotedbysupportersofthecoup,and

hewasmarkedformurder.[42]AfterHildaGadeawasarrested,GuevarasoughtprotectioninsidetheArgentineconsulate,whereheremaineduntilhe

receivedasafeconductpasssomeweekslaterandmadehiswaytoMexico. [43]HemarriedGadeainMexicoinSeptember1955. [44]

TheoverthrowoftheArbenzregimecementedGuevara'sviewoftheUnitedStatesasan imperialistpowerthatwouldopposeandattempttodestroy

anygovernmentthatsoughttoredressthesocioeconomicinequalityendemictoLatinAmericaandotherdevelopingcountries.Inspeakingaboutthe

coupGuevarastated:

"ThelastLatinAmericanrevolutionarydemocracythatofJacoboArbenzfailedasaresultofthecoldpremeditatedaggressioncarriedoutbythe

U.S.A.ItsvisibleheadwastheSecretaryofStateJohnFosterDulles,amanwho,throughararecoincidence,wasalsoastockholderandattorneyfor

theUnitedFruitCompany."[42]

Guevara'sconvictionthatMarxismachievedthrougharmedstruggleanddefendedbyanarmedpopulacewastheonlywaytorectifysuchconditions

wasthusstrengthened.[45]Gadeawrotelater,"ItwasGuatemalawhichfinallyconvincedhimofthenecessityforarmedstruggleandfortakingthe

initiativeagainstimperialism.Bythetimeheleft,hewassureofthis." [46]

MexicoCityandpreparation

GuevaraarrivedinMexicoCityinearlySeptember1954,andworkedintheallergysectionoftheGeneral

Hospital.InadditionhegavelecturesonmedicineattheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandworked

asanewsphotographerforLatinaNewsAgency. [47]HisfirstwifeHildanotesinhermemoirMyLifewithChe,thatforawhile,GuevaraconsideringgoingtoworkasadoctorinAfricaandthathecontinuedtobedeeply

troubledbythepovertyaroundhim. [48]Inoneinstance,HildadescribesGuevara'sobsessionwithanelderlywasherwomanwhomhewastreating,remarkingthathesawheras"representativeofthemostforgottenand

exploitedclass."HildalaterfoundapoemthatChehaddedicatedtotheoldwoman,containing"apromiseto

fightforabetterworld,forabetterlifeforallthepoorandexploited."[48]

DuringthistimeherenewedhisfriendshipwithicoLpezandtheotherCubanexileswhomhehadmetin

Guatemala.InJune1955,LpezintroducedhimtoRalCastrowhosubsequentlyintroducedhimtohisolder

brother,FidelCastro,therevolutionaryleaderwhohadformedthe26thofJulyMovementandwasnowplottingto

overthrowthedictatorshipofFulgencioBatista.DuringalongconversationwithCastroonthenightoftheirfirst

meeting,GuevaraconcludedthattheCuban'scausewastheoneforwhichhehadbeensearchingandbefore

daybreakhehadsignedupasamemberofthe26JMovement. [49]BythispointinGuevaraslife,hedeemedthatU.S.controlledconglomeratesinstalledandsupportedrepressiveregimesaroundtheworld.Inthisvein,heconsideredBatistaa"U.S.puppet

whosestringsneededcutting." [50]

Althoughheplannedtobethegroup'scombatmedic,GuevaraparticipatedinthemilitarytrainingwiththemembersoftheMovement.Thekey

portionoftraininginvolvedlearninghitandruntacticsofguerrillawarfare.Guevaraandtheothersunderwentarduous15hourmarchesover

mountains,acrossrivers,andthroughthedenseundergrowth,learningandperfectingtheproceduresofambushandquickretreat.Fromthestart

GuevarawasAlbertoBayo's"prizestudent"amongthoseintraining,scoringthehighestonallofthetestsgiven. [51]Attheendofthecourse,hewas

called"thebestguerrillaofthemall"bytheirinstructor,ColonelBayo.[52]

CubanRevolution

Mainarticle:CubanRevolution

Invasion,warfareandSantaClara

ThefirststepinCastro'srevolutionaryplanwasanassaultonCubafromMexicoviatheGranma,anold,leaky

cabincruiser.TheysetoutforCubaonNovember25,1956.AttackedbyBatista'smilitarysoonafterlanding,

manyofthe82menwereeitherkilledintheattackorexecuteduponcaptureonly22foundeachother

afterwards.[53]Guevarawrotethatitwasduringthisbloodyconfrontationthathelaiddownhismedicalsuppliesandpickedupaboxofammunitiondroppedbyafleeingcomrade,finalizinghissymbolictransitionfromphysician

tocombatant.

OnlyasmallbandofrevolutionariessurvivedtoregroupasabedraggledfightingforcedeepintheSierraMaestra

mountains,wheretheyreceivedsupportfromtheurbanguerrillanetworkofFrankPas,the26thofJulyMovement,

andlocalcampesinos.WiththegroupwithdrawntotheSierra,theworldwonderedwhetherCastrowasaliveor

deaduntilearly1957whentheinterviewbyHerbertMatthewsappearedinTheNewYorkTimes.Thearticle

presentedalasting,almostmythicalimageforCastroandtheguerrillas.Guevarawasnotpresentforthe

interview,butinthecomingmonthshebegantorealizetheimportanceofthemediaintheirstruggle.Meanwhile,

assuppliesandmoralediminished,andwithanallergytomosquitobiteswhichresultedinagonizingwalnutsized

cystsonhisbody, [54]Guevaraconsideredthese"themostpainfuldaysofthewar."[55]

Asthewarcontinued,Guevarabecameanintegralpartoftherebelarmyand"convincedCastrowithcompetence,diplomacyandpatience."[8]Guevarasetupfactoriestomakegrenades,builtovenstobakebread,taughtnewrecruitsabouttactics,andorganizedschoolstoteachilliterate

campesinostoreadandwrite. [8]Moreover,Guevaraestablishedhealthclinics,workshopstoteachmilitarytactics,andanewspapertodisseminate

information.[56]ThemanwhothreeyearslaterwouldbedubbedbyTimeMagazine:"Castro'sbrain",atthispointwaspromotedbyFidelCastroto

Comandante(commander)ofasecondarmycolumn. [8]

AstheonlyotherrankedComandantebesidesFidelCastro,Guevarawasanextremelyharshdisciplinarianwhounhesitatinglyshotdefectors.

Deserterswerepunishedastraitors,andGuevarawasknowntosendexecutionsquadstohuntdownthoseseekingtogoAWOL.[57]Asaresult,

Guevarabecamefearedforhisbrutalityandruthlessness. [58]Duringtheguerrillacampaign,Guevarawasalsoresponsiblefortheoftensummary

executionofanumberofmenaccusedofbeinginformers,desertersorspies.[59]

Althoughhemaintainedademandingandharshdisposition,Guevaraalsoviewedhisroleofcommanderasoneofa

teacher,entertaininghismenduringbreaksbetweenengagementswithreadingsfromthelikesofRobertLouis

Stevenson,Cervantes,andSpanishlyricpoets.[60]HiscommandingofficerFidelCastrohasdescribedGuevaraas

intelligent,daring,andanexemplaryleaderwho"hadgreatmoralauthorityoverhistroops." [61]Castrohasfurther

remarkedthatGuevaratooktoomanyrisks,evenhavinga"tendencytowardfoolhardiness".[62]Guevara'steenagelieutenant,JoelIglesias,recountssuchactionsinhisdiary,notingthatGuevara'sbehaviorincombatevenbrought

admirationfromtheenemy.OnoneoccasionIglesiasrecountsthetimehehadbeenwoundedinbattle,stating"Che

ranouttome,defyingthebullets,threwmeoverhisshoulder,andgotmeoutofthere.Theguardsdidn'tdarefireat

him...latertheytoldmehemadeagreatimpressiononthemwhentheysawhimrunoutwithhispistolstuckinhis

belt,ignoringthedanger,theydidn'tdareshoot." [63]

GuevarawasinstrumentalincreatingtheclandestineradiostationRadioRebeldeinFebruary1958,whichbroadcast

newstotheCubanpeoplewithstatementsbythe26thofJulymovement,andprovidedradiotelephonecommunication

betweenthegrowingnumberofrebelcolumnsacrosstheisland.Guevarahadapparentlybeeninspiredtocreatethe

stationbyobservingtheeffectivenessofCIAsuppliedradioinGuatemalainoustingthegovernmentofJacoboArbenz

Guzmn.[64]

InlateJuly1958,GuevaraplayedacriticalroleintheBattleofLasMercedesbyusinghiscolumntohaltaforceof1,500mencalledupbyBatista's

GeneralCantilloinaplantoencircleanddestroyCastro'sforces.Yearslater,MajorLarryBockmanoftheUnitedStatesMarineCorpswouldanalyze

anddescribeChe'stacticalappreciationofthisbattleas"brilliant."[65]DuringthistimeGuevaraalsobecamean"expert"atleadinghitandruntactics

againstBatistasarmy,andthenfadingbackintothecountrysidebeforethearmycouldcounterattack. [66]

Asthewarextended,GuevaraledanewcolumnoffightersdispatchedwestwardforthefinalpushtowardsHavana.Travellingbyfoot,Guevara

embarkedonadifficult7weekmarchonlytravellingatnighttoavoidambush,andoftennoteatingforseveraldays. [67]IntheclosingdaysofDecember1958,GuevarastaskwastocuttheislandinhalfbytakingLasVillasprovince.Inamatterofdaysheexecutedaseriesof"brilliant

tacticalvictories"thatgavehimcontrolofallbuttheprovincescapitalcityofSantaClara.[67]Guevarathendirectedhis"suicidesquad"intheattack

onSantaClara,thatbecamethefinaldecisivemilitaryvictoryoftherevolution.[68][69]InthesixweeksleadinguptotheBattleofSantaClarathereweretimeswhenhismenwerecompletelysurrounded,outgunned,andoverrun.Che'seventualvictorydespitebeingoutnumbered10:1,remainsin

theviewofsomeobserversa"remarkabletourdeforceinmodernwarfare."[70]

RadioRebeldebroadcastthefirstreportsthatGuevara'scolumnhadtakenSantaClaraonNewYear'sEve1958.This

contradictedreportsbytheheavilycontrollednationalnewsmedia,whichhadatonestagereportedGuevara'sdeath

duringthefighting.At3amonJanuary1,1959,uponlearningthathisgeneralswerenegotiatingaseparatepeace

withGuevara,FulgencioBatistaboardedaplaneinHavanaandfledfortheDominicanRepublic,alongwithan

amassed"fortuneofmorethan$300,000,000throughgraftandpayoffs".[71]ThefollowingdayonJanuary2,Guevara

enteredHavanatotakefinalcontrolofthecapitol. [72]FidelCastrohowevertook6moredaystoarrive,ashestoppedtorallysupportinseverallargecitiesonhiswaytorollingvictoriouslyintoHavanaonJanuary8,1959.

InFebruary,therevolutionarygovernmentproclaimedGuevara"aCubancitizenbybirth"inrecognitionofhisrolein

thetriumph. [73]WhenHildaGadeaarrivedinCubainlateJanuary,Guevaratoldherthathewasinvolvedwithanother

woman,andthetwoagreedonadivorce,[74]whichwasfinalizedonMay22. [75]OnJune2,1959,hemarriedAleida

March,aCubanbornmemberofthe26thofJulymovementwithwhomhehadbeenlivingsincelate1958. [76]

LaCabaa,landreform,andliteracy

DuringtherebellionagainstBatista'sdictatorship,thegeneralcommandoftherebelarmy,ledbyFidelCastro,introducedintotheliberatedterritories

the19thcenturypenallawcommonlyknownastheLeydelaSierra.[77]Thislawincludedthedeathpenaltyforextremelyseriouscrimes,whetherperpetratedbythedictatorshiporbysupportersoftherevolution.In1959,therevolutionarygovernmentextendeditsapplicationtothewholeofthe

republicandtothoseitconsideredwarcriminals,capturedandtriedaftertherevolution.AccordingtotheCubanMinistryofJustice,thislatter

extensionwassupportedbythemajorityofthepopulation,andfollowedthesameprocedureasthoseintheNurembergTrialsheldbytheAlliesafter

WorldWarII. [78]

Toimplementaportionofthisplan,CastronamedGuevaracommanderoftheLaCabaaFortressprison,forafivemonthtenure(January2through

June12,1959).[79]GuevarawaschargedwithpurgingtheBatistaarmyandconsolidatingvictorybyexacting"revolutionaryjustice"againstthose

consideredtobetraitors,chivatos(informants)orwarcriminals. [80]ServinginthepostascommanderofLaCabaa,Guevarareviewedtheappealsof

thoseconvictedduringtherevolutionarytribunalprocess.[9]Onsomeoccasionsthepenaltydeliveredbythetribunalwasdeathbyfiringsquad.[81]RalGmezTreto,seniorlegaladvisortotheCubanMinistryofJustice,hasarguedthatthedeathpenaltywasjustifiedinordertopreventcitizens

themselvesfromtakingjusticeintotheirownhands,ashappenedtwentyyearsearlierintheantiMachadorebellion.[82]Biographersnotethatin

January1959,theCubanpublicwasina"lynchingmood", [83]andpointtoasurveyatthetimeshowing93%publicapprovalforthetribunalprocess.[9]With20,000CubansestimatedtohavebeenkilledatthehandsofBatista'scollaborators,[84]andmanyofthosesentencedtodeathaccusedof

tortureandphysicalatrocities, [9]thenewlyempoweredgovernmentcarriedoutexecutions"withoutrespectfordueprocess."[85]Althoughtheexact

numbersdiffer,itisestimatedthatseveralhundredpeoplewereexecutedduringthistime. [86]

ConflictingviewsexistofGuevara'sdelighttowardstheexecutionsatLaCabaa.Someexiledoppositionbiographersreportthatherelishedthe

ritualsofthefiringsquad,andorganizedthemwithgusto.[85]WhatisacknowledgedbyallsidesisthatGuevarahadbecomea"hardened"man,whohadnoqualmsaboutthedeathpenaltyorsummaryandcollectivetrials.Iftheonlywayto"defendtherevolutionwastoexecuteitsenemies,he

wouldnotbeswayedbyhumanitarianorpoliticalarguments."[85]ThisisfurtherconfirmedbyaFebruary5,1959,lettertoLuisParedesLpezinBuenosAireswhereGuevarastatesunequivocally"TheexecutionsbyfiringsquadsarenotonlyanecessityforthepeopleofCuba,butalsoan

impositionofthepeople." [87]

Alongwithensuring"revolutionaryjustice",theotherkeyearlyplatformofGuevara'swasestablishing

agrarianlandreform.AlmostimmediatelyafterthesuccessoftherevolutiononJanuary27,1959,Che

Guevaramadeoneofhismostsignificantspeecheswherehetalkedabout"thesocialideasoftherebel

army."Duringthisspeech,hedeclaredthatthemainconcernofthenewCubangovernmentwas"thesocial

justicethat landredistributionbringsabout." [88]AfewmonthslateronMay171959,theAgrarianReformLawcalledonandcraftedbyCheGuevarawentintoeffect,limitingthesizeofallfarmsto1,000acres.Any

holdingsovertheselimitswereexpropriatedbythegovernmentandeitherredistributedtopeasantsin67

acreparcelsorheldasstateruncommunes. [89]Thelawalsostipulatedthatsugarplantationscouldnotbe

ownedbyforeigners.[90]

OnJune12,1959,CastrosentGuevaraoutonathreemonthtourof14countries,mostofthemBandung

PactmembersinAfricaandAsia.SendingGuevarafromHavanaallowedCastrotoappeartobedistancing

himselffromCheandhisMarxistsympathies,thattroubledboththeUnitedStatesandsomeofCastro's

26thofJulyMovementmembers. [91]Hespent12daysinJapan(July1527),participatinginnegotiationsaimedatexpandingCuba'straderelationswiththatnation.Duringthisvisit,GuevarasecretlyvisitedthecityofHiroshima,wheretheAmericanmilitaryhaddetonatedanatombomb14years

earlier.Guevarawas"reallyshocked"atwhathewitnessedandbyhisvisittoahospitalwhereAbombsurvivorswerebeingtreated.[92]

UponreturningtoCubainSeptember1959,itwasevidentthatCastronowhadmorepoliticalpower.Thegovernmenthadbegunlandseizures

includedintheagrarianreformlaw,butwashedgingoncompensationofferstolandowners,insteadofferinglowinterest"bonds",whichputtheU.S.

onalert.AtthispointtheaffectedwealthycattlemenofCamageymountedacampaignagainstthelandredistributions,andenlistedthenewly

disaffectedrebelleaderHuberMatos,whoalongwiththeantiCommunistwingofthe26thofJulyMovement,joinedthemindenouncingthe

"Communistencroachment." [93]DuringthistimeDominicandictatorRafaelTrujillowasofferingassistancetothe"AntiCommunistLegionoftheCaribbean"whowastrainingintheDominicanRepublic.ThismultinationalforcecomprisedmostlyofSpaniardsandCubans,butalsoofCroatians,

Germans,Greeks,andrightwingmercenaries,wereplottingtotoppleCastro'snewregime.[93]

SuchthreatswereheightenedwhenonMarch4,1960,twomassiveexplosionsrippedthroughtheFrenchfreighterLaCoubre,whichwascarrying

BelgianmunitionsfromtheportofAntwerp,anddockedinHavanaHarbor.Theblastskilledatleast76peopleandinjuredseveralhundred,with

Guevarapersonallyprovidingfirstaidtosomeofthevictims.CubanleaderFidelCastroimmediatelyaccusedtheCIAof"anactofterrorism"andheld

astatefuneralthefollowingdayforthevictimsoftheblast.[94]ItwasatthememorialservicethatAlbertoKordatookthefamousphotographof

Guevara,nowknownasGuerrilleroHeroico.[95]

TheseperceivedthreatspromptedCastrotofurthereliminate"counterrevolutionaries",andutilizeGuevaratonowdrasticallyincreasethespeedof

landreform.Toimplementthisplan,anewgovernmentagencytheNationalInstituteofAgrarianReform(INRA)wasestablishedtoadministerthe

newAgrarianReformlaw,andquicklybecamethemostimportantgoverningbodyinthenationwithGuevaraservingasitsheadasministerof

industries. [90]UnderGuevara'scommand,INRAestablisheditsown100,000personmilitia,usedfirsttohelpthegovernmentseizecontroloftheexpropriatedlandandsuperviseitsdistribution,andlatertosetupcooperativefarms.Thelandconfiscatedincluded480,000acresownedbyU.S.

corporations. [90]Monthslaterasretaliation,U.SPresidentDwightD.EisenhowersharplyreducedtheimportofCubansugar(Cubasmaincashcrop),thusleadingGuevaraonJuly10,1960,toaddressover100,000workersinfrontofthePresidentialPalaceatarallycalledtodenounceU.S.

"economicaggression." [96]

Alongwithlandreform,oneoftheprimaryareasthatGuevarastressedneedednationalimprovementwas

intheareaofliteracy.Before1959theofficialliteracyrateforCubawasbetween6076%,with

educationalaccessinruralareasandalackofinstructorsthemaindeterminingfactor. [98]Asaresult,theCubangovernmentatGuevara'sbehestdubbed1961the"yearofeducation",andsent"literacy

brigades"outintothecountrysidetoconstructschools,trainneweducators,andteachthe

predominatelyilliterateGuajiros(peasants)toreadandwrite.UnlikemanyofGuevara'slatereconomic

initiatives,thiscampaignwas"aremarkablesuccess." [98]Bythecompletionofthecampaign,707,212

adultsweretaughttoreadandwrite,raisingthenationalliteracyrateto96%.[98]

The"NewMan",BayofPigsandMissileCrisis

GuevarathenacquiredtheadditionalpositionofFinanceMinisterasPresidentoftheNationalBank,whichalongwithMinisterofIndustries,placed

Cheatthezenithofhispower,asthe"virtualczar"oftheCubaneconomy. [96]

Asaconsequenceofhisnewposition,itwasnowGuevara'sdutytosigntheCubancurrency,whichpercustomwouldbearhissignature.However,

insteadofusinghismoredignifiedfullname,hedismissivelysignedthebillssolely"Che".[99]Itwasthroughthissymbolicact,whichhorrifiedmany

intheCubanfinancialsector,thatGuevarasignaledhisdistasteformoneyandtheclassdistinctionsitbroughtabout.[99]Guevara'slongtimefriendRicardoRojolaterremarkedthat"thedayhesignedCheonthebills,(he)literallyknockedthepropsfromunderthewidespreadbeliefthatmoney

wassacred." [26]

Guevara'sfirstdesiredeconomicgoal,whichcoincidedwithhisaversionforwealth,wastoseeanation

wideeliminationofmaterialincentivesinfavorofmoralones.Heviewedcapitalismasa"contestamong

wolves"where"onecanonlywinatthecostofothers,"andthusdesiredtoseethecreationofa"new

manandwoman."[101]Guevaracontinuallystressedthatasocialisteconomyinitselfisnot"worththeeffort,sacrifice,andrisksofwaranddestruction"ifitendsupencouraging"greedandindividualambition

attheexpensecollectivespirit."[102]AprimarygoalofGuevara'sthusbecametoreform"individual

consciousness"andvaluestoproducebetterworkersandcitizens. [102]Inhisview,Cuba's"newman"wouldbeabletoovercomethe"egotism"and"selfishness"thatheloathedanddiscernedwasuniquely

characteristicofindividualsincapitalistsocieties. [102]Indescribingthisnewmethodof"development",Guevarastated:

"Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenfreeenterprisedevelopmentandrevolutionarydevelopment.Inoneof

them,wealthisconcentratedinthehandsofafortunatefew,thefriendsofthegovernment,thebestwheelerdealers.Intheother,wealthisthe

peoplespatrimony." [103]

Afurtherintegralpartoffosteringasenseof"unitybetweentheindividualandthemass",Guevarabelieved,wasvolunteerworkandwill.Todisplay

this,Guevara"ledbyexample",working"endlesslyathisministryjob,inconstruction,andevencuttingsugarcane"onhisdayoff. [104]Hewas

knownforworking36hoursatastretch,callingmeetingsaftermidnight,andeatingontherun. [102]SuchbehaviorwasbefittingofGuevara'snewprogramofmoralincentives,whereeachworkerwasnowrequiredtomeetaquotaandproduceacertainnumberofgoods.However,asa

replacementforthepayincreasesabolishedbyGuevara,workerswhonowexceededtheirquotaonlyreceivedacertificateofcommendation,while

workerswhofailedtomeettheirquotasweregivenapaycut.[102]Guevaraunapologeticallydefendedhispersonalphilosophytowardsmotivationandwork,stating:

"Thisisnotamatterofhowmanypoundsofmeatonemightbeabletoeat,orhowmanytimesayearsomeonecangotothebeach,orhowmany

ornamentsfromabroadonemightbeabletobuywithhiscurrentsalary.Whatreallymattersisthattheindividualfeelsmorecomplete,withmuchmore

internalrichnessandmuchmoreresponsibility." [105]

WhateverthemeritsordemeritsofGuevaraseconomicprinciples,hisprogramssoonendedinfailure. [106]Guevara'sprogramof"moralincentives"

forworkerscausedarapiddropinproductivityandarapidriseinabsenteeism. [107]InreferencetothecollectivefailingsofGuevara'svision,reporterI.F.StonewhointerviewedChetwiceduringthistime,remarkedthathewas"GalahadnotRobespierre",whileopiningthat"inasensehewas,like

someearlysaint,takingrefugeinthedesert.Onlytherecouldthepurityofthefaithbesafeguardedfromtheunregeneraterevisionismofhuman

nature."[108]

OnApril17,1961,1,400U.S.trainedCubanexilesinvadedtheislandduringtheBayofPigsInvasion.Guevarahimselfdidnotplayakeyroleinthe

fighting,asonedaybeforetheinvasionawarshipcarryingMarinesfakedaninvasionofftheWestCoastofPinarDelRioanddrewforces

commandedbyGuevaratothatregion.However,historiansgiveGuevara,whowasdirectorofinstructionforCubasarmedforcesatthetime,ashare

ofcreditforthevictory.[10]AuthorTadSzulcinhisexplanationoftheCubanvictory,assignsGuevarapartialcredit,stating:"TherevolutionarieswonbecauseCheGuevara,astheheadoftheInstructionDepartmentoftheRevolutionaryArmedForcesinchargeofthemilitiatrainingprogram,had

donesowellinpreparing200,000menandwomenforwar."[10]Itwasalsoduringthisdeploymentwherehesufferedabulletgrazingtothecheek

whenhispistolfelloutofitsholsterandaccidentallydischarged. [109]

InAugust1961,duringaneconomicconferenceoftheOrganizationofAmericanStatesinPuntadelEste,Uruguay,CheGuevarasentanoteof

"gratitude"toU.S.PresidentJohnF.KennedythroughRichardN.Goodwin,ayoungsecretaryoftheWhiteHouse.Itread"ThanksforPlayaGirn

(BayofPigs).Beforetheinvasion,therevolutionwasshaky.Nowit'sstrongerthanever." [110]InresponsetoU.S.TreasurySecretaryDouglasDillonpresentingtheAllianceforProgressforratificationbythemeeting,GuevaraantagonisticallyattackedtheUnitedStatesclaimofbeinga

"democracy",statingthatsuchasystemwasnotcompatiblewith"financialoligarchy,discriminationagainstblacks,andoutragesbytheKuKlux

Klan."[111]Guevaracontinued,speakingoutagainstthe"persecution"thatinhisview"drovescientistslikeOppenheimerfromtheirposts,deprived

theworldforyearsofthemarvelousvoiceofPaulRobeson,andsenttheRosenbergstotheirdeathsagainsttheprotestsofashockedworld." [111]GuevaraendedhisremarksbyinsinuatingthattheUnitedStateswasnotinterestedinrealreforms,sardonicallyquippingthat"U.S.expertsnever

talkaboutagrarianreformtheypreferasafesubject,likeabetterwatersupply.Inshorttheyseemtopreparetherevolutionofthetoilets." [26]

Guevara,whowaspracticallythearchitectoftheSovietCubanrelationship,[112]thenplayedakeyroleinbringingtoCubatheSovietnucleararmed

ballisticmissilesthatprecipitatedtheCubanMissileCrisisinOctober1962andbroughttheworldtothebrinkofnuclearwar. [113]DuringaninterviewwiththeBritishCommunistnewspaperTheDailyWorkerafewweeksafterthecrisis,GuevarastillfumingovertheperceivedSovietbetrayal,stated

thatifthemissileshadbeenunderCubancontrol,theywouldhavefiredthemoff. [114]SamRussell,theBritishcorrespondentwhospoketoGuevaraatthetimecameawaywith"mixedfeelings",callinghim"awarmcharacter"and"clearlyamanofgreatintelligence",but"crackersfromthewayhe

wentonaboutthemissiles." [114]ThemissilecrisisfurtherconvincedGuevarathatthetwoWorld'ssuperpowers(U.S.&U.S.S.R.)usedCubaasa

pawnintheirownglobalstrategies,afterwardhedenouncedtheSovietsalmostasfrequentlyashedenouncedtheAmericans. [115]

Internationaldiplomacy

ByDecember1964,CheGuevarahademergedasa"revolutionarystatesmenofworldstature"andthustraveledtoNewYorkCityasheadofthe

CubandelegationtospeakattheUnitedNations.[26]Duringhisimpassionedaddress,hecriticizedtheUnitedNationsinabilitytoconfrontthe"brutal

policyofapartheid"inSouthAfrica,proclaiming"cantheUnitedNationsdonothingtostopthis?" [116]GuevarathendenouncedtheUnitedStatespolicytowardstheirblackpopulation,stating:

"Thosewhokilltheirownchildrenanddiscriminatedailyagainstthembecauseofthecoloroftheirskinthosewholetthemurderersofblacksremain

free,protectingthem,andfurthermorepunishingtheblackpopulationbecausetheydemandtheirlegitimaterightsasfreemenhowcanthosewho

dothisconsiderthemselvesguardiansoffreedom?" [116]

AnindignantGuevaraendedhisspeechbyrecitingtheSecondDeclarationofHavana,decreeingLatinAmericaa"familyof200millionbrotherswho

sufferthesamemiseries." [116]This"epic",Guevaradeclared,wouldbewrittenbythe"hungryIndianmasses,peasantswithoutland,exploitedworkers,andprogressivemasses."ToGuevaratheconflictwasastruggleofmassandideas,whichwouldbecarriedforthbythose"mistreatedand

scornedbyimperialism"whowerepreviouslyconsidered"aweakandsubmissiveflock."Withthis"flock",Guevaranowasserted,"Yankeemonopoly

capitalism"nowterrifyinglysawtheir"gravediggers."[116]Itwouldbeduringthis"hourofvindication"Guevarapronounced,thatthe"anonymousmass"wouldbegintowriteitsownhistory"withitsownblood",andreclaimthose"rightsthatwerelaughedatbyoneandallfor500years."Guevara

endedhisremarkstotheUnitedNationsgeneralassemblybyhypothesizingthatthis"waveofangerwould"sweepthelandsofLatinAmerica",and

thatthelabormasseswho"turnthewheelofhistory",forthefirsttimewere"awakeningfromthelong,brutalizingsleeptowhichtheyhadbeen

subjected. [116]

GuevaralaterlearnedthatthereweretwofailedattemptsonhislifebyCubanexilesduringhisstopattheU.N.complex. [117]ThefirstfromMollyGonzaleswhotriedtobreakthroughbarricadesuponhisarrivalwithaseveninchhuntingknife,andlaterduringhisaddressbyGuillermoNovowitha

timerinitiatedbazookathatwasfiredofftargetfromaboatintheEastRiverattheUnitedNationsHeadquarters.[117][118]Afterwards,Guevaracommentedonbothincidentsstatingthat"itisbettertobekilledbyawomanwithaknifethanbyamanwithagun",whileaddingwithalanguid

waveofhiscigarthattheexplosionhad"giventhewholethingmoreflavor." [117]

WhileinNewYorkCity,GuevaraalsoappearedontheCBSSundaynewsprogramFacetheNation [119]andmet

witharangeofpeople,fromU.S.SenatorEugeneMcCarthy [120]toassociatesofMalcolmX.MalcolmXexpressedhisadmiration,declaringGuevara"oneofthemostrevolutionarymeninthiscountryrightnow"while

readingastatementfromhimtoacrowdattheAudubonBallroom.[121]

OnDecember17,GuevaraleftforParisandembarkedonathreemonthtourthatincludedthePeople'sRepublic

ofChina,theUnitedArabRepublic(Egypt),Algeria,Ghana,Guinea,Mali,Dahomey,CongoBrazzavilleand

Tanzania,withstopsinIrelandandPrague.WhileinIreland,GuevaraembracedhisownIrishheritage,

celebratingSaintPatrick'sDayinLimerickCity.[122]Hewrotetohisfatheronthisvisit,humorouslystating"IaminthisgreenIrelandofyourancestors.Whentheyfoundout,thetelevision[station]cametoaskmeaboutthe

Lynchgenealogy,butincasetheywerehorsethievesorsomethinglikethat,Ididn'tsaymuch."[123]

Duringthisvoyage,hewrotealettertoCarlosQuijano,editorofaUruguayanweekly,whichwaslaterretitled

SocialismandManinCuba .[101]OutlinedinthetreatisewasGuevara'ssummonsforthecreationofanewconsciousness,statusofwork,androleoftheindividual.Healsolaidoutthereasoningbehindhisanticapitalist

sentiments,stating:

"Thelawsofcapitalism,blindandinvisibletothemajority,actupontheindividualwithouthisthinkingaboutit.Heseesonlythevastnessofa

seeminglyinfinitehorizonbeforehim.Thatishowitispaintedbycapitalistpropagandists,whopurporttodrawalessonfromtheexampleof

Rockefellerwhetherornotitistrueaboutthepossibilitiesofsuccess.

TheamountofpovertyandsufferingrequiredfortheemergenceofaRockefeller,andtheamountofdepravitythattheaccumulationofafortuneofsuch

magnitudeentails,areleftoutofthepicture,anditisnotalwayspossibletomakethepeopleingeneralseethis." [101]

Guevaraendedtheessaybydeclaringthat"thetruerevolutionaryisguidedbyagreatfeelingoflove"andbeckoningonallrevolutionariesto"strive

everydaysothatthisloveoflivinghumanitywillbetransformedintoactsthatserveasexamples",thusbecoming"amovingforce".[101]ThegenesisforGuevara'sassertionsreliedonthefactthathebelievedtheexampleoftheCubanRevolutionwas"somethingspiritualthatwouldtranscendall

borders."[26]

InAlgiersonFebruary24,1965,hemadewhatturnedouttobehislastpublicappearanceontheinternationalstagewhenhedeliveredaspeechat

aneconomicseminaronAfroAsiansolidarity. [124]Hespecifiedthemoraldutyofthesocialistcountries,accusingthemoftacitcomplicitywiththeexploitingWesterncountries.Heproceededtooutlineanumberofmeasureswhichhesaidthecommunistbloccountriesmustimplementinorderto

accomplishthedefeatofimperialism.[125]HavingcriticizedtheSovietUnion(theprimaryfinancialbackerofCuba)insuchapublicmanner,hereturnedtoCubaonMarch14toasolemnreceptionbyFidelandRalCastro,OsvaldoDorticsandCarlosRafaelRodrguezattheHavanaairport.

Twoweekslater,in1965Guevaradroppedoutofpubliclifeandthenvanishedaltogether.HiswhereaboutswereagreatmysteryinCuba,ashewas

generallyregardedassecondinpowertoCastrohimself.Hisdisappearancewasvariouslyattributedtothefailureofthe industrializationschemehe

hadadvocatedwhileministerofindustry,topressureexertedonCastrobySovietofficialsdisapprovingofGuevara'sproChineseCommuniststance

ontheSinoSovietsplit,andtoseriousdifferencesbetweenGuevaraandthepragmaticCastroregardingCuba'seconomicdevelopmentand

ideologicalline.

ThecoincidenceofGuevara'sviewswiththoseexpoundedbytheChineseCommunistleadershipwas

increasinglyproblematicforCubaasthenation'seconomybecamemoreandmoredependentontheSoviet

Union.SincetheearlydaysoftheCubanrevolution,Guevarahadbeenconsideredbymanyanadvocateof

MaoiststrategyinLatinAmericaandtheoriginatorofaplanfortherapidindustrializationofCubawhichwas

frequentlycomparedtoChina's"GreatLeapForward".CastrobecamewearyofGuevara,becauseofthefact

thatGuevarawasopposedtoSovietconditionsandrecommendationsthatCastropragmaticallysawas

necessary.OfwhichGuevaradescribedascorrupt"premonopolist". [126]However,bothGuevaraandCastroweresupportivepubliclyontheideaofaunitedfront.

FollowingtheCubanMissileCrisisandwhatGuevaraperceivedasaSovietbetrayalwhenNikitaKhrushchev

withdrewthemissilesfromCubanterritory,GuevarahadgrownmoreskepticaloftheSovietUnion.As

revealedinhislastspeechinAlgiers,hehadcometoviewtheNorthernHemisphere,ledbytheU.S.inthe

WestandtheSovietUnionintheEast,astheexploiteroftheSouthernHemisphere.Hestronglysupported

CommunistNorthVietnamintheVietnamWar,andurgedthepeoplesofotherdevelopingcountriestotake

uparmsandcreate"manyVietnams". [127]

PressedbyinternationalspeculationregardingGuevara'sfate,CastrostatedonJune16,1965thatthepeoplewouldbeinformedwhenGuevara

himselfwishedtoletthemknow.Still,rumorsspreadbothinsideandoutsideCuba.OnOctober3,Castrorevealedanundatedletterpurportedly

writtentohimbyGuevarasomemonthsearlier:init,GuevarareaffirmedhisenduringsolidaritywiththeCubanRevolution,butdeclaredhisintention

toleaveCubatofightfortherevolutionarycauseabroad.Additionally,heresignedfromallhispositionsinthegovernmentandparty,andrenounced

hishonoraryCubancitizenship. [128]Guevara'smovementscontinuedtobeacloselyguardedsecretforthenexttwoyears.

Congo

In1965,GuevaradecidedtoventuretoAfricaandofferhisknowledgeandexperienceasaguerrillatothe

ongoingconflictintheCongo.AccordingtoAlgerianPresidentAhmedBenBella,GuevarathoughtthatAfrica

wasimperialism'sweaklinkandthereforehadenormousrevolutionarypotential.[129]EgyptianPresidentGamalAbdelNasser,whohadfraternalrelationswithChedatingbacktohis1959visit,sawGuevara'splanstofightin

theCongoas"unwise"andwarnedthathewouldbecomea"Tarzan"figure,doomedtofailure. [130]Despitethe

warning,GuevaratraveledtotheCongowhileusingthealiasRamnBentez. [131]GuevaraledtheCubanoperationinsupportoftheMarxistSimbamovement,whichhademergedfromtheongoingCongoCrisis.

Guevara,hissecondincommandVictorDreke,and12otherCubanexpeditionariesarrivedintheCongoon

April24,1965andacontingentofapproximately100AfroCubansjoinedthemsoonafterward. [132][133]TheycollaboratedforatimewithguerrillaleaderLaurentDsirKabila,whohadpreviouslyhelpedsupportersofthe

CIAslainPatriceLumumbaleadanunsuccessfulrevoltmonthsearlier.AsanadmirerofthelateLumumba,

Guevaradeclaredthathis"murdershouldbealessonforallofus." [134]Guevara,withlimitedknowledgeofSwahiliandthelocallanguageswasassignedateenageinterpreterFreddyIlanga.Overthecourseofseven

monthsIlangagrewto"admirethehardworkingGuevara",whoaccordingtoMr.Ilanga,"showedthesame

respecttoblackpeopleashedidtowhites."[135]HoweverGuevarasoonbecamedisillusionedwiththe

disciplineofKabila'stroopsandlaterdismissedhim,stating"nothingleadsmetobelieveheisthemanofthehour."[136]

Asanadditionalobstacle,whiteSouthAfricanmercenaries,ledbyMikeHoareinconcertwithCubanexilesandtheCIA,workedwiththeCongo

NationalArmytothwartGuevarainthemountainsnearthevillageofFizionLakeTanganyika.Theywereabletomonitorhiscommunications,andso

preemptedhisattacksandinterdictedhissupplylines.DespitethefactthatGuevarasoughttoconcealhispresenceintheCongo,theU.S.

governmentwasawareofhislocationandactivities:TheNationalSecurityAgencywasinterceptingallofhisincomingandoutgoingtransmissions

viaequipmentaboardtheUSNSPvtJoseF.Valdez(TAG169),afloatinglisteningpostthatcontinuouslycruisedtheIndianOceanoffDares

Salaamforthatpurpose. [137]

Guevara'saimwastoexporttherevolutionbyinstructinglocalantiMobutuSimbafightersinMarxistideologyand

focotheorystrategiesofguerrillawarfare.InhisCongoDiary,hecitestheincompetence,intransigenceand

infightingofthelocalCongoleseforcesaskeyreasonsfortherevolt'sfailure.[138]Laterthatyear,illwithdysentery,sufferingfromacuteasthma,anddisheartenedaftersevenmonthsoffrustrations,Guevaraleftthe

CongowiththeCubansurvivors(Sixmembersofhiscolumnhaddied).AtonepointGuevaraconsideredsending

thewoundedbacktoCuba,andfightinginCongoaloneuntilhisdeath,asarevolutionaryexamplehowever,after

beingurgedbyhiscomradesandpressedbytwoemissariessentbyCastro,atthelastmomenthereluctantly

agreedtoretreat.InspeakingabouttheCongo,Guevaraconcludedthat"Thehumanelementfailed.Thereisno

willtofight,theleadersarecorruptinaword,therewasnothingtodo." [139]Afewweekslater,whenwritingthe

prefacetothediaryhekeptduringtheCongoventure,hebegan:"Thisisthehistoryofafailure."[140]

GuevarawasreluctanttoreturntoCuba,becauseCastrohadmadepublicGuevara's"farewellletter"aletter

intendedtoonlyberevealedinthecaseofhisdeathwhereinheseveredalltiesinordertodevotehimselfto

revolutionthroughouttheworld.[141]Asaresult,GuevaraspentthenextsixmonthslivingclandestinelyinDaresSalaamandPrague.DuringthistimehecompiledhismemoirsoftheCongoexperience,andwrotedraftsoftwo

morebooks,oneonphilosophyandtheotheroneconomics.HethenvisitedseveralWesternEuropeancountries

totesthisnewfalseidentitypapers,createdbyCubanIntelligenceforhislatertravelstoSouthAmerica.As

GuevarapreparedforBolivia,hewrotealastlettertohisfivechildrentobereaduponhisdeath,whichendedwithhiminstructingthem:

"Aboveall,alwaysbecapableoffeelingdeeplyanyinjusticecommittedagainstanyone,anywhereintheworld.Thisisthemostbeautifulqualityina

revolutionary." [142]

Bolivia

Guevara'slocationwasstillnotpublicknowledge.RepresentativesofMozambique'sindependencemovement,

theFRELIMO,reportedthattheymetwithGuevarainlate1966orearly1967inDaresSalaamregardinghis

offertoaidintheirrevolutionaryproject,whichtheyultimatelyrejected. [143]Inaspeechatthe1967InternationalWorkers'DayrallyinHavana,theActingMinisterofthearmedforces,MajorJuanAlmeida,announcedthat

Guevarawas"servingtherevolutionsomewhereinLatinAmerica".Thepersistentreportsthathewasleadingthe

guerrillasinBoliviawereeventuallyshowntobetrue.[citationneeded]

AtCastro'sbehest,aparcelofmontanedryforestintheremoteancahuazregionhadbeenpurchasedby

nativeBolivianCommunistsforGuevaratouseasatrainingareaandbasecamp. [citationneeded]Beforehe

departedforBolivia,GuevarahadalteredhisappearancesohewouldbeunrecognizableasCheGuevara.[144]GuevaraarrivedinBolivia,usedthefalsenameAdolfoMenaGonzlez,andposedasaUruguayanbusinessman

workingfortheOrganizationofAmericanStates.[145]

TrainingatthiscampintheancahuazvalleyprovedtobemorehazardousthancombattoGuevaraandthe

Cubansaccompanyinghim.Littlewasaccomplishedinthewayofbuildingaguerrillaarmy.FormerStasi

operativeHaydeTamaraBunkeBider,betterknownbyhernomdeguerre"Tania",whohadbeeninstalledas

hisprimaryagentinLaPaz,wasreportedlyalsoworkingfortheKGBandinseveralWesternsourcessheis

inferredtohaveunwittinglyservedSovietinterestsbyleadingBolivianauthoritiestoGuevara'strail. [146][147]

Guevara'sguerrillaforce,numberingabout50andoperatingastheELN(EjrcitodeLiberacinNacionalde

Bolivia"NationalLiberationArmyofBolivia"),waswellequippedandscoredanumberofearlysuccesses

againstBolivianregularsinthedifficultterrainofthemountainousCamiriregion.AsaresultofGuevarasunits

winningseveralskirmishesagainstBoliviantroopsinthespringandsummerof1966,theBoliviangovernment

begantooverestimatethetruesizeoftheguerrillaforce.[148]ButinSeptember,theArmymanagedtoeliminatetwoguerrillagroupsinaviolentbattle,reportedlykillingoneoftheleaders.

Guevara'splanforfomentingrevolutioninBoliviafailed,apparentlybecause:

HehadexpectedtodealonlywiththeBolivianmilitary,whowerepoorlytrainedandequipped.However,

GuevarawasunawarethattheU.S.governmenthadsentateamoftheCIA'sSpecialActivitiesDivision

commandosandotheroperativesintoBoliviatoaidtheantiinsurrectioneffort.TheBolivianArmywouldalso

betrained,advised,andsuppliedbyU.S.ArmySpecialForcesincludingarecentlyorganizedelitebattalion

ofRangerstrainedinjunglewarfarethatsetupcampinLaEsperanza,asmallsettlementclosetothe

locationofGuevara'sguerrillas. [149]

Guevarahadexpectedassistanceandcooperationfromthelocaldissidentswhichhedidnotreceive,nordid

hereceivesupportfromBolivia'sCommunistParty,undertheleadershipofMarioMonje,whichwasoriented

towardMoscowratherthanHavana.InGuevara'sowndiarycapturedafterhisdeath,hebristledwith

complaintsabouttheCommunistPartyofBolivia,whichhecharacterizedas"distrustful,disloyalandstupid."[150]

HehadexpectedtoremaininradiocontactwithHavana.However,thetwoshortwavetransmittersprovidedto

himbyCubawerefaultythustheguerrillaswereunabletocommunicatewithandberesupplied,leaving

themisolatedandstranded.

Inaddition,Guevara'sknownpreferenceforconfrontationratherthancompromise,whichhadpreviouslysurfacedduringhisguerrillawarfarecampaign

inCuba,contributedtohisinabilitytodevelopsuccessfulworkingrelationshipswithlocalleadersinBolivia,justasithadintheCongo. [151]This

tendencyhadexistedinCuba,buthadbeenkeptincheckbythetimelyinterventionsandguidanceofFidelCastro.[152]

TheendresultwasthatGuevarawasunabletoattractanyinhabitantsofthelocalareatojoinhismilitiainthe11monthsheattemptedrecruitment[citationneeded].NeartheendoftheventureGuevaracomplainedinhisdiarythat"thepeasantsdonotgiveusanyhelp,andareturninginto

informers."[153]

Captureandexecution

FlixRodrguez,aCubanexileturnedCIASpecialActivitiesDivisionoperative,advisedBolivian

troopsduringthehuntforGuevarainBolivia.[154]OnOctober7,aninformantapprisedtheBolivianSpecialForcesofthelocationofGuevara'sguerrillaencampmentintheYuroravine.They

encircledtheareawith1,800soldiers,andGuevarawaswoundedandtakenprisonerwhile

leadingadetachmentwithSimenCubaSarabia.ChebiographerJonLeeAndersonreports

BolivianSergeantBernardinoHuanca'saccount:thatatwicewoundedGuevara,hisgunrendered

useless,shouted"Donotshoot!IamCheGuevaraandworthmoretoyoualivethandead." [155]

GuevarawastiedupandtakentoadilapidatedmudschoolhouseinthenearbyvillageofLa

HigueraonthenightofOctober7.ForthenextdayandahalfGuevararefusedtobeinterrogated

byBolivianofficersandwouldonlyspeakquietlytoBoliviansoldiers.OneofthoseBolivian

soldiers,helicopterpilotJaimeNinodeGuzman,describesCheaslooking"dreadful".AccordingtoGuzman,Guevarawasshotthroughtherightcalf,

hishairwasmattedwithdirt,hisclotheswereshredded,andhisfeetwerecoveredinroughleathersheaths.Despitehishaggardappearance,he

recountsthat"Cheheldhisheadhigh,lookedeveryonestraightintheeyesandaskedonlyforsomethingtosmoke."DeGuzmanstatesthathe

"tookpity"andgavehimasmallbagoftobaccoforhispipe,withGuevarathensmilingandthankinghim. [156]LateronthenightofOctober8,Guevara,despitehavinghishandstied,kickedBolivianOfficerEspinosaintothewall,aftertheofficerenteredtheschoolhouseinordertosnatch

Guevara'spipefromhismouthasasouvenir.[157]Inanotherinstanceofdefiance,GuevaraspatinthefaceofBolivianRearAdmiralUgartecheshortly

beforehisexecution.[157]

ThefollowingmorningonOctober9,Guevaraaskedtoseethe"maestra"(schoolteacher)ofthevillage,22yearoldJuliaCortez.Cortezwouldlater

statethatshefoundGuevaratobean"agreeablelookingmanwithasoftandironicglance"andthatduringtheirconversationshefoundherself

"unabletolookhimintheeye",becausehis"gazewasunbearable,piercing,andsotranquil." [157]Duringtheirshortconversation,GuevaracomplainedtoCortezaboutthepoorconditionoftheschoolhouse,statingthatitwas"anti pedagogical"toexpectcampesinostudentstobe

educatedthere,while"governmentofficialsdriveMercedescars"...declaring"that'swhatwearefightingagainst." [157]

LaterthatmorningonOctober9,BolivianPresidentRenBarrientosorderedthatGuevarabekilled.TheexecutionerwasMarioTern,ahalfdrunken

sergeantintheBolivianarmywhohadrequestedtoshootCheonthebasisofthefactthatthreeofhisfriendsfromBCompanyallnamed"Mario"

hadbeenkilledinanearlierfirefightwithGuevara'sbandofguerrillas.[9]Tomakethebulletwoundsappearconsistentwiththestorythegovernmentplannedtoreleasetothepublic,FlixRodrguezorderedTerntoaimcarefullytomakeitappearthatGuevarahadbeenkilledinactionduringa

clashwiththeBolivianarmy. [158]GaryPrado,aBoliviansoldierwhowaswiththegroupthatcapturedGuevara,saidthatthereasonsBarrientosorderedtheimmediateexecutionofGuevaraissotherewouldbenopossibilitythatGuevarawouldescapefromprisonandsotherewouldbeno

dramainregardstoatrial. [159]

MomentsbeforeGuevarawasexecutedhewasaskedifhewasthinkingabouthisownimmortality."No",hereplied,"I'mthinkingaboutthe

immortalityoftherevolution."[160]CheGuevarathentoldhisexecutioner,"Iknowyou'vecometokillme.Shoot,coward,youareonlygoingtokilla

man."[161]Ternhesitated,thenopenedfirewithhissemiautomaticrifle,hittingGuevarainthearmsandlegs.Guevarawrithedontheground,apparentlybitingoneofhiswriststoavoidcryingout.Ternthenfiredseveraltimesagain,woundinghimfatallyinthechestat1:10pm,accordingto

Rodrguez.[162]InallGuevarawasshotninetimes.Thisincludedfivetimesinthelegs,onceintherightshoulderandarm,onceinthechest,and

finallyinthethroat. [157]

Postexecution,remainsandmemorial

Guevara'sbodywasthenlashedtothelandingskidsofahelicopterandflowntonearbyVallegrande

wherephotographsweretakenofhimlyingonaconcreteslabinthelaundryroomoftheNuestra

SeoradeMalta.[163]Ashundredsoflocalresidentsfiledpastthebody,manyofthemconsideredGuevara'scorpsetorepresenta"Christlike"visage,withsomeofthemevensurreptitiouslyclipping

locksofhishairasdivinerelics. [164]Suchcomparisonswerefurtherextendedwhentwoweekslateruponseeingthepostmortemphotographs,EnglishartcriticJohnBergerobservedthatthey

resembledtwofamouspaintings:Rembrandt'sTheAnatomyLessonofDr.NicolaesTulp andAndrea

Mantegna'sLamentationovertheDeadChrist.[165]

AdeclassifiedmemorandumdatedOctober11,1967toUnitedStatesPresidentLyndonB.Johnson

fromhisNationalSecurityAdvisor,WaltWhitmanRostow,calledthedecisiontokillGuevara"stupid"

but"understandablefromaBolivianstandpoint."[166]Aftertheexecution,Rodrgueztookseveralof

Guevara'spersonalitems,includingaRolexGMTMasterwristwatch [167]whichhecontinuedtowear

manyyearslater,oftenshowingthemtoreportersduringtheensuingyears.[168]Today,someof

thesebelongings,includinghisflashlight,areondisplayattheCIA. [169]Afteramilitarydoctoramputatedhishands,BolivianarmyofficerstransferredGuevara'sbodytoanundisclosedlocationandrefusedtorevealwhetherhisremainshad

beenburiedorcremated.ThehandswerepreservedinformaldehydetobesenttoBuenosAiresforfingerprintidentification.(Hisfingerprintswereon

filewiththeArgentinepolice.)TheywerelatersenttoCuba.

OnOctober15,FidelCastroacknowledgedthatGuevarawasdeadandproclaimedthreedaysofpublic

mourningthroughouttheisland. [170]OnOctober18,Castroaddressedacrowdofonemillionmournersin

Havana'sPlazadelaRevolucinandspokeaboutGuevara'scharacterasarevolutionary.[171]FidelCastroclosedhisimpassionedeulogythusly:

"Ifwewishtoexpresswhatwewantthemenoffuturegenerationstobe,wemustsay:LetthembelikeChe!

Ifwewishtosayhowwewantourchildrentobeeducated,wemustsaywithouthesitation:Wewantthemto

beeducatedinChesspirit!Ifwewantthemodelofaman,whodoesnotbelongtoourtimesbuttothe

future,Isayfromthedepthsofmyheartthatsuchamodel,withoutasinglestainonhisconduct,withouta

singlestainonhisaction,isChe!" [172]

FrenchintellectualRgisDebray,whowascapturedinApril1967whilewithGuevarainBolivia,gavean

interviewfromprison,inAugust1968,whereheenlargedonthecircumstancesofGuevara'scapture.

Debray,whohadlivedwithGuevara'sbandofguerrillasforashorttime,saidthatinhisviewtheywere

"victimsoftheforest"andthus"eatenbythejungle." [173]DebraydescribedadestitutesituationwhereGuevara'smensufferedmalnutrition,lackofwater,absenceofshoes,andonlypossessedsixblankets

for22men.DebrayrecountsthatGuevaraandtheothershadbeensufferingan"illness"whichcaused

theirhandsandfeettoswellinto"moundsofflesh"tothepointwhereyoucouldnotdiscernthefingersontheirhands.[173]Despitethefutilesituation,DebraydescribedGuevaraas"optimisticaboutthefutureofLatinAmerica"andremarkedthatGuevarawas"resignedtodieinthe

knowledgethathisdeathwouldbeasortofrenaissance",notingthatGuevaraperceiveddeath"asapromiseofrebirth"and"ritualofrenewal."[173]

Inlate1995,retiredBolivianGeneralMarioVargasrevealedtoJonLeeAnderson,authorofCheGuevara:ARevolutionaryLife,thatGuevara'sbody

waslocatednearaVallegrandeairstrip.Theresultwasamultinationalsearchfortheremains,whichwouldlastmorethanayear.InJuly1997,a

teamofCubangeologistsandArgentineforensicanthropologistsdiscoveredtheremnantsofsevenbodiesintwomassgraves,includingoneman

withamputatedhands(likeGuevara).BoliviangovernmentofficialswiththeMinistryofInteriorlateridentifiedthebodyasGuevarawhentheexcavated

teeth"perfectlymatched"aplastermoldofChe'steeth,madeinCubapriortohisCongoleseexpedition.The"clincher"thenarrivedwhenArgentine

forensicanthropologistAlejandroInchaurreguiinspectedtheinsidehiddenpocketofabluejacketdugupnexttothehandlesscadaverandfounda

smallbagofpipetobacco.NinodeGuzman,theBolivianhelicopterpilotwhohadgivenCheasmallbagoftobacco,laterremarkedthathe"had

seriousdoubts"atfirstand"thoughttheCubanswouldjustfindanyoldbonesandcallitChe"howeverhestated"afterhearingaboutthetobacco

pouch,Ihavenodoubts."[156]OnOctober17,1997,Guevara'sremains,withthoseofsixofhisfellowcombatants,werelaidtorestwithmilitaryhonorsinaspeciallybuiltmausoleumintheCubancityofSantaClara,wherehehadcommandedoverthedecisivemilitaryvictoryoftheCuban

Revolution.[174]

RemovedwhenGuevarawascapturedwashis30,000word,handwrittendiary,acollectionofhispersonal

poetry,andashortstoryheauthoredaboutayoungCommunistguerrillawholearnstoovercomehisfears.[175]HisdiarydocumentedeventsoftheguerrillacampaigninBolivia [176]withthefirstentryonNovember7,1966shortlyafterhisarrivalatthefarminancahuaz,andthelastdatedOctober7,1967,thedaybefore

hiscapture.Thediarytellshowtheguerrillaswereforcedtobeginoperationsprematurelybecauseof

discoverybytheBolivianArmy,explainsGuevara'sdecisiontodividethecolumnintotwounitsthatwere

subsequentlyunabletoreestablishcontact,anddescribestheiroverallunsuccessfulventure.Italsorecords

theriftbetweenGuevaraandtheCommunistPartyofBoliviathatresultedinGuevarahavingsignificantly

fewersoldiersthanoriginallyexpectedandshowsthatGuevarahadagreatdealofdifficultyrecruitingfrom

thelocalpopulace,partlybecauseofthefactthattheguerrillagrouphadlearnedQuechua,unawarethatthe

locallanguagewasactuallyTupGuaran.[177]Asthecampaigndrewtoanunexpectedclose,Guevarabecameincreasinglyill.Hesufferedfromeverworseningboutsofasthma,andmostofhislastoffensives

werecarriedoutinanattempttoobtainmedicine. [178]

TheBolivianDiarywasquicklyandcrudelytranslatedbyRampartsmagazineandcirculatedaroundtheworld.[179]Thereareatleastfouradditional

diariesinexistencethoseofIsraelReyesZayas(Alias"Braulio"),HarryVillegasTamayo("Pombo"),EliseoReyesRodriguez("Rolando") [146]and

DarielAlarcnRamrez("Benigno") [180]eachofwhichrevealsadditionalaspectsoftheevents.InJuly2008,theBoliviangovernmentofEvoMoralesunveiledGuevara'sformerlysealeddiariescomposedintwofrayednotebooks,alongwithalogbookandseveralblackandwhitephotographs.Atthis

event,Bolivia'sviceministerofculture,PabloGroux,expressedthattherewereplanstopublishphotographsofeveryhandwrittenpagelaterinthe

year.[181]Meanwhile,inAugustof2009,anthropologistsworkingforBolivia'sJusticeMinistrydiscoveredandunearthedfiveofGuevara'sfellow

guerrillasneartheBoliviantownofTeoponte.[182]

Legacy

Mainarticles:LegacyofCheGuevaraandCheGuevarainpopularculture

ThecurrentcourtofopinionplacesCheonacontinuumthatteetersbetweenviewinghimasamisguidedrebel,acoruscatinglybrilliantguerrilla

philosopher,apoetwarriorjoustingatwindmills,abrazenwarriorwhothrewdownthegauntlettothebourgeoisie,theobjectofferventpaeansto

hissainthood,oramassmurdererclothedintheguiseofanavengingangelwhoseeveryactionisimbricatedinviolencethearchetypal

fanaticalterrorist.

Dr.PeterMcLaren,authorofCheGuevara,PauloFreire,andthePedagogyofRevolution [183]

Overfortyyearsafterhisexecution,Che'slifeandlegacystillremainacontentiousissue.Thecontradictions

ofhisethosatvariouspointsinhislifehavecreatedacomplexcharacterofunendingduality.

Asaresultofhisperceivedmartyrdom,poeticinvocationsforclassstruggle,anddesiretocreatethe

consciousnessofanewmandrivenbymoralratherthanmaterialincentives, [184]Guevaraevolvedintoaquintessentialiconof leftistinspiredmovements.AnarrayofnotableindividualshaveviewedCheGuevaraas

ahero[185]forexample,NelsonMandelareferredtohimas"aninspirationforeveryhumanbeingwholoves

freedom"[26]whileJeanPaulSartredescribedhimas"notonlyanintellectualbutalsothemostcomplete

humanbeingofourage."[186]OtherswhoexpressedtheiradmirationincludeauthorsGrahamGreenewho

remarkedthatChe"representedtheideaofgallantry,chivalry,andadventure"[187],andSusanSontagwho

expoundedthat"(Che's)goalwasnothinglessthanthecauseofhumanityitself." [188]Intheblackcommunity,philosopherFrantzFanonprofessedGuevaratobe"theworldsymbolofthepossibilitiesofone

man"[189],whileBlackPantherPartyheadStokelyCarmichaeleulogizedthat"CheGuevaraisnotdead,hisideasarewithus." [190]Praisehasbeenreflectedthroughoutthepoliticalspectrum,withtheanarchocapitalist/ libertariantheoristMurrayRothbardextollingGuevaraasa"heroicfigure",

lamentingafterhisdeaththat"morethananymanofourepochorevenofourcentury,(Che)wasthelivingembodimentoftheprincipleofrevolution",[191]whilejournalistChristopherHitchenscommentedthat"[Che's]deathmeantalottomeandcountlesslikemeatthetime,hewasarolemodel,albeitanimpossibleoneforusbourgeoisromanticsinsofarashewentanddidwhatrevolutionariesweremeanttodofoughtanddiedforhis

beliefs."[192]GuevararemainsabelovednationalherotomanyinCuba,wherehisimageadornsthe$3CubanPesoandschoolchildrenbegineach

morningbypledging"WewillbelikeChe." [193]InhisnativehomelandofArgentina,wherehighschoolsbearhisname,[194]numerousChemuseums

dotthecountry,whichin2008unveileda12footbronzestatueofhiminhisbirthcityofRosario.[195]Additionally,Guevarahasbeensanctifiedby

someBoliviancampesinos [196]as"SaintErnesto",towhomtheyprayforassistance. [197]

Conversely,Machover,oneofhisbiographers,dismissestheheroworshippingandportrayshimasaruthlessexecutioner. [198]DetractorshavetheorizedthatinmuchofLatinAmerica,Cheinspiredrevolutionshadthepracticalresultofreinforcingbrutalmilitarismandinternecineconflictfor

manyyears. [199]InanassessmentofGuevara,BritishhistorianHughThomasacknowledge'sthatChewasa"brave,sincereanddeterminedman

whowasalsoobstinate,narrow,anddogmatic."[200]Attheendofhislife,accordingtoThomas,"heseemstohavebecomeconvincedofthevirtuesofviolenceforitsownsake",while"hisinfluenceoverCastroforgoodorevil"grewafterhisdeath,asFideltookupmanyofhisviews.InThomas'

assessment"asinthecaseofMart,orLawrenceofArabia,failurehasbrightened,notdimmedthelegend."[200]AlvaroVargasLlosaofTheIndependentInstitutehashypothesizedthatGuevarascontemporaryfollowers"deludethemselvesbyclingingtoamyth",whiledescribingGuevara

as"MarxistPuritan"whoemployedhisrigidpowertosuppressdissent,whilealsooperatingasa"coldbloodedkillingmachine". [199]LlosahasalsoaccusedGuevara's"fanaticaldisposition"asbeingthelinchpinofthe"Sovietization"oftheCubanrevolution,speculatingthathepossesseda"total

subordinationofrealitytoblindideologicalorthodoxy."[199]GuevararemainsahatedfigureamongstmanyintheCubanexilecommunity,whoview

himwithanimosityas"thebutcherofLaCabaa."[201]Guevara'sexiledgrandsonCanekSnchezGuevarahasalsorecentlybecomeanoutspoken

criticofthecurrentCubanregime. [202]

Despitehispolarizedstatus,ahighcontrastmonochromegraphicofhisfacehasbecomeoneoftheworld'smostuniversallymerchandizedand

objectifiedimages, [203][204]foundonanendlessarrayofitems,includingtshirts,hats,posters,tattoos,andbikinis, [205]ironicallycontributingtothe

consumerculturehedespised.Yet,Guevarastillremainsatranscendentfigurebothinspecificallypoliticalcontexts[206]andasawideranging

populariconofyouthfulrebellion. [207]

Timeline

Archivalmedia

Videofootage

Guevarainterviewedin1964onavisittoDublin,Ireland,(2:53),Englishtranslation,fromRTLibrariesandArchives,VideoClip

Guevararecitingapoem,(1:00),Englishsubtitles,fromElChe:InvestigatingaLegendKulturVideo2001,VideoClip

GuevarashowingsupportforFidelCastro,(0:22),Englishsubtitles,fromElChe:InvestigatingaLegendKulturVideo2001,VideoClip

Guevaraspeakingaboutlabor,(0:28),Englishsubtitles,fromElChe:InvestigatingaLegendKulturVideo2001,VideoClip

GuevaraspeakingabouttheBayofPigs,(0:17),Englishsubtitles,fromElChe:InvestigatingaLegendKulturVideo2001,VideoClip

Guevaraspeakingagainstimperialism,(1:20),Englishsubtitles,fromElChe:InvestigatingaLegendKulturVideo2001,VideoClip

Audiorecording

GuevarainterviewedonABC'sIssuesandAnswers,(23:53),Englishtranslation,narratedbyLisaHoward,March241964,Audioclip

Listofworks

Mainarticle:ListofworksrelatedtoCheGuevara

OriginallywritteninSpanishbyErnesto"Che"Guevara,latertranslatedintoEnglish

ANewSociety:ReflectionsforToday'sWorld,OceanPress,1996,ISBN1875284060

BackontheRoad:AJourneyThroughLatinAmerica,GrovePress,2002,ISBN0802139426

CheGuevara,Cuba,andtheRoadtoSocialism,PathfinderPress,1991,ISBN0873486439

CheGuevaraonGlobalJustice,OceanPress(AU),2002,ISBN1876175451

CheGuevara:RadicalWritingsonGuerrillaWarfare,PoliticsandRevolution,FiliquarianPublishing,2006,ISBN1599869993

CheGuevaraReader:WritingsonPolitics&Revolution,OceanPress,2003,ISBN1876175699

CheGuevaraSpeaks:SelectedSpeechesandWritings,PathfinderPress(NY),1980,ISBN0873486021

CheGuevaraTalkstoYoungPeople,Pathfinder,2000,ISBN087348911X

Che:TheDiariesofErnestoCheGuevara ,OceanPress(AU),2008,ISBN1920888934

ColonialismisDoomed,MinistryofExternalRelations:RepublicofCuba,1964,ASINB0010AAN1K

CriticalNotesonPoliticalEconomy:ARevolutionaryHumanistApproachtoMarxistEconomics OceanPress,2008,ISBN1876175559

EpisodesoftheCubanRevolutionaryWar,195658,PathfinderPress(NY),1996,ISBN0873488245

GuerrillaWarfare:AuthorizedEditionOceanPress,2006,ISBN1920888284

LatinAmerica:AwakeningofaContinent,OceanPress,2005,ISBN1876175737

Marx&Engels:AnIntroduction,OceanPress,2007,ISBN1920888926

OurAmericaAndTheirs:KennedyAndTheAllianceForProgress,OceanPress,2006,ISBN1876175818

ReminiscencesoftheCubanRevolutionaryWar:AuthorizedEditionOceanPress,2005,ISBN1920888330

SelfPortraitCheGuevara,OceanPress(AU),2004,ISBN1876175826

SocialismandManinCuba ,PathfinderPress(NY),1989,ISBN0873485777

TheAfricanDream:ThediariesoftheRevolutionaryWarintheCongoGrovePress,2001,ISBN0802138349

TheArgentine,OceanPress(AU),2008,ISBN1920888934

TheBolivianDiaryofErnestoCheGuevara PathfinderPress,1994,ISBN0873487664

TheDiaryofCheGuevara:TheSecretPapersofaRevolutionary,AmereonLtd,ISBN0891902244

TheGreatDebateonPoliticalEconomy,OceanPress,2006,ISBN1876175540

TheMotorcycleDiaries:AJourneyAroundSouthAmericaLondon:Verso,1996,ISBN1857023994

ToSpeaktheTruth:WhyWashington's"ColdWar"AgainstCubaDoesn'tEnd,Pathfinder,1993,ISBN0873486331

Notes

1. abcThedateofbirthrecordedonhisbirthcertificatewasJune14,1928,althoughonetertiarysource,(JuliaConstenla,quotedbyJonLeeAnderson),assertsthathewasactuallybornonMay14ofthatyear.Constenlaallegesthatshewastoldbyanunidentifiedastrologerthathismother,CeliadelaSerna,wasalreadypregnantwhensheandErnestoGuevaraLynchweremarriedandthatthedateonthebirthcertificateoftheirsonwasforgedtomakeitappearthathewasbornamonthlaterthantheactualdatetoavoidscandal.(Anderson1997,pp.3,769.)

2. ^PartidoUnidodelaRevolucinSocialistadeCuba,akaPURSC

3. ^Hall2004

4. ^Casey2009,p.128.

5. abOnRevolutionaryMedicine SpeechbyCheGuevaratotheCubanMilitiaonAugust19,1960

6. ^AttheAfroAsianConferenceinAlgeria AspeechbyCheGuevaratotheSecondEconomicSeminarofAfroAsianSolidarityinAlgiers,AlgeriaonFebruary24,1965

7. ^Beaubien,NPRAudioReport,2009,00:0900:13

8. abcd"Castro'sBrain"1960.

9. abcdeTaibo1999,p.267.

10. abcKellner1989,p.6970.

11. ^Anderson1997,p.526530.

12. ^Ryan1998,p.4

13. ^Dorfman1999.

14. ^MarylandInstituteofArt,referencedatBBCNewsMay26,2001

15. ^Che'slastname"Guevara"derivesfromtheCastilianizedformoftheBasque"Gebara",ahabitationalnamefromtheprovinceoflava.Throughhisgrandmother,AnaLynch,hewasadescendantofPatrickLynch,anemigrantfromGalway,Irelandinthe1740s.

16. ^Lavretsky1976

17. ^Kellner1989,p.23.

18. ^Argentina:Che'sRedMother TimeMagazine ,July14,1961

19. ^Anderson1997,p.2223.

20. ^Sandison1996,p.8.

21. ^Kellner1989,p.24.

22. ^Cain,Nick&Growden,Greg"Chapter21:TenPeculiarFactsaboutRugby"inRugbyUnionforDummies (2ndEdition),JohnWileyandSons,ISBN139780470035375,p.293.

23. ^Anderson1997,p.28.

24. abHart2004,pg98.

25. ^Haney2005,p.164.

26. abcdefghi(Anderson1997,p.3738)

27. ^Sandison1996,p.10.

28. ^Kellner1989,p.26.

29. ^Ratner1997,p.25.

30. abKellner1989,p.27.

31. ^NYTbestsellerlist:#38PaperbackNonfictionon20050220 ,#9Nonfictionon20041007 andonmoreoccasions.

32. ^Anderson1997,pp.98.

33. ^AcopyofGuevara'sUniversitytranscriptsshowingconferralofhismedicaldiplomacanbefoundonpg75ofBecomingChe:Guevara'sSecondandFinalTripthroughLatinAmerica,byCarlos'Calica'Ferrer(TranslatedfromtheSpanishbySarahL.Smith),MareaEditorial,2006,ISBN9871307071.FerrerwasalongtimechildhoodfriendofChe,andwhenGuevarapassedthelastofhis12examsin1953,hegavehimacopytoprovetoFerrer,whohadbeentellingGuevarathathewouldneverfinish,thathehadfinallycompletedhisstudies.

34. ^Anderson1997,p.126.

35. ^Taibo1999,p.31.

36. ^Kellner1989,p.31.

37. abGuevaraLynch2000,p.26.

38. ^RadioCadenaAgramonte2006.

39. ^Ignacio2007,p.172.

40. ^U.S.DepartmentofState2008.

41. ^Anderson1997,p.144.

42. abKellner1989,p.32.

43. ^Taibo1999,p.39.

44. ^Snow,Anita."'MyLifeWithChe'byHildaGadea ."AssociatedPress atWJXXTV.August16,2008.RetrievedonFebruary23,2009.

45. ^CheGuevara196067byFrankE.Smitha

46. ^Sinclair,Andrew(1970).CheGuevara .TheVikingPress.p.12.

47. ^Kellner1989,p.33.

48. abRebelWife,AReviewofMyLifeWithChe:TheMakingofaRevolutionarybyHildaGadea byTomGjelten,TheWashingtonPost,October12,2008

49. ^Taibo1999,p.55.

50. ^Sandison1996,p.28.

51. ^Kellner1989,p.37.

52. ^Anderson1997,p.194.

53. ^Anderson1997,p.213.

54. ^Sandison1996,p.32.

55. ^DePalma2006,pp.110111.

56. ^Kellner1989,p.45.

57. ^Anderson1997,pp.269270.

58. ^Castaeda1998,pp.105,119.

59. ^Anderson1997,pp.237238,269270,277278.

60. ^Sandison1996,p.35.

61. ^Ignacio2007,p.177.

62. ^Ignacio2007,p.193.

63. ^PosterBoyofTheRevolution bySaulLandau,TheWashingtonPost,October19,1997,PageX01

64. ^Moore,Don."Revolution!ClandestineRadioandtheRiseofFidelCastro ".PateplumaRadio.

65. ^Bockman1984.

66. ^Kellner1989,p.40.

67. abKellner1989,p.47.

68. ^Castro1972,pp.439442.

69. ^Dorschner1980,pp.4147,8187.

70. ^Sandison1996,p.39.

71. ^Kellner1989,p.48.

72. ^Kellner1989,p.13.

73. ^Anderson1997,397.

74. ^Anderson1997,pp.400401.

75. ^Anderson1997,pp.424.

76. ^Guevarahadchildrenfrombothhismarriages,andoneillegitimatechild,asfollows:WithHildaGadea(marriedAugust18,1955divorcedMay22,1959),HildaBeatrizGuevaraGadea,bornFebruary15,1956inMexicoCitydiedAugust21,1995inHavana,CubawithAleidaMarch(marriedJune2,1959),AleidaGuevaraMarch,bornNovember24,1960inHavana,Cuba,CamiloGuevaraMarch,bornMay20,1962inHavana,Cuba,CeliaGuevaraMarch,bornJune14,1963inHavana,Cuba,andErnestoGuevaraMarch,bornFebruary24,1965inHavana,CubaandwithLiliaRosaLpez(extramarital),OmarPrez,bornMarch19,1964inHavana,Cuba(Castaeda1998,pp.264265).

77. ^GmezTreto1991,p.115."ThePenalLawoftheWarofIndependence(July28,1896)wasreinforcedbyRule1ofthePenalRegulationsoftheRebelArmy,approvedintheSierraMaestraFebruary21,1958,andpublishedinthearmy'sofficialbulletin(LeypenaldeCubaenarmas,1959)"(GmezTreto1991,p.123).

78. ^GmezTreto1991,pp.115116).

79. ^Anderson1997,pp.372,425.

80. ^Anderson1997,p.376.

81. ^Niess2007,p.60

82. ^GmezTreto1991,p.116).

83. ^Anderson1997,pp.388.

84. ^Niess2007,p.61

85. abcCastaeda1998,pp.143144.

86. ^Differentsourcescitedifferentnumbersofexecutions,withsomeofthediscrepancyresultingfromwhichdeathstoattributedirectlytoGuevaraortotheregimeasawhole.Anderson(1997)givesthenumberspecificallyatLaCabaaprisonas55(p.387.),whilealsostatingthatasawhole"severalhundredpeoplewereofficiallytriedandexecutedacrossCuba"(p.387).(Castaeda1998)noteshowhistoriansdifferonthenumberkilledandplaceitasanywherefrom200700nationwide(p.143).ThisissupportedbyLagowhogivesthefigureas216executionsorderedbyGuevaraacrossCubainthreeyears(19571960).

87. ^Anderson1997,pp.375.

88. ^Kellner1989,p.54.

89. ^Kellner1989,p.57.

90. abcKellner1989,p.58.

91. ^Anderson1997,p.423.

92. ^Niwata2007.GuevararequestedthattheJapanesegovernmentarrangeforhimtovisitHiroshima.Whentheyrefused,hecovertlylefthisOsakahoteltovisitHiroshimabynighttrain,alongwithhisaideOmarFernndez.

93. abAnderson1997,p.435.

94. ^Casey2009,p.25.

95. ^Casey2009,p.2550.

96. abKellner1989,p.55.

97. ^LatinAmerica'sNewLookatChe byDanielSchweimler,BBCNews,October9,2007

98. abcKellner1989,p.61.

99. abCrompton2009,p.71.

100. ^Dumur1964showsCheGuevaraspeakingFrench.

101. abcd"SocialismandManinCuba" AlettertoCarlosQuijano,editorofMarcha,aweeklypublishedinMontevideo,Uruguaypublishedas"FromAlgiers,forMarcha:TheCubanRevolutionToday"byCheGuevaraonMarch12,1965

102. abcdeKellner1989,p.62.

103. ^Kellner1989,p.59.

104. ^PBS:CheGuevara,PopularbutIneffective

105. ^Kellner1989,p.75.

106. ^Kellner1989,p.63.

107. ^Kellner1989,p.74.

108. ^TheSpiritofCheGuevara byI.F.Stone,NewStatesman,October20,1967

109. ^Anderson1997,p.507.

110. ^Anderson1997,p.509.

111. ab"EconomicsCannotbeSeparatedfromPolitics" speechbyCheGuevaratotheministerialmeetingoftheInterAmericanEconomicandSocialCouncil(CIES),inPuntadelEste,UruguayonAugust8,1961

112. ^Anderson1997,p.492.

113. ^Anderson1997,p.530.

114. abAnderson1997,p.545.

115. ^Kellner1989,p.73.

116. abcde"ColonialismisDoomed" speechtothe19thGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkCitybyCubanrepresentativeCheGuevaraonDecember11,1964

117. abcBazookaFiredatU.N.asCubanSpeaks byHomerBigart ,TheNewYorkTimes ,December12,1964page1

118. ^GuillermoNovoBiography bySpartacusEducationalEncyclopedia

119. ^Snow2007.

120. ^Hart2004,pg271.

121. ^Anderson1997,p.618.

122. ^http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/che_guevara_irish_roots.htm

123. ^St.Patrick'sDay2005:CheLives byPeterMcDermott,TheIrishEcho ,March16222005edition

124. ^Guevara1969,p.350.

125. ^Guevara1969,pp.35259.

126. ^http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=3&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalresearch.ca%2Findex.php%3Fcontext%3Dva%26aid%3D9315&ei=SPZ8StKDDsv2Ab034hR&usg=AFQjCNHqDzcWGSLQab_RR8CmnNWZYhrEYA&sig2=RBPGr8ZVFfdjO_rRoJjCSg

127. ^MessagetotheTricontinental AlettersentbyCheGuevarafromhisjunglecampinBolivia,totheTricontinentalSolidarityOrganisationinHavana,Cuba,intheSpringof1967

128. ^Guevara1965.

129. ^BenBella1997.

130. ^Anderson1997,p.624.

131. ^Anderson1997,p.629.

132. ^Glvez1999,p62.

133. ^Gott2004p.219.

134. ^Kellner1989,p.86.

135. ^DRCongo'sRebelTurnedBrainSurgeon byMarkDoyle,BBCWorldAffairs',December13,2005

136. ^BBCNewsJanuary17,2001.

137. ^"TheinterceptoperatorsknewthatDaresSalaamwasservingasacommunicationscenterforthefighters,receivingmessagesfromCastroinCubaandrelayingthemontotheguerrillasdeepinthebush(Bamford2002,p.181).

138. ^Ireland'sOwn2000.

139. ^Kellner1989,p.87.

140. ^Guevara2000,p.1.

141. ^Castaeda1998,p.316.

142. ^Guevara2009,p.167.

143. ^Mittleman1981,p.38.

144. ^Jacobson,SidandErnieColn.Che:AGraphicBiography.HillandWang,2009.9697.

145. ^Jacobson,SidandErnieColn.Che:AGraphicBiography.HillandWang,2009.98.

146. abSelvage1985.

147. ^Anderson1997,p.693.

148. ^Kellner1989,p.97.

149. ^U.S.Army1967andRyan1998,pp.82102, interalia ."U.S.militarypersonnelinBolivianeverexceeded53advisers,includingasixteenmanMobileTrainingTeam(MTT)fromthe8thSpecialForcesGroupbasedatFortGulick,PanamaCanalZone"(Selvage1985).

150. ^"BiddingforChe ",TimeMagazine ,Dec151967

151. ^Guevara1972.

152. ^Castaeda1998,pp.107112131132.

153. ^Wright2000,p.86.

154. ^ShadowWarrior:TheCIAHeroof100UnknownBattles ,FelixRodriguezandJohnWeisman,Simon&Schuster,October1989

155. ^Anderson1997,p.733.

156. ab"TheManWhoBuriedChe "byJuanO.Tamayo,MiamiHerald,September19,1997

157. abcdeRay,Michle(March1968)."InColdBlood:TheExecutionofChebytheCIA".RampartsMagazine :33.

158. ^Grant2007.RenBarrientoshasneverrevealedhismotivesfororderingthesummaryexecutionofGuevara.

159. ^Almudevar,Lola."Boliviamarkscapture,executionof'Che'Guevara40yearsago ."SanFranciscoChronicle .TuesdayOctober9,2007.RetrievedonNovember7,2009.

160. ^Time magazine1970.

161. ^Anderson1997,p.739.

162. ^Anderson1997,pp.739.

163. ^Almudevar2007andGott2005.

164. ^Casey2009,p.179.

165. ^Casey2009,p.183.

166. ^Lacey2007a.

167. ^WatchblogimageofGuevara'sGMTMaster

168. ^FelixRodrguezentry fromSpartacusSchoolnetEncyclopedia

169. ^Kornbluh1997.

170. ^Anderson1997,pp.740.

171. ^Anderson1997,pp.741.

172. ^Kellner1989,p.101.

173. abcNadle,Marlene(August24,1968)."RgisDebraySpeaksfromPrison".RampartsMagazine :42.

174. ^Cubasalutes'Che'Guevara:RevolutionaryIconFinallyLaidtoRest CNN,October17,1997CNNVIDEO

175. ^"BiddingforChe ",TimeMagazine,Dec151967

176. ^Guevara1967b.

177. ^Ryan1998,p.45

178. ^Ryan1998,p.104

179. ^Ryan1998,p.148

180. ^Ramrez1997.

181. ^BoliviaunveilsoriginalCheGuevaradiary byEduardoGarcia,Reuters,July7,2008

182. ^SlainCheGuevaraSoldiersFound? videoreportbyNationalGeographic ,August21,2009

183. ^McLaren2000,p.7.

184. ^Guevara2005

185. ^Che'sSecondComing? byDavidRieff,November20,2005,NewYorkTimes

186. ^Moynihan2006.

187. ^Sinclair1968/2006,p.80.

188. ^Sinclair1968/2006,p.127.

189. ^McLaren2000,p.3.

190. ^Sinclair1968/2006,p.67.

191. ^ErnestoCheGuevaraR.I.P. byMurrayRothbard,LeftandRight:AJournalofLibertarianThought,Volume3,Number3(SpringAutumn1967)

192. ^JustaPrettyFace? bySeanO'Hagan,TheObserver,July11,2004

193. ^People'sWeekly2004.

194. ^Argentinapaysbelatedhomageto"Che"Guevara byHelenPopper,Reuters,June14,2008

195. ^StatueforChe's'80thbirthday' byDanielSchweimler,BBCNews,June15,2008

196. ^OnatouristtrailinBolivia'shills,Che'sfameliveson ByHectorTobar,LosAngelesTimes ,October17,2004

197. ^Schipani2007.

198. ^BehindCheGuevarasmask,thecoldexecutioner TimesOnline ,September16,2007

199. abcVargasLlosa2005.

200. abKellner1989,p.106.

201. ^D'Rivera2005.

202. ^""Chvezesdficildeencasillar,peroafinaldecuentasquedaclaroqueesunpobrerico" ".ElNacional.

203. ^BBCNewsMay26,2001

204. ^seealsoCheGuevara(photo)

205. ^Lacey2007b.

206. ^BBCNews2007.

207. ^O'Hagan2004.

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Externallinks

Ernesto"Che"Guevara

"GuerrilleroHeroico "

CheGuevaraattheLaCoubrememorialservice.

TakenbyAlbertoKorda onMarch5,1960.

Dateofbirth: June14,1928 [1]

Placeofbirth: Rosario,Argentina

Dateofdeath: October9,1967(aged39)

Placeofdeath: LaHiguera,Bolivia

Major

organizations:

26thofJulyMovement,UnitedParty

oftheCubanSocialistRevolution,[2]NationalLiberationArmy(Bolivia)

Religion: None [3]Contents

1Earlylife

1.1Motorcyclejourney

2Guatemala,ArbenzandUnitedFruit

3MexicoCityandpreparation

4CubanRevolution

4.1Invasion,warfareandSantaClara

4.2LaCabaa,landreform,andliteracy

4.3The"NewMan",BayofPigsandMissileCrisis

5Internationaldiplomacy

6Congo

7Bolivia

7.1Captureandexecution

7.2Postexecution,remainsandmemorial

8Legacy

9Timeline

10Archivalmedia

10.1Videofootage

10.2Audiorecording

11Listofworks

12Notes

13References

14Externallinks

Guevarawaslikeafathertome...he

educatedme.Hetaughtmetothink.

Hetaughtmethemostbeautifulthing

whichistobehuman.

Urbano (akaLeonardoTamayo) ,

foughtwithCheinCubaandBolivia[97]

Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelp improvethisarticle byadding reliablereferences.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallenged and removed.(November

2009)

Therewasnopersonmorefearedbythe

company(CIA)thanCheGuevarabecausehe

hadthecapacityandcharismanecessaryto

directthestruggleagainstthepolitical