Chapter 9 Classification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based...

Chapter 9Classification

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities.

• Classifying organisms help biologists answer questions like

–How many species are there?

–What are the characteristics of each?

–What are the relationships between species?

Carolus Linnaeus

• Swedish physician and botanist

• Lived in 1700’s

• Founded taxonomy, the science of identifying, classifying and naming living things

• Binomial Nomenclature– Also known as binomenclature

– Elephas maximus– Tyrannosaurus rex

Cladograms (branching diagrams)

• Cladograms– Show close evolutionary

relationships

•Which is the closest relative to Hibiscus?•Which is the most distant relative to Hibiscus?•Which plants have seeds?

Scientific Names

• 2 words, Genus and Species

• Genus is capitalized and species is lower case

• Examples:– Indian elephant – Elephas maximus– Humans – Homo sapiens

• Scientific names are usually Greek or Latin in origin

• The short cut for writing scientific names is to use the first letter of the genus and the full name of the species

• Example: – Escherichia coli is E. coli

• Organisms can have many common names but only one scientific name

• Dichotomous Keys-– A tool that aids in identifying

unknown organisms– Consists of several pairs of

descriptive statements that have only two alternating responses

– (think of the choose your own adventure books)

Dichotomous Keys

The 6 Kingdoms

•Archaebacteria•Prokaryotes (no nucleus)•Single cell•Live in extreme conditions (hot or cold)•Live in Yellowstone Hot Springs

Eubacteria

•Single celled•Live everywhere•Prokaryotes – no nucleus

•E. coli

Protista

•Single or multi cellular•Eukaryotes – nuclei present•Simple organisms•Believed to have given rise to the other kingdoms•Protozoa, algae, slime molds, Euglena

•Paramecium

•Euglena

•Multicellular•Eukaryotes – nuclei•No photosynthesis occurs•Food is obtained by breaking down materials around (decomposers)•Mushrooms, molds

Why don’t you cut off mold on bread and eat it?

Plantae

•Multicellular•Eukaryotes – nuclei•Uses photosynthesis to produce food•Usually green

Animalia

•Multicellular•Eukaryotic –nuclei•No cell walls•Most move (exceptions in sea sponges and corals)•Nervous systems

Chapter 9 Classification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based...

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