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What is Classification?What is Classification?
Classification/taxonomyClassification/taxonomy is is the arrangement of the arrangement of organisms into orderly organisms into orderly groupsgroups based on their based on their similaritiessimilarities
Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms
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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying
•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms
•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish
•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names
Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??
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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus 1707 – 17781707 – 1778
•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”
•Developed the Developed the modern system of modern system of naming known as naming known as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature
•Two-wordTwo-word name name (Genus & species)(Genus & species)
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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming
•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature
•Genus speciesGenus species
•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek
Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius
American American RobinRobin
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Classification GroupsClassification Groups
•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed
•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificbroadest to most specific
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups
DomainKingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class Order Family
Genus Species
BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON
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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon
•ThreeThree domains domains
•Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)
•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles
DomainsDomains
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ArchaeaArchaea live in live in harsh environmentsharsh environments and may represent the first cells to and may represent the first cells to have evolved.have evolved.
Sewage Sewage treatment treatment
plants, plants, thermal thermal
vents, etc.vents, etc.
Domain Domain ArchaeaArchaea
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EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are
present in almost present in almost all habitatsall habitats on earth.on earth.
Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and
commercially.commercially.
Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals
Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria
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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms
•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)
•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)
•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)
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ProtistaProtista
•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular
•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular
•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic
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FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,
except yeastexcept yeast
•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
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PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular
•AutotrophicAutotrophic
•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
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AnimaliaAnimalia
•MulticellularMulticellular
•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophs heterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)
•Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals
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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying
•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms
•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs
•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and either and either go to another set of go to another set of characteristics characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44
3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriArchaebacteriaa
ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell Type
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
ExamplesExamples
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebactArchaebacteriaeria
ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
UnicellularUnicellular
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
CapsuleCapsule
Cell WallCell Wall
CapsidCapsid
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
EnvelopeEnvelope
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
HIV HIV
HepatitisHepatitis
Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
CapsuleCapsule
Cell WallCell Wall
CapsidCapsid
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
EnvelopeEnvelope
FlagellaFlagella
CiliaCilia
SporesSpores
PseudopodsPseudopods
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Autotrophic Autotrophic OR OR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
HIV HIV
HepatitisHepatitis
Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus
ProtozoansProtozoans
AlgaeAlgae
Water MoldWater Mold
Slime MoldSlime Mold
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
CapsuleCapsule
Cell WallCell Wall
CapsidCapsid
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
EnvelopeEnvelope
FlagellaFlagella
CiliaCilia
SporesSpores
PseudopodsPseudopods
-Cell walls made of -Cell walls made of chitinchitin
-Filamentous forms -Filamentous forms with specialized, with specialized,
complex cellscomplex cells
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular
All All
Multi-cellular Multi-cellular except for except for
yeast yeast (unicellular)(unicellular)
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Autotrophic Autotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Autotrophic Autotrophic OR OR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
HIV HIV
HepatitisHepatitis
Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus
ProtozoansProtozoans
AlgaeAlgae
Water MoldWater Mold
Slime MoldSlime Mold
MoldsMolds
YeastsYeasts
MushroomsMushrooms
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
CapsuleCapsule
Cell WallCell Wall
CapsidCapsid
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
EnvelopeEnvelope
FlagellaFlagella
CiliaCilia
SporesSpores
PseudopodsPseudopods
-Cell walls made of -Cell walls made of chitinchitin
-Filamentous forms -Filamentous forms with specialized, with specialized,
complex cellscomplex cells
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Central Central vacuolevacuole
Cell wallCell wall
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCells
UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular
All All
Multi-cellular Multi-cellular except for except for
yeast yeast (unicellular)(unicellular)
Multi-cellularMulti-cellular
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Autotrophic Autotrophic OR OR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs AutotrophicAutotrophic
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
HIV HIV
HepatitisHepatitis
Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus
ProtozoansProtozoans
AlgaeAlgae
Water MoldWater Mold
Slime MoldSlime Mold
MoldsMolds
YeastsYeasts
MushroomsMushrooms
MossesMosses
FernsFerns
Non-woody & Non-woody & woody woody
flowering flowering plantsplants
Classification of Living Things
KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Cell TypeCell Type ProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic
Cell Cell StructuresStructures
FlagellaFlagella
CapsuleCapsule
Cell WallCell Wall
CapsidCapsid
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
EnvelopeEnvelope
FlagellaFlagella
CiliaCilia
SporesSpores
PseudopodsPseudopods
-Cell walls -Cell walls made of chitinmade of chitin
-Filamentous -Filamentous forms with forms with specialized, specialized,
complex cellscomplex cells
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Central Central vacuolevacuole
Cell wallCell wall
Specialized, Specialized, complex complex
cellscells
NumberNumber
of of
CellsCellsUnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular
Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular
All All
Multi-cellular Multi-cellular except for except for
yeast yeast (unicellular)(unicellular)
Multi-cellularMulti-cellular Multi-cellularMulti-cellular
Mode Mode
of of
NutritionNutrition
Autotrophic Autotrophic
OROR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
AutotrophicAutotrophic
OR OR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Autotrophic Autotrophic OR OR
HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc
Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs AutotrophicAutotrophic HeterotrophiHeterotrophi
cc
ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella
E. ColiE. Coli
AnthraxAnthrax
HIV HIV
HepatitisHepatitis
Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus
ProtozoansProtozoans
AlgaeAlgae
Water MoldWater Mold
Slime MoldSlime Mold
MoldsMolds
YeastsYeasts
MushroomsMushrooms
MossesMosses
FernsFerns
Non-woody & Non-woody & woody woody
flowering flowering plantsplants
InvertebratesInvertebrates
FishesFishes
ReptilesReptiles
AmphibiansAmphibians
Birds Birds
MammalsMammals
Your assignmentWrite a letter explaining the classification of
living things. You must describe each kingdom from the Eukarya domain in detail. Include cell type, cell structures, number of cells, mode of nutrition and some examples this person may have heard of. REMEMBER, this person most likely does not understand what the terms eukaryotic, prokaryotic, unicellular, multi-cellular, autotrophs, heterotrophs or various cell structures mean. Be sure to include an explanation of the terms or lose 50 valuable points!