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Chapter 7Chapter 7 Climate and Terrestrial Climate and Terrestrial BiodiversityBiodiversity
Georgia Average January Temperature
Chapter Overview QuestionsChapter Overview Questions
What What factorsfactors effect the earth’s effect the earth’s climateclimate??
How does How does climateclimate determine where the determine where the earth’s major earth’s major biome’sbiome’s are found? are found?
Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d) What are the major types of What are the major types of desert biomesdesert biomes??
What are the major types of What are the major types of grassland grassland biomesbiomes??
What are the major types of What are the major types of forest and forest and mountain biomesmountain biomes??
How have How have human activitieshuman activities affected the affected the world’s desert, grassland, forest, and world’s desert, grassland, forest, and mountain biomes?mountain biomes?
Core Case Study- Blowing in the Wind: Core Case Study- Blowing in the Wind: A Story of A Story of ConnectionsConnections
Wind connects most life on earthWind connects most life on earth Wind moderates Wind moderates temperature temperature by distributing by distributing heatheat
Keeps tropics from being unbearably hot.Keeps tropics from being unbearably hot. Prevents rest of world from freezing.Prevents rest of world from freezing.
Trade Winds: Engines of HistoryTrade Winds: Engines of History
Similarities Between Wind & Water Currents?Similarities Between Wind & Water Currents?
Global Ocean Currents
Core Case StudyCore Case StudyBlowing in the Wind: Blowing in the Wind:
A Story of ConnectionsA Story of Connections
Wind connects most life Wind connects most life on earth.on earth.
NutrientsNutrients (PO (PO44 and Fe) and Fe)
from Africa to Bahamas from Africa to Bahamas and Braziland Brazil
NutrientsNutrients (Fe) from Gobi (Fe) from Gobi Desert (China) to Pacific Desert (China) to Pacific Ocean phytoplanktonOcean phytoplankton
Figure 5-1Figure 5-1
Sahara Dust stormsSahara Dust storms have have increased 10x since the 1950s increased 10x since the 1950s due to drought, overgrazing, due to drought, overgrazing, and driving of SUVs on desert and driving of SUVs on desert soilssoils
Red soil particles and US-banned Red soil particles and US-banned pesticidespesticides blowing from Africa blowing from Africa to Florida have made it difficult to Florida have made it difficult for FL to meet federal for FL to meet federal standardsstandards
Iron-rich African dustIron-rich African dust contributes contributes to Fl toxic algae blooms called to Fl toxic algae blooms called “red tides”.“red tides”.
Wind also transports microbes, particulates, Wind also transports microbes, particulates, pesticides, and toxic elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, etc)pesticides, and toxic elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, etc)
Toxics and dust from China contribute up to 10% of US West Coast smog.
CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTIONCLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
WeatherWeather is a local area’s short-term physical is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and conditions such as temperature and precipitation.precipitation.
ClimateClimate is a region’s average weather is a region’s average weather conditions over a long time.conditions over a long time. LatitudeLatitude and and elevationelevation help determine climate. help determine climate.
Earth’s Current Climate ZonesEarth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 5-2Figure 5-2
Solar Energy and Global Air Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing HeatCirculation: Distributing Heat
Finish these sentences:Finish these sentences:
Warmer air ________
Cooler air _______
rises.
sinks.
Solar Energy and Global Air Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing HeatCirculation: Distributing Heat
Global air circulation Global air circulation is affected by the is affected by the (1)uneven heating(1)uneven heating of of the earth’s surface by the earth’s surface by solar energy, and solar energy, and (2)seasonal changes(2)seasonal changes in temperature and in temperature and precipitation.precipitation.
Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect
Global air Global air circulation is circulation is affected by affected by (3) (3) thethe rotation of rotation of the earththe earth on its on its axis.axis.
NextNext
Convection CurrentsConvection Currents
Global air Global air circulation is circulation is affected by affected by (4) the(4) the properties of air properties of air water, and landwater, and land..
NextNext
Convection CellsConvection Cells
Heat and moisture Heat and moisture are distributed over are distributed over the earth’s surface by the earth’s surface by vertical currents, vertical currents, which form which form six giant six giant convection cellsconvection cells at at different latitudes.different latitudes.
Figure 5-6Figure 5-6
Fig. 5-9, p. 106
Polar ice
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
Tropic ofCancer
High mountains
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)Temperate grasslandTropical grassland (savanna)ChaparralConiferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTropical forestDesert
Ocean Currents: Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsDistributing Heat and Nutrients
Ocean currents influence climate by Ocean currents influence climate by distributing heat from place to place and distributing heat from place to place and mixing and distributing nutrients.mixing and distributing nutrients.
nextnext
Ocean Currents: Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsDistributing Heat and Nutrients
Global warming:Global warming: Considerable scientific evidence and climate Considerable scientific evidence and climate
models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse gases from gases from anthropogenicanthropogenic activities into the activities into the tropospheretroposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in our effect and change the earth’s climate in our lifetimes.lifetimes.
Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect
Mojave Desert: Formed in the rain Mojave Desert: Formed in the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Rangeshadow of the Sierra Madre Range
http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/nam-ecoregions-list.htm
Mojave DesertMojave DesertJoshua TreesJoshua Trees
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Different climates lead to different Different climates lead to different communities of organismscommunities of organisms, especially , especially vegetationvegetation..
Biomes Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.
Each biome contains Each biome contains many ecosystemsmany ecosystems whose whose communities have adapted to differences in communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.climate, soil, and other environmental factors.
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Figure 5-9Figure 5-9
Fig. 5-9, p. 106
Polar ice
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
Tropic ofCancer
High mountains
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)Temperate grasslandTropical grassland (savanna)ChaparralConiferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTropical forestDesert
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Biome type is determined by precipitation, Biome type is determined by precipitation, temperature and soil typetemperature and soil type
NextNext
Fig. 5-10, p. 107
Polar
Rain forestTropical
seasonalforest
Scrubland
Savanna Desert
TropicalGrassland
Chaparral
DeciduousForest
Coniferous forest
Desert
Temperate
SubpolarTundra
Wet
Cold
Dry
Ho
t
BIOMES: BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LANDCLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Parallel changes occur in vegetation type Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.
Figure 5-11Figure 5-11
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
Deserts are areas where evaporation Deserts are areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation.exceeds precipitation.
Deserts have little precipitation and little Deserts have little precipitation and little vegetation.vegetation. Found in Found in tropical, temperate and polar regionstropical, temperate and polar regions..
Desert plants have Desert plants have adaptationsadaptations that help that help them stay cool and get enough water.them stay cool and get enough water.
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
Variations in Variations in annual annual temperature (red) temperature (red) and precipitation and precipitation (blue) in tropical, (blue) in tropical, temperate and temperate and cold deserts.cold deserts.
Figure 5-12Figure 5-12
Fig. 5-12a, p. 109
Tropical DesertExample: Saudi Arabia
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-12b, p. 109
Temperate DesertExample: Sonoran Desert, in southern Arizona
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-12c, p. 109
Polar DesertExample: Gobi Desert in northern China and Mongolia
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
DESERT BIOMESDESERT BIOMES
The flora and The flora and fauna in desert fauna in desert ecosystems ecosystems adapt to their adapt to their environment environment through their through their behaviorbehavior and and physiologyphysiology..
Figure 5-13Figure 5-13
Does the desert biome have aesthetic value?Does the desert biome have aesthetic value?
Mojave Desert (CA, USA)
Sonoran Desert, AZ, USA, and South into Mexico
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMESBIOMES
Variations in Variations in annual annual temperature temperature (red) and (red) and precipitation precipitation (blue).(blue).
Figure 5-14Figure 5-14
Fig. 5-14a, p. 112
Tropical grassland a.k.a. “savanna”Example: Sub-Saharan Africa
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-14b, p. 112
Temperate grasslandExample: Great Plains of the United States
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-14c, p. 112
Polar grassland: arctic tundra (different from alpine tundra)
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMESBIOMES
GrasslandsGrasslands (prairies) occur in areas (prairies) occur in areas too moist too moist for desertfor desert and and too dry for foreststoo dry for forests..
SavannasSavannas are tropical grasslands with are tropical grasslands with scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.
Savanna- Tropical GrasslandSavanna- Tropical Grassland
Savanna- Tropical GrasslandSavanna- Tropical Grassland
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands
Cold winters and hot Cold winters and hot dry summers dry summers
Figure 5-15Figure 5-15
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands Deep and fertile soilDeep and fertile soil (rich in (rich in humushumus) that make ) that make
them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.
Figure 5-15Figure 5-15
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands
Temperate tall-Temperate tall-grass prairie grass prairie ecosystem in North ecosystem in North America.America.
Figure 5-16Figure 5-16
Polar Grasslands a.k.a. TundraPolar Grasslands a.k.a. Tundra
Polar grasslands Polar grasslands are covered with ice are covered with ice and snow except and snow except during a brief during a brief summer.summer.
Figure 5-17Figure 5-17
TUNDRATUNDRA
ColdCold Usually treelessUsually treeless Largest biomeLargest biome Low precipitation, but Low precipitation, but
somewhat moistsomewhat moist Thin topsoil over Thin topsoil over
permafrostpermafrost Nutrient poorNutrient poor
Fig. 5-17, p. 114
Moss campion
MountainCranberry
Lemming
DwarfWillow
Willow ptarmigan
Horned lark Arcticfox
Snowy owlMosquito
Grizzly bear
Long-tailed jaeger
Caribou
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
ChaparralChaparral Chaparral has a Chaparral has a
moderate moderate climate but its climate but its dense thickets of dense thickets of spiny shrubs are spiny shrubs are subject to subject to periodic fires.periodic fires.
Primarily in Primarily in CaliforniaCalifornia
Mediterranean Mediterranean climateclimate
Figure 5-18Figure 5-18
FOREST BIOMESFOREST BIOMES
ForestsForests have enough precipitation to support have enough precipitation to support stands of trees and are found in stands of trees and are found in tropicaltropical, , temperatetemperate, and , and polarpolar regions. regions.
FOREST BIOMESFOREST BIOMES
Variations in annual Variations in annual temperature (red) temperature (red) and precipitation and precipitation (blue) in tropical, (blue) in tropical, temperate, and temperate, and polar forests.polar forests.
Figure 5-19Figure 5-19
Fig. 5-19a, p. 116
Tropical rain forestExamples: Amazon and Indonesia
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-19b, p. 116
Temperate deciduous forestExample: Eastern US
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)Month
Freezing point
Fig. 5-19c, p. 116
Polar evergreen coniferous forest(boreal forest, taiga)Examples: Northern Canada and Russia
Mea
n m
on
thly
tem
per
atu
re (C
)
Mean
mo
nth
ly prec
ipitatio
n (m
m)
Month
Freezing point
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Figure 5-21Figure 5-21
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Figure 5-21Figure 5-21
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Tropical rain forests Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity and a rich diversity of species.of species. Found near the Found near the
equator.equator. Have year-round Have year-round
uniformity warm uniformity warm temperatures and temperatures and high humidity.high humidity.
Figure 5-20Figure 5-20
Fig. 5-21, p. 118
Groundlayer
Black-crownedantipitta
Brazilian tapir
Woolly opossum
Tocotoucan
Shrublayer
Understory
Canopy
Emergent layer
Hei
gh
t (m
eter
s)
Harpy eagle
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Filling such niches enables species to avoid Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexistor minimize competition and coexist
Figure 5-21Figure 5-21
Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
Most of the trees Most of the trees survive winter by survive winter by dropping their dropping their leaves, which leaves, which decay and decay and produce a nutrient-produce a nutrient-rich soil.rich soil.
Figure 5-22Figure 5-22
Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
Figure 5-22Figure 5-22
Fig. 5-22, p. 120
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto
secondaryconsumer
Secondary to
higher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Wood frog
RacerMay beetle
Bacteria
FungiLong-tailedweasel
Shagbark hickory
MountainWinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle andLarvae
White-taileddeer
White-footedmouse
GraySquirrel
HairyWoodpecker
White oak
Broad-wingedhawk
Evergreen Coniferous ForestsEvergreen Coniferous Forests
Consist mostly of Consist mostly of cone-bearing cone-bearing evergreen trees that evergreen trees that keep their needles keep their needles year-round to help year-round to help the trees survive the trees survive long and cold long and cold winters.winters.
Figure 5-23Figure 5-23
Temperate Rain Forests:Temperate Rain Forests:Coastal OR, WA, & Northern CACoastal OR, WA, & Northern CA
Figure 5-24Figure 5-24
MOUNTAIN BIOMESMOUNTAIN BIOMES High-elevation High-elevation islands islands
of biodiversityof biodiversity Often have snow-Often have snow-
covered peaks that covered peaks that reflect solar radiationreflect solar radiation and gradually release and gradually release water from the water from the “snowpack” to lower-“snowpack” to lower-elevation streams and elevation streams and ecosystems.ecosystems.
Figure 5-25Figure 5-25
HUMAN IMPACTS ON HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMESTERRESTRIAL BIOMES
Human activities have damaged or disturbed Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than halfmore than half of the world’s terrestrial of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.ecosystems.
Humans have had a number of specific Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains…grasslands, forests, and mountains…
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Deserts Grasslands Forests Mountains
Large desert cities Conversion to cropland
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Agriculture
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Timber extraction
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland Conversion of
diverse forests to tree plantations
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Soil salinization from irrigation Increasing tourism
Overgrazing by livestockDepletion of
groundwater Damage from off-road vehicles
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletionLand disturbance
and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Pollution of forest streams
Soil damage from off-road vehicles
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