CHAPTER 6: CELLS General. Cells: General CHAPTER 6: CELLS Compartments

CHAPTER 6: CELLSGeneral

Cells: General

CHAPTER 6: CELLSCompartments

Compartments - NEW

INTRAva

scula

r

EXTRAvasc

ular

INTRAcellular

EXTRAcellular

INTRAcellular

INTERcellular

INTRA = insideEXTRA = outsideINTER = in-betweenVASC = blood vessel

INTRAcellular

Cell Junctions - NEW

• different kinds of junctions “bind” different kinds of cells

CHAPTER 3: CELLSOrganelles

Organelles: Cytoplasm

• the “stuff” that is inside of cells other than nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies, etc…

Organelles: Cell Membrane

• outer limit of cell• selectively permeable (“picky”)• comprised of phospholipids:

– polar phosphate head– non-polar fatty acid tails

• self-arranged in a bilayer:

Organelles: Cell Membrane

Organelles: Vesicles

• “pockets” or “containers” of membrane• found INTRAcellular and EXTRAcellular• like a “soap bubble”

Organelles: Nucleus

• control center of the cell• DNA -> RNA proteins = Gene Expression

Chromatin

Centrioles

Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• transport system• container• if contains ribosomes (protein factories, looks

rough)

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

• Paramecium• Contractile

vacuole

http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/homeostasis.html

The endomembrane system’s interconnectedness. All membranes are the same bilayer.

Organelles: Mitochondria

• powerhouse of the cell• produces ATP:

– by cellular respiration– sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP– C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ATP

Plastids

Peroxisomes

• Consume deadly free oxygen within the cell, transport it to mitochondria.

• Enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

• H2O2 is also toxic to a cell, and an enzyme made by the peroxisome can break down H2O2 into O and H2O when necessary.

• Fig. 7.19

Lysosome

The cytoskeleton maintains the cell’s shape and more… p.120

Microtubuleslargestcompression resisting (girders)made of tubulin (tube)large scale movements: chromosomes flagella, cilia,

Microfilamentssmallesttension bearing (resists pulling)

made of actinmuscle contractioncytoplasmic movements (see

7.27)

Intermediate filamentsintermediate size tension bearing (resists pulling)made of keratin-type proteinsanchors organelles

CHAPTER 6: CELLSCell Types

Cell Types

• vary in size• possess distinctive shapes• different functions:

– red blood cells– white blood cells– nerve cells– muscle cells– bone cells

CHAPTER 6: CELLSLevels of Organization

Levels of Organization

• subatomic particles:– protons (+1)– neutrons (0)– electrons (-1)

• atoms:– carbon– hydrogen– oxygen

• molecules:– water, glucose

Levels of Organization

• macromolecules:– proteins– DNA

• organelles:– nucleus– mitochondria

• cells:– RBCs– WBCs– nerve cells

Levels of Organization

• tissues:– cartilage– tendons– ligaments

• organs:– stomach– liver– pancreas– small intestines

Levels of Organization

• organ systems:– nervous– skeletal– digestive

• organism:– the entire human

Levels of Organization