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Chapter- 4 statistical table and charts
Statistical table and statistical charts
Statistical table and statistical charts are major descriptive tools, such as the frequency distribution table and frequency distribution graph in chapter two, which are more intuitionistic and also useful to present summary information. So it is widely used when we present the reports or papers.
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Tables in reports
Although tables are simple to understand and to produce, careful thought regarding layout is essential to draw attention to the most useful and interesting features of the data. For ease of reference, recommendations are given here in note form.
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Structure of tables
sequence number of tableTitleheadingsLineNumbersFootnote
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college Number of majors
agriculture 1500
Arts and sciences 3200
education 1200
Engineering 4100
Table 3.1 the distribution of undergraduate majors
sequence number of tableTitle
Row heading
Column heading
numberslines
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sequence number of table
It appear in sequence in a report
or papers.
For example, table 1, table 2……
NOTICE
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Title
To summarize the contents that table include.
For example, from the title “the distribution of undergraduate majors”, we can know the table want to describe the undergraduate majors
NOTICE
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heading
It includes row heading and column heading. The row heading or label is used to describe the meaning of raw number, and the column heading is used to describe the meaning of column number
NOTICE
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Line
Vertical or italic lines should be
avoided because these cluttter the
presentation.
NOTICE
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Numbers
The decimal digits should be identical in the same column.The data in one column should arrange trim in the decimal point.When the measurement is 0, we should not omit it but record it.
NOTICE
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recommendations
Each table should be self-explanatory . That is to say, the reader should be able to understand it without reference to the text in the body of the report. This can be achieved by using complete, meaningful labels for the rows and columns and giving a complete, meaningful title. Footnotes should be used to enhance the explanation when necessary.
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recommendations
Each table should have an attractive
appearance. Sensible use of white
space helps enormously. Different
typefaces or fronts may be used to
provide discrimination, for example,
use of bold type or italics.
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recommendations
The rows and columns of each
table should be arranged in a
natural order. This is a great help
in interpretation.
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Social class number (%)
Ⅰ Nonmanual, professional 592 7
Ⅱ Nonmanual, intermediate 2254 26
Ⅲn Nonmanual , skilled 1017 12
Ⅳm manual , skilled 3150 36
Ⅳ manual ,partially skilled 1253 14
Ⅴ manual , unskilled 415 5
Total 8681
Table 3.2 occupational social class in the SHHS
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NFG (n=13129) IFG (n=1121)
DM (n=986)
Total (n=15236)
Gender Men 52.14(0.44) 46.92(1.49) 50.41(1.59) 51.64(0.40) Women 49.76(0.09) 53.38(0.32) 55.10(0.33) 50.37(0.09) Age (years) 49.76(0.09) 53.38(0.32) 55.10(0.33) 50.37(0.09) Education* Less than High School 67.10(0.41) 70.27(1.37) 71.40(1.44) 67.61(0.38) High School or Higher 32.90(0.41) 29.73(1.37) 28.60(1.44) 32.39(0.38) Occupation* Professional 29.51(0.40) 31.43(1.39) 31.60(1.48) 29.79(0.37) Laborer 65.63(0.41) 65.00(1.42) 63.61(1.53) 65.45(0.39) Other 4.86(0.19) 3.57(0.55) 4.79(0.68) 4.76(0.17) Marital status* Not Married 8.40(0.24) 10.27(0.91) 11.16(1.00) 8.72(0.23) Married 91.60(0.24) 89.73(0.91) 88.84(1.00) 91.28(0.23)
Table 3.3 Study participant characteristics by diabetic status
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Typical Case Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two
groups ( ) sx
groups n the increase of concentration of Hb(g/L)
new drug group 10 27.99±34.56
routine drug group 10 20.21±3.82
i.
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Cases resolution
groups n the increase of concentration of Hb(g/L)
new drug group 10 27.99±34.56
routine drug group 10 20.21±3.82
Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two groups ( )
sx
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Scatter graph
Line chart
histogra
mmap
Pie chart
Bar chart S
tatistical charts
charts in reports
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Bar chart
Scatter graph
hi stogram
Pi e chart
Li ne chart map
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[Usage] the independent data or categorical data
In the bar chart, the bars are drawn of equal width, but the heights are proportional to the percentages. Other possible scales for the vertical axis are the frequencies or relative frequencies, both of which leave the shape of the bar chart unaltered.
bar chart
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[example 1]
The following table is the average heights of adult male in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them.
area Average heights
China 175
American 177
Japan 171
Table 3.5 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries
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area
JapanAmerianChina
Avera
ge h
eig
hts
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
171177175
Fig 1 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries
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attention
When drawing the bar chart, the
vertical scale must begin from 0.
Leave some space between two bar.
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area
JapanAmerianChina
Avera
ge h
eig
hts 180
170
160
150
171
177
175
area
JapanAmerianChina
Avera
ge h
eig
hts
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
171177175
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[example 2]
The following table is the average heights of adult male and female in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them.Table 3.6 the average heights
of adult male and female in 3 countries
area Average heights
of adult male
Average heights
of adult female
China 175 159
Amer ican 177 166
Japan 171 155
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gender
FEMALEMALE
Avera
ge h
eig
hts
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
China
Amerian
Japan
155
171166
177
159
175
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[usage] constitutional data
In a pie chart, the area of the slices
are drawn in proportional to the
frequencies by simply dividing the entire
3600 of the circle into separate angles of
the correct relative size.
Pie chart
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Table 3.7 The antibody level of HBeAb of 182 people after injecting the vaccine
outcome n percent i l e(%)
-
+ ++
+++
37
71 60
14
20. 3
39. 0 33. 0
7. 7
total 182 100. 0
Pie chart
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Attention While drawing a pie chart, one circle
has 3600, so 1% should include 3.60 . Usually we bigin to draw the circle from the position of 12 o’clock. We can use the protractor to measure the angle.
outcome Percent i l e
(%) angl e
- +
++
+++
20. 3 39. 0
33. 0
7. 7
73. 1 140. 4
118. 8
27. 7
total 100. 0 360. 0
Pie chart
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7.7%
33.0%
39.0%
20.3%
+++
++
+
-
Pie chart
Fig 3 The antibody level proportionof HBeAb of 182 people
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[usage] the continuous data
such as height, weight, RBC.
In the histogram, the rectangle are drawn of equal width because the interval width is same, but areas are proportional to the percentages or frequence.
Histogram
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5.75 6.29 6.13 6.78 6.46
6.76 5.98 6.25 6.31 5.99
6.47 5.71 5.19 4.35 5.35
7.11 6.89 6.05 7.01 5.86
5.42 4.92 7.12 5.85 5.64
7.04 6.23 5.71 6.74 6.36
5.75 7.71 6.19 7.55 6.76
7.14 5.73 6.73 7.86 5.51
6.02 6.54 5.34 6.92 7.15
6.55 7.16 4.79 6.64 6.83
Table 3.8 Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) of 50 subjects from the Scottish Heart Health
Study
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Serum Cholesterol
7.757.256.756.255.755.254.754.25
frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Std. Dev = .76
Mean = 6.29
N = 50.00
3
7
111111
4
2
1
Fig4 frequency distribution graph for serum total cholesterol
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Histogram
frequ
ence
Height(cm)Fig5 frequency distribution graph for
heights
of 100 students with 8 year old
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attention
When drawing the histogram, the
vertical scale must begin from 0.
Leave no space between two
rectangles.
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line
[usage] the continuous data
It is used to describe the deveploment trend that one thing changes with the other thing (usually time).
For example, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in the past years.
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attention
Whether the scale of vertical axis may begin from zero or not, it is right.
The near two point should be linked with breaking line. That is to say, we can not choose smooth line while drawing the line.
line
FI G6 The deat h rat e of i nf ant s i n canda i n 1949- 1958
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 year
the death rate of infants1/thousand
()
line
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line
FI G6 The deat h rat e of i nf ant s i n canda i n 1949- 1958
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958year
the death rate of infants1/thousand
()
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Scatter graph
[usage] the biovariate data
If we want to learn the trend before describing the relationship between two variables, we can choose scatter graph.
For example, the relationship between height and weight.
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If we want to learn the relationship between the concentration of thrombin (y) and thrombin time (x), we can choose scatter graph
Scatter graph
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X
1.31.21.11.0.9.8.7.6.5
Y 18
17
16
15
14
13
12
Fig 7 the scatter graph between the
concentration of thrombin and thrombin time
Scatter graph
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0
0. 05
0. 1
0. 15
0. 2
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800X
YScatter graph
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map
FIG 1 the incidence rate of AIDS in China in 2010
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