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Chapter 4Periodic Table of Elements
Assign # 40 pts.
Periodic Table
• Periodic Table –
An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
Periodic Table
• Periodic Table –
An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
“periodic” means in a regular repeated pattern
Periodic Table
Periods –• The horizontal rows
of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.
Periodic Table
Periods –• The horizontal rows
of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.
• Periods equal the number of electron shells or energy levels
Periodic Table
Groups (families) –• The vertical
columns of the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
• The left and center sides of periodic table
Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
• The left and center sides of periodic table
Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat
• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity
Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat
• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity
Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that
lack most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that lack
most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table
Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that lack
most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table
Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
• C• H• N• O• Na• Cl• Fe
Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
• Compounds – Combinations of elements
• NaCl
• Fe2O3
• H2SO4
• NH4OH
• AgNO3
Naming Elements
• Naming Elements – One or two letters for symbols based on Latin, Greek, Places, Names, or Descriptions.
• 1st letter capital, 2nd lower case
• Hydrogen = H• Carbon = C• Calcium = Ca• Cobalt = Co(CO = Carbon
Oxide)
Naming Elements
Greek:
• Hydrogen = H = water bearer
• Neon = Ne = new
• Helium = He = sun
• Iodine = I = violet
Names:
• Curium = Cm = Madame Curie
• Einsteinium = Es = Einstein
• Tungsten = W (Wolfram) from Wolframite ore
Naming Elements
Places:• Gallium = Ga
(France)• Californium = CfDescriptions:• Rubidium = Rb (Red)• Chorine = Cl = pale
green• Bromine = Br =
dirt,strench
Naming Elements
Latin:• Copper = Cu
(Cuprum)• Gold = Au (Aurum)
“shining dawn”• Lead = Pb
(Plumbus) • Mercury = Hg
(Hydrargyrum) “liquid silver”
Naming Elements
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Latin:
• Potassium = K (Kalium) – Potash
• Silver = Ag (Argentum)
• Sodium = Na (Natrium)
Naming ElementsPotassium
Silver
Sodium
Latin:
• Tin = Sn (Stannum)
• Iron = Fe (Ferrum)
Naming Elements
Tin
Iron
• New naming system – Latin prefixes
• 104 = Unq = Un nil
quadium • 108 = • 111 =
• 115 =
• Nil = 0
• Un = 1
• Bi = 2
• Tri = 3
• Quad = 4
• Pent = 5
• Hex = 6
Naming Elements
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –
Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
• Representative Elements:
Groups 1A – Groups 7A
s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons
Li = 1s22s1
Be = 1s22s2
B = 1s22s22p1
C = 1s22s22p2
N = 1s22s22p3
O = 1s22s22p4
F = 1s22s22p5
Chemical Families
• Representative Elements:
Groups 1A – Groups 7A
s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons
Chemical Families
Li = 1s22s1
Be = 1s22s2
B = 1s22s22p1
C = 1s22s22p2
N = 1s22s22p3
O = 1s22s22p4
F = 1s22s22p5
Chemical Families
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals
in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in
Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
• 1 electron in outside energy level
• Li = 1s22s1
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in Group 1
which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
• 1 electron in outside energy level
• Li = 1s22s1
• Na = 1s22s22p63s1
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive
metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Include – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
• 2 electrons in outside energy level
• Be = 1s22s2
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
• 2 electrons in outside energy level
• Be = 1s22s2
Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –The metals in Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
- They include Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra
Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.
Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.
Valence electrons in these metals can vary. They are in “transition” from 1 to 3 outside electrons.
Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 are not as corrosive or reactive as the Group 1 and 2 metals.
Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals –• Any of a large class of
chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71
• Also called Lanthanides
Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals (Lanthanides)–
• Any of a large class of chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71
• Also called Lanthanides
Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals -Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -
Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.
Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -
Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –
Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –
The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –
The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –The Group 17 (VII A)
elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.
Chemical Families – NonmetalsHalogens –The Group 17 (VII A)
elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
Glow when zapped with electric current
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