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Chapter 21: Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Revolutions in Europe and
Latin AmericaLatin America
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•Summary:Summary:– Conflicts arose in Europe between Conflicts arose in Europe between
people with opposing systems of people with opposing systems of thought and beliefthought and belief
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, European leaders tried to return European leaders tried to return Europe to the way it had been before Europe to the way it had been before the French Revolutionthe French Revolution– These leaders were part of a group These leaders were part of a group
called the called the ConservativesConservatives
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•Conservatives included monarchs, Conservatives included monarchs, noble landowners and church leadersnoble landowners and church leaders– Conservatives wanted to return the Conservatives wanted to return the
kings of Europe to power and restore kings of Europe to power and restore historic social classeshistoric social classes•Conservative ideas also appealed to Conservative ideas also appealed to
peasants who wanted to preserve peasants who wanted to preserve traditional waystraditional ways
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•LiberalsLiberals disagreed with the ideas of disagreed with the ideas of the conservativesthe conservatives– Liberals included members of the Liberals included members of the
middle classmiddle class– Many Liberal ideas came from the Many Liberal ideas came from the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•Liberals wanted governments to be Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutionsbased on written constitutions
•They believed that people had They believed that people had Natural RightsNatural Rights– Disagreements between conservatives Disagreements between conservatives
and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in EuropeEurope
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•Another challenge to the Another challenge to the conservatives came from the conservatives came from the NationalistsNationalists– Nationalists believed that each national Nationalists believed that each national
group should have its own countrygroup should have its own country– For centuries, European rulers had won For centuries, European rulers had won
and lost territory in war and lost territory in war
Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies
•European rulers passed lands back European rulers passed lands back and forth, from one country’s control and forth, from one country’s control to anotherto another– By 1825, several European empires By 1825, several European empires
included people from many different included people from many different nationalitiesnationalities
– Nationalists wanted to create their own Nationalists wanted to create their own homelandshomelands•During the 1800s, nationalist groups across During the 1800s, nationalist groups across
Europe revolted against the empiresEurope revolted against the empires
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•Summary:Summary:– Social and political discontent sparked Social and political discontent sparked
revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn inspired revolts in other which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europeparts of Europe
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put a king back in power in Francea king back in power in France– In 1830, King Charles X began to act In 1830, King Charles X began to act
like an like an Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler, and liberals , and liberals and radicals revoltedand radicals revolted•Charles fledCharles fled
•Liberals then set up a constitutional Liberals then set up a constitutional monarchymonarchy
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•By the 1840s, France faced an By the 1840s, France faced an economic and political crisiseconomic and political crisis– Workers lost their jobs and bread prices Workers lost their jobs and bread prices
roserose– The people accused the government of The people accused the government of
corruptioncorruption•Once again the French revoltedOnce again the French revolted
•In 1848, the French set up a In 1848, the French set up a RepublicRepublic
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•As in 1789, people throughout As in 1789, people throughout Europe heard of the French Europe heard of the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848.revolutions of 1830 and 1848.– The French success inspired other The French success inspired other
groups to actgroups to act
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•LiberalsLiberals wanted protection for their wanted protection for their rightsrights– They also demanded more powerThey also demanded more power
•WorkersWorkers wanted relief from the wanted relief from the suffering caused by the suffering caused by the Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution
•NationalistsNationalists hoped for hoped for independence from foreign rulersindependence from foreign rulers
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•Across Europe, uprisings occurred in Across Europe, uprisings occurred in 18481848– In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian, In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian,
Italian and Czech nationalist groups Italian and Czech nationalist groups demanded independencedemanded independence
– In the German states, peasants burned In the German states, peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners while the homes of wealthy landowners while students demanded reformsstudents demanded reforms
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•For the most part, the revolts were For the most part, the revolts were short-livedshort-lived
•Revolutionaries failed to achieve Revolutionaries failed to achieve their goals because powerful their goals because powerful government forces crushed themgovernment forces crushed them
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848
•However, even when they failed, the However, even when they failed, the revolutionaries frightened the rulers revolutionaries frightened the rulers – Later on, many of these frightened Later on, many of these frightened
rulers began to agree to reformsrulers began to agree to reforms
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
•Summary:Summary:– Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in
other lands and dissatisfaction with other lands and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in European rule caused revolutions in Latin America Latin America
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
•By the late 1700s, revolutionary By the late 1700s, revolutionary ideas spread from Europe to Latin ideas spread from Europe to Latin AmericaAmerica– The French colony of Haiti was the first The French colony of Haiti was the first
to revoltto revolt•Nearly half a million enslaved Africans Nearly half a million enslaved Africans
worked their on French sugar plantations worked their on French sugar plantations
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
• In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led the Haitian slaves in revoltthe Haitian slaves in revolt– After a long and difficult struggle, the After a long and difficult struggle, the
slaves won their freedom, and soon slaves won their freedom, and soon Haiti declared its independenceHaiti declared its independence
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
• In the Spanish colonies, many groups In the Spanish colonies, many groups were unhappy that social and political were unhappy that social and political life was dominated by life was dominated by PeninsularesPeninsulares
•CreolesCreoles wanted power for themselves wanted power for themselves
•MestizosMestizos and and MulattoesMulattoes were angry were angry about how the Spanish treated themabout how the Spanish treated them
•Enslaved Enslaved AfricansAfricans wanted freedom wanted freedom
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
• In the 1700s, educated Creoles read In the 1700s, educated Creoles read about Enlightenment ideasabout Enlightenment ideas
•They watched colonists in North They watched colonists in North America win their independenceAmerica win their independence
•Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew the Spanish kingthe Spanish king– Latin American leaders knew it was now Latin American leaders knew it was now
time to acttime to act
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
• In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810– Eleven years later, they overthrew their Eleven years later, they overthrew their
Spanish rulersSpanish rulers
• In South America, a Creole named In South America, a Creole named Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar led wars of led wars of independence in Venezuela, independence in Venezuela, Columbia and EcuadorColumbia and Ecuador
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
•Central America declared Central America declared independence from Spain in the independence from Spain in the early 1820searly 1820s– Local leaders united the region into a Local leaders united the region into a
republic, although the republic later republic, although the republic later split into separate, independent statessplit into separate, independent states
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence
•Most of these new nations faced Most of these new nations faced many problems, including civil war many problems, including civil war and povertyand poverty
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