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7/30/2019 Chapter 2 Periodic Table
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Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Periodic Table
Inside the Periodic Table
7/30/2019 Chapter 2 Periodic Table
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Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
History of Periodic Table Came from the ideas of many
scientists in the 18 th and 19 th centuries
Observations grouping of properties predictions(hypothesis) of further
experiments theories First introduced by Dmitri
Ivanovitch Mendeleev in 1869
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Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
MendeleevsPeriodic Table
Realized that if elements werearranged in order of increasingatomic mass certain properties
were repeated Arranged the elements in
horizontal rows in order of increasing atomic number
Each time an element had similar properties to one before it, hestarted a new row under that
preceding element
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MendeleevsPeriodic Table
Noticed to leave empty spaces toretain an order of arrangement of similar properties
Realized that there were holes tobe filled by undiscoveredelements
Law of chemical periodicity :properties of the elements areperiodic functions
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H
1
Li7
Be9.4
F19
B11
N14
C12
O16
Si
28
P
31
S
32
Cl
35.5
Mg
24
Na
23
Al
27.3K
39
Ca
40
Mn
55
--
44
V
51
Ti
48
Cr
52
Fe56,Co59
Ni 59,Cu63
Zr
90
Nb
94
Mo
96
--
100
Sr
87
Rb
85
Yt
88
--72
Br 80
Zn65
Cu63
--68
Se78
As75
Ru104,Rh104
Pd105,Ag108
R 2O R 2O6 R 2O7 RO 2 R 2O5 RO R 2O3
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Pb207
Bi208
--Hg200
Au199
Tl204
?Ce140
-- -- --Ba137
Cs133
?Di138
-- -- --?Er
178
Ta
182
?La
180
W
184
--
Th
231
-- U
240
------ --
Os195,Ir197Pt198,Au199
-- -- ---- ---- --
Sn
118
Sb
122
I
127
Cd
112
Ag
108
In
113
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Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Periodic Table Mosley noticed with electrons in a
cathode ray tube that they emitted
x-rays indicative of their atomic number Realized that the atomic
properties are related to atomicnumber and not atomic mass asMendeleev thought
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Periodic Table
Elements are arranged so thatsimilar properties are in groups
(vertical columns) Main group elements A group Transition elements B groups Periods horizontal rows
(number from 1 starting H and He)
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Periodic Table Divided into regions : metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids Metals malleable, ductile,
conduct electricity Nonmetals do not conduct
electricity Metalloids some properties of
metals and nonmetals (B, Si, Ge,As, Sb, Te)
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Group 1A All called the alkali metals All are metals (except H) Form similar compounds with
oxygen in the form of A 2O Solids at room temp, very reactive
with water
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Group IIA Called alkaline earth elements Composed of all metals Calcium very important element
for our bones
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Transition Elements
All metals Have commercial uses Some are very well known and are
expensive Gold, platinum, silver
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Lanthanides and
Actinides Two last rows of periodic table Some are radioactive
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Group 3A
Aluminum (Al) has many uses All are metals except boron which
is a metalloid Boron is found as borax which is
in many cleaning products
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Group 4A Nonmetal Carbon (C) Metalloids silicon (Si) and
germanium (Ge) Metals tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) By far C is the most important
element in this Group
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Carbon Allotropes element can exist in
several different and very distinct
forms Graphite and diamonds
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Group 5A and 6A
Most important elements arenitrogen (N) in 5A and oxygen (O)
in 6A Sulfur has been known since
ancient times as burning stone
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Group 7A Referred to as Halogens F, Cl, Br, I exist as diatomic
molecules (i.e. F 2, Cl 2, etc)
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Group 8A
Noble gases it was originallybelieved that none of these gases
would react with other elements Sometimes called inert gases or
rare gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
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