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Microprocessorشرح
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Microprocessors
Chapter 2
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 2 of 39 Chapter 2
Objectives
Discuss the working of microprocessor
Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor
List the types of microprocessors
Discuss the evolution of microprocessors
List the various microprocessor designs
Install the microprocessor
Configure the microprocessor
Upgrade the microprocessor
Troubleshoot the microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 3 of 39 Chapter 2
Microprocessor
Is a chip
Has transistors built into it
Has cache to store information
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 4 of 39 Chapter 2
Working of the Microprocessor
Accepts data
Processes data
Stores data
Sends output data
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 5 of 39 Chapter 2
Parts of microprocessor - I
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit - Controls the flow of the data and
information to other units of the microprocessor
Prefetch Unit - Controls the flow of the data and
gives instructions to the Decode unit from the
Instruction cache
Instruction and Data Cache – Stores instructions
and data temporarily
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 6 of 39 Chapter 2
Parts of microprocessor - II
Bus Unit - Connects the internal units of the microprocessor like the control unit and prefetch unit.
Decode Unit - Decodes the various instructions sent to the microprocessor
Registers - Store data required by the ALU
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 7 of 39 Chapter 2
Speed of Microprocessor
Depends on number of instructions it
processes
Bandwidth (32/64 bit)
Clock speed (GHz)
Number of transistors built into it
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 8 of 39 Chapter 2
Multitasking/Multiprocessing
Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no. of tasks
Enables the processor to run multiple program simultaneously
Reduces the processor idle time
Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for simultaneously running more than one process by multiple processing units
Each processing unit runs independently and may or may not have individual cache memory
Most effective when used with application software
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 9 of 39 Chapter 2
Interface of Microprocessor
Steps followed by the microprocessor to
interface with a device:
• Checks the status of the device.
• Requests the device for transferring data.
• The device sends the data request to the
microprocessor.
• The microprocessor sends the required data to
the device.
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 10 of 39 Chapter 2
FSB/BSB
FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor
to the north bridge of motherboard
Also known as system bus or memory bus
Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM
BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor
with L2 cache
BSB is faster than FSB
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 11 of 39 Chapter 2
Operating Voltage of Microprocessor
Lowering the operating voltage decreases the
power consumption
Less power consumption, system is less expensive
to run and more battery life
Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat
Processors that run cooler give better performance
Operating voltage range is 1.5 to 2.9V
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 12 of 39 Chapter 2
Packaging of microprocessor - I
Types of microprocessor packaging:
• Pin Grid Array (PGA) - Mainly used with modern high speed microprocessors due to the enhanced thermal and electrical properties of the ceramic material
• Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA) – Pins are staggered rather than arranged in standard rows and columns. Allows to move the pins closer and decrease the size of chip
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 13 of 39 Chapter 2
Packaging of microprocessor - II
• Single edge contact (SEC) and single edge
processor packaging (SEPP) - SEC cartridge
incorporates the back side bus and L2 cache
internally. It was a cost effective method for
integrating L2 cache into the processor. A less
expensive of the SEC is the single edge
processor (SEP) package without fancy plastic
cover
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 14 of 39 Chapter 2
Types of microprocessor - I
Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can be classified as:
• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) – Many instructions built into it which saves processing time for performing tasks otherwise it has to be retrieved from RAM. However it affects the performance of the microprocessor because more time is taken to process the instruction and also the space available on the microprocessor for processing reduces. To overcome this problem more transistors need to be built into the microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 15 of 39 Chapter 2
Types of microprocessor - II
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) –
Have limited instructions built into it which
requires few transistors to be built into the
microprocessor. Saves the space in the
microprocessor and cheaper as compared to
CISC processor. This processor is favorable for
scientific purposes where limited instructions
are required
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 16 of 39 Chapter 2
Microprocessors Timeline
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 17 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Pentium Microprocessor
Designed to work with everyday applications
• Word processors
• Spreadsheets
• Multimedia applications
• Games
Versions
• Pentium I
• Pentium II
• Pentium III
• Pentium IV
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 18 of 39 Chapter 2
Pentium I
Released in 1993
First chip from the fifth generation of
microprocessors
Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions to perform multiple calculations
simultaneously
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 19 of 39 Chapter 2
Pentium II
Released in 1997
Available on a daughter card that has L2
cache
Has a 14-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 20 of 39 Chapter 2
Pentium III
Released in 1999
Has a unique Processor Serial Number
(PSN) embedded in the chip
Has a 10-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
Has 70 more instructions built into it which
enhances processing of graphical
information
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 21 of 39 Chapter 2
Pentium IV
Released in 2000
Enables to work with
applications that require a lot of
processing such as digital
photography
Has a 20-stage data pipeline for
executing instructions
Also available in the following
editions:
• Hyper-Threading (HT)
• HT Extreme
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 22 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Centrino Mobile Technology
Released in the year 2003
Uses the SSE instruction set
Has 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0
The components that constitute this technology are:
• Intel Pentium M Processor
• Intel 855 chipset family
• Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 23 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Pentium M
Small in size
Consumes less energy and prolong the
battery life
Used in
• Laptops
• notebook computers
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 24 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Celeron
Cheaper and economical
Used for running applications that do not
require a lot of processing
Smaller cache size, clock speed and bus
speed is also less
Celeron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,
533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 25 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Xeon
Heavy-duty microprocessors
Used to power servers and workstations on a
network
Supports multiprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 26 of 39 Chapter 2
Intel Itanium
Used to power network servers
and workstations
Can execute three instructions
at a time
Is a Reduced Instruction Set
Computing (RISC) based
microprocessor
Cost is more than Xeon
processors
Uses in database and e-mail
servers
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 27 of 39 Chapter 2
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Created in the year 1969
Developed
• Duron
• Athlon
Cheaper than Pentium processors
Uses Slot A to connect the AMD microprocessor to
the motherboard
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 28 of 39 Chapter 2
Dual Core
Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core CPU
Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and provide better performance
To make use of dual core technology, the process must use multiple threads
Well suited for multitasking environment
Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for various segments
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 29 of 39 Chapter 2
Cyrix
Chip was basically a 486 design
First introduced in 1995
Had several compatibility and overheating
problems
6X86 was the fastest processor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 30 of 39 Chapter 2
Microprocessor Design
Specifies the type of the microprocessor that
can be installed on the motherboard
Uses the
• Socket
• Slot
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 31 of 39 Chapter 2
Microprocessor Socket and show from CBT
Connects the microprocessor to the motherboard
Available as
• Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) uses a lever to install or remove the microprocessor
• Low Insertion Force (LIF) requires little force to install or remove the microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 32 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 1
169 pins arranged in
three rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the 80486
and 80486 OverDrive
microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 33 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 2
238 pins arranged in four rows
Supplies maximum 5 volts to the microprocessor
Supports the 80486 OverDrive and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 34 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 3
237 pins arranged in four rows
Supplies 3.3 to 5 volts to the microprocessor
Voltage can be adjusted using the jumpers on the motherboard
Supports the 80486, AMD, Cyrix and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 35 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 4
273 pins arranged in
four rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
66, 120 and 133 MHz
microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 36 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 5
320 pins arranged in five
rows
Supplies maximum 3.3
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium,
Pentium with MMX and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 37 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 6
235 pins arranged in
four rows
Supplies maximum
3.3 volts to the
microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 38 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 7
321 pins in five rows
supplies 2.5 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor
This socket supports the Pentium, Pentium with MMX and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 39 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 8
387 pins arranged in
five rows
Supplies 3.1 to 3.3
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
Pro microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 40 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 370
370 pins arranged in
six rows
Has L2 cache built
into the
microprocessor
Supports Celeron 2
and Pentium III
microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 41 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 462
Known as Socket A
Has 462 pins but 9 pins are blocked
Has the L2 cache built into the microprocessor
Supports the AMD’s Athlon and Duron microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 42 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 478
Has 478 pins
Has the L2
cache built into
the
microprocessor
Supports the
Intel Pentium 4
microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 43 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 754
Developed by AMD and used for Athlon
64 or Sempron processors
Supports 64 bit computing processors
Has 754 pins and PGA-ZIF type
Voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V
Supports 800MHz bus speed
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 44 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 775
Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest
processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT
and P4 extreme edition processors
Also supports 64 bit computing technology
Has 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 45 of 39 Chapter 2
Socket 939
Developed by AMD and supports 64 bit computing
Contains 939 pins and PGA-ZIF type
Operating voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V
Supports 64 KB L1 and 1 MB L2 cache
Supports 3D technology for better graphic resolution
Used with AMD Athlon 64, 64 FX, 64 X2 and Opetron processors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 46 of 39 Chapter 2
Slot 1
Supports microprocessors that have 242 pins
Microprocessor is mounted on a card that uses
Socket 8
Supplies 2.8 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor
Supports the Pentium II, III, and Celeron
microprocessors
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 47 of 39 Chapter 2
Slot 2
Supports microprocessors that have 330 pins
Supports the Pentium Xeon microprocessors
Found on server motherboards
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 48 of 39 Chapter 2
Slot A
Created by AMD and similar to Intel’s slot1
Supports the Athlon microprocessors
Uses the EV6 protocol for increased speed
between microprocessor and RAM
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 49 of 39 Chapter 2
Install Microprocessor in ZIF socket and heat
sink – I and show from CBT
1. Check voltage requirements
2. Wear an anti-static wristband
3. Place motherboard on work desk
4. Take microprocessor out from anti-static bag
5. Check that all pins on underside of microprocessor are
straight
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 51 of 39 Chapter 2
Heat Sink
A component that is used to lower the temperature of an electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks available namely:
Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a metal plate with fins attached to surface of the processor. The plane of the heat sink absorbs the heat of processor and fins streams the air to cool it.
Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane metal surface. This facilitates direct cooling of the processor.
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 52 of 39 Chapter 2
Configuring the Microprocessor and show P-
32 from CBT
Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by
changing the system BIOS
Overclocking the microprocessor to
perform faster
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 53 of 39 Chapter 2
Overclocking
Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor
You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS settings
Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be installed to cool down the processor
Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed as little as possible every time
Must check documentation of the microprocessor and motherboard before overclocking
Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 54 of 39 Chapter 2
Upgrading the Microprocessor
Improves the speed and performance of the system and to keep the system up to date
To upgrade
• Replace old microprocessor with new and better microprocessor
• Replace old processor card on the slot with a new card
New processor should be compatible with existing motherboard otherwise you have to replace both processor and motherboard
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 55 of 39 Chapter 2
Replacing the LIF socket Processor
LIF socket does not have a lever to dislodge the
microprocessor chip. You have to use a little force
to remove the microprocessor from motherboard
socket. Chip puller is used to remove the
microprocessor from the socket
You can also use a screwdriver to loosen the
microprocessor from the socket. Microprocessor
must be loosened carefully such that
microprocessor or socket is not damaged
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 56 of 39 Chapter 2
Troubleshooting the Microprocessor
Troubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due to the improper functioning of the microprocessor.
General problems are:
Overheating
Slow Processing or Hanging Issues
No display
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 57 of 39 Chapter 2
Summary - I
The microprocessor is the heart of the system.
Microprocessors process the data using instructions.
CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the microprocessor.
RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the microprocessor.
The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed.
Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.
Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games.
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 58 of 39 Chapter 2
Summary - II
Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and notebook computers.
Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more economical than the Pentium microprocessors.
Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size than the Pentium microprocessors.
Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and workstations on a network.
Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers network servers and workstations.
AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.
The socket on the motherboard connects the microprocessor to the motherboard.
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Slide 59 of 39 Chapter 2
Summary - III
The microprocessors available on cards use motherboards that have a slot to install the microprocessor.
The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the data and give the user valuable information.
Data and information flows from the microprocessor to the different devices connected to the system using the bus.
Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the motherboard or using the system BIOS.
Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor.
To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the system with a new and better microprocessor.
By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like overheating and slow processing.
5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
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