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Chapter 16
Transformations In Europe
1500-1750
How were Culture & Ideas Changing?
• Sale of Indulgences
• Martin Luther• John Calvin• Protestant
Reformation• Religious
Wars• Counter
Reformation
Religious Changes
Traditional Culture & Witch Hunts
• Conflict between formal religion & pre-Christian local beliefs & practices
• Witch hunts
What was the “Scientific
Revolution”?• Challenged
prevailing conceptions of physical world
• Sought natural causes to explain universe
The Early Enlightenment
• Scientific method could analyze economics, politics, social organization to create policies
Who Am I?
• Leviathan• Religion should be
separate from politics• Emphasized reason• People are fearful and
predatory• State should have
“absolute power”
Who Am I?
• People are born “good”
• God given “Natural Rights”
• Life, Liberty, Property• Power of state should
be limited• Social contract• Freedom of Religion
Who Am I?
• The accused should have rights
• Death penalty and torture are wrong
• Education essential• Right to fair and
speedy trial• Punishment should fit
the crime
Who Am I?
• Limit power of King• Three Branches of
Government• Separation of Powers• Checks and Balances
Who Am I?
• Individuals have rights
• Majority rule• Reason and individual
rights essential• Individuals should be
allowed to experience and explore life.
Who Am I?
• Single legislature with advisory board
• Advisory board would work for the government and not receive paid
• Slavery wrong and should be abolished
• Simple lifestyle was best• Inventor• Diplomat
Who Am I?
• Trusted the people to make best decisions
• Limited government• Education crucial to
success of democracy
• All should have the opportunity for education
Who Am I?
• All things should be explained logically and reasonably
• Fought against intolerance, tyranny, superstition
• Freedom of thought and respect for all
• Religion too powerful• Literature useful for
understanding problems of the day
• “Candide”
Who Am I?
• Fought for the rights of women
• Fought against inequalities in education
• Equal opportunity for all• People should be judged
on individual merit and moral virtue, not on gender
Who Am I?
• “Wealth of Nations”• Self-interest guides the
efficient use of resources• “free enterprise”• People who earned
money benefited themselves and society
• Charity virtuous but society should not depend upon it
Social & Economic Changes
• Wealthy urban bourgeoisie thrived
• Built relationships w/ monarchs
• Bought land & titles• “Married up” • Facilitated trade• Joint-stock companies• Stock exchanges• Transportation
infrastructure
How did life change for Peasants & Laborers?
West Europe=Serfdom declined
East Europe=gained prominence
African slaves working in Americas contributed to Europe’s economy
How were women & families changing?• Women’s status
same as husband & family
• Love, affection led to slight increase in status
• Late marriage led to increased independence from parents
• Low birth rate• Emphasis on
education led to more schools
• Women barred
Political Changes
• Monarchs power increased
• Strong armies• Elaborate
bureaucracies• High taxes
Monarchies in England & France
English Bill of RightsBourbon Kings Develop “absolutist”
style government
Versailles
Warfare & Diplomacy
New military technologies (cannon, muskets), & large standing armies or navies
Paying the Piper
High cost of war led rulers to form alliances with commercial elites. Spain’s economy declined with expulsion of Jews, Protestants, and Muslims.
Summary
• The religious reformations combined with the Scientific Revolution led the way for the Enlightenment, an age of reason, and the movement to apply newly discovered natural laws to social behavior.
• Foreign and domestic trade spawned rapid growth in European cities and the rise of a wealthy commercial class, with Amsterdam in the Netherlands the most vivid example. Agricultural improvements increased production but the Little Ice Age and increased mining of forests caused more difficulties for the poor.
• The Holy Roman Empire declined in strength from religious fragmentation while Spain and France increased centralized power. The English increased naval power and established direct taxation and a central bank, making the nation stronger financially than other European powers.
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