Chapter 13: Primative Fishes.... Polypteriformes Primitive Traits –Ganoid Scales –Lung-like gas...

Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...

Polypteriformes• Primitive Traits

– Ganoid Scales

– Lung-like gas bladder –gulp air & survive in low O2

– Spiracle– Spiral Valve– Heterocercal Tail

• Unique Traits– “Lobed” Fins – coelocanths or lungfishes

– Dorsal fins – 5 – 18 separate dorsal fins• Restricted to Africa; aquarium fish; “birchirs”

Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??

Polypteriformes- lungfishPolypteriformes- lungfish

Birchir

Acipenseriformes:

• Cartilaginous skeletons lacking central vertebral

• Strongly heterocercal tail

• Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic fins

• Spiracle present in some species

• Conus arteriosus with multiple valves

• Spiral valve present in intestine

Acipenseriformes:• Sturgeons:

– Bony scutes

– Sensory barbels

– Mostly freshwater —few marine and anadromous

– Prized for eggs = cavier

– Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia

– Stock collapsing (Asian)

– Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon

– Very fecund; mature at a late age

Acipenseriformes:• Paddlefish:

– Lack bony scutes; long rostrum

– 2 genera : American (Polyodon spathula)

Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius)

– American: “Spoonbill cat”

– Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers

– Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers

– Up to 2m long; 75 kg

– Rostrum: electrosensory function?

-- rooting through sediment?

Acipenseriformes:

• Paddlefish:

–Chinese (Psepherus gladius) : – Yangtze River system– Smaller rostrum– Presumed piscivorous – Danger of extinction:

» Dam construction» overfishing

Semionotiformes: Gars

• Thick ganoid scales

• Bony head and snout

• Long jaws with strong sharp teeth

• Spiral valve intestine

• Gas bladder divided internally

• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

Semionotiformes: GarsSemionotiformes: Gars• Primitive predatorsPrimitive predators

• N. AmericaN. America

• 1 species in Cuba1 species in Cuba

• All but one freshwaterAll but one freshwater

– Alligator gar occasionally enters SWAlligator gar occasionally enters SW

• Gas bladder divided internallyGas bladder divided internally

• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on bodyDorsal an anal fins set far back on body

Order Ammiiformes• One species, the bowfin (Amia calva)

• Heterocercal tail

• Rudimentary spiral valve intestine

• Cycloid scales

• Physostomous gas bladder

Order Ammiformes• Bowfin:

– Predatory species

– Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth)

– Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin

– Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters

– Males build and defend nests

– Defends young until

they are 10 cm long

– Edible? …depends!

Not as primative, but still “old”

Division Teleostei

• Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present)

• Lack of spiral valve intestine

• three or four lower jaw bones per side

Primitive vs. Advanced TraitsPrimitive Advanced

Elongated bodies with 50-60vertebrae

Deeper bodies with 20-30vertebrae

Single dorsal fin towardsmiddle or posterior of body

Multiple dorsal fins beginningmore anterior

Fins with soft rays only Fins with spines and soft rays

Pectoral fins ventral Pectoral fins high on sides ofbody

Pelvic fins towards posterior Pelvic fins below pectorals

Premaxilla and maxillainvolved in gape of jaw andbear teeth

Maxilla limited to angle ofjaw, does not bear teeth

Non-protrusible jaw Protrusible Jaw

Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)

Primitive Advanced

Physostomous gas bladder Physoclistous gas bladder

Separate Liver and Pancreas Hepatopancreas

Cycloid scales Ctenoid Scales

Division Teleostei

• Divided into 4 groups:

• Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues, mooneyes

• Elopomorpha – tarpons and eels

• Clupeomorpha – herrings

• Euteleostei – everything else

Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha• Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and

South America• Have enhanced electrosensory abilities• Some used as food & some angling• Mostly aquarium species• Examples:• Arawanas – popular aquarium fish• Mooneye – herring-like fish from the Great Lakes

Region. Some value as sport and food fish

Arawana

Hiodon tergisusHiodon tergisus

MooneyeMooneye

Subdivision Elopomorpha

• Characterized by leptocephalus larva– Long and laterally compressed– Evidence of phylogenetic

affinity with eels

• Order Elopiformes• Order Anguiliformes

– Suborder Anguilloidei– Suborder Muranoidei– Suborder Congroidei

• Order Saccopharyngiformes

Elopamorpha

• O. Elopiformes – tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish- important recreational species- No market for meat- Sought for large size and active fighting habits

Elopamorpha

• Order Anguilliformes – eels- 20 families of eels- Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae- Pectoral fins reduced in size- Pelvic fins absent- Scales: reduced in size or absent

Elopamorpha

• Suborder Anguilloidei- American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla)- Catadromous – spawn in SW, mature in FW

- American and European eels:- Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic

- Leptocephali drift with current

- Transform into threadlike elvers

- Ascend rivers and spend several years there maturing

Elopamorpha• Suborder Muraenoidei

- Moray eels of tropical oceans- Lack pectoral fins- Some have venomous bite

Elopamorpha

• Suborder Congroidei- Large group of marine eels- Some used for food

Elopamorpha

• Order Saccopharyngiformes – eels- Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes- Includes:

- Gulper eels- Snipe eels

Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Herrings and anchovies

• Important food fishes

• Silvery, compressiform fishes

• Large silvery scales

Subdivision Clupeomorpha• Soft rays only

• Large easily shed cycloid scales

• Bony scutes on ventral and sometimes dorsal surfaces

• Gas bladder extends anterior into the skull (otophystic)

– Helps transmit low frequency sounds to the ear

Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Order Clupeiformes• Mostly marine planktivores

- some freshwater, anadromous, and predatory forms

• Extremely high biomass• Important role in food chain

- gizzard and threadfin shad typically stocked as a forage base for pike and largemouth bass,

• Large scale fisheries exist for marine species• Some consumed by humans• Used in animal feeds and fertilizers• Population dependent on plankton abundance

which is dictated by ocean circulation• Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water

• Nutrients phytoplankton bloom zooplankton anchovies

• El Niño

Order ClupeiformesOrder Clupeiformes

Subdivision Euteleostei

• Encompasses all remaining fish

• Large assemblage of fishes

• Possess more advanced characteristics

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Possess “Webberian Apparatus”

- modified anterior vertebrae and special bony connections between gas bladder and ear

• Contains:

- minnows

- suckers

- tetras

- catfishes

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Gonorhynchiformes

• Order Cypriniformes– Family Cyprinidae– Family Catastomidae

• Order Characiformes

• Order Siluriformes

• Order Gymnotiformes

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Gonorhynchiformes- milkfish (Chanos chanos)- Important aquaculture species in SE Asia- Raised in earthen ponds

- Important source of animal protein

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Cyprinidae:

- Jaw Teeth Absent

- Adipose Fin Absent

- Barbels Present

- N. America and Eurasia

- Base forage

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Cyprinidae:– Grass Carp:

– Introduced species

– Herbivore

– Eradicates vegetation

– Illegal to stock or sell diploids

– Triploids acceptable

3. a. Name this fish__________________

b. What is the order this fish belongs too?

______________

4. a. Name the fish:b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c. Why is this fish important?

5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? ______

3. a. Common carp

b. What is the order this fish belongs too? Cypriniformes

4. a. Name the fish:Channel Catfishb. Genus: Ictalurus species: punctatus c. Why is this fish important? Food!

5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? Cyprinidae (cypriniformes)

Cyprinidae; Minnows

• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Catastomidae:– suckers

– Fleshy protrusible lips

– White and spotted suckers

– Buffalo fishes

– Redhorses

– Quillbacks

– carpsuckers

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

• Order Characiformes:

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi

- Jaw Teeth Present

- Adipose Fin Present

- Barbels Absent

- S. America, C. America, and Africa

Charachidae: Tetras

Siluriformes

• Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or body

• Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on maxillary

• Many have venomous “spines” composed of fused soft rays

- venom gland at base of spine

Siluriformes

• Well developed sensory barbels

• Usually an adipose fin

• Found on all continents except Antartica

• Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish)

• Greatest diversity in S. America

• Important food source

• Important game and aquarium fishes

Gymnotiformes• Unusual electrical fishes• South and Central America• Elongated bodies and small eyes• Sometimes called S. American knifefishes• Modified muscle tissue for production of

electrical fields• Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts)

Class Osteichthyes

Infradivision: Euteleostei

True teleostsTrue teleosts

Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes

CHAPTER 18

Suberorder: OstariophysiSuberorder: Ostariophysi

•6500 species

•Dominant freshwater fishes

•Some of most important aquaculture species

Suberorder: OstariophysiSuberorder: OstariophysiSix Characteristics of group

1. Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released into water when fish is injured

2. Swimbladder is present and usually has two chambers3. Unculi present: small unicellular projections on body

that may provide rough surface for clinging or scraping4. Breeding tubercles well developed5. Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for suction

feeding6. Pelvic fins abdominal in position

Order: GonorynchiformesOrder: Gonorynchiformes

• Toothless mouths

• Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for breaking up ingested food

Family ChanidaeFamily Chanidae

Milkfish

• Marine and brackish water species

• One of most important food fishes of Southeast Asia

• Adults to 1.8 m

• Silvery sides

• Deeply forked tails

Milkfish Chanos chanos

Order CypriniformesOrder Cypriniformes

• Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and Eurasia

• 2700 species• Most possess protractile mouths without teeth• Most posses pharyngeal teeth• Heads lack scales (with few exceptions)• All lack adipose fins

Family CyprinidaeFamily CyprinidaeMinnow or Carp familyMinnow or Carp family

Largest family of fishesIncludes:• Minnows• Danios• Rasabora• Barbs• Goldfish• Koi• Loaches• Ornamental sharks• carps

CyprinidaeCyprinidae

• Largest family of fishes• More than 2,000 species• The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of

the world, and include cold water types as well as those of tropical waters.

• Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth• Most have soft fin rays; however, modified into

spines in common carp and goldfish

CyprinidaeCyprinidaeSome ImagesSome Images

Notropis hypselopterus

Sailfin shinerSailfin shiner

Flagfin shinerFlagfin shiner

Notropis signipinnis

Taillight shinerTaillight shiner

Notropis maculatus

Bluenose shinerBluenose shiner

Notripis welaka

Blacktail shinerBlacktail shiner

Cyprinella venusta

Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae

Pugnose shinerPugnose shiner

Notemigonus crysoleucas

Golden shinerGolden shiner

Notropis rubellus

Rosyface shinerRosyface shiner

Campostoma anomalum

Central stonerollerCentral stoneroller

Rosy barbRosy barb

Puntius conchonius

Asia

Sumatra barbSumatra barbPuntius tetrazona

Southeast Asia

Pearl danioPearl danioBrachydanio albolineatus

Asia

Zebra danioZebra danio

Danio rerio

Asia

White cloud mountain minnowWhite cloud mountain minnow

Tanichthys albonubes

China, Vietnam

Three-lined rasboraThree-lined rasbora

Rasbora trilineata

East Asia

GoldfishGoldfish

Carassius auratus auratus

Central Asia and China

Common carpCommon carp

Cyprinus carpio carpio

Throughout Europe and Asia

Grass carpGrass carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Asis, former USSR, China

Silver carpSilver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Asia, China, and eastern Siberia

Red-Finned SharkRed-Finned SharkEpalzeorhynchus frenatus

Southeast Asia

Family CatastomidaeFamily CatastomidaeSuckersSuckers

• Mainly North American

• 68 species

• Most live in streams

• Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths

Sonora suckerSonora sucker

Catostomus insignis

Western United States

Family CobitidaeFamily CobitidaeLoaches, BotiaLoaches, Botia

• Found mostly in streams of Eurasia

• 160 species

• Popular aquarium fishes

• All have subterminal mouths

Clown loachClown loach

Botia macracanthus

Sumatra, Borneo

Order CharaciformesOrder Characiformes

• Mexico, Central and South America; 1,350 species• Africa; 200 species• In South America charicins (and catfish) totally dominate fish fauna• Presently 18 families, but will change• Most are diurnal predators with large eyes• No eyes in some cave dwellers

African Characins• Four families

• More than 200 species• Some have specialized jaws for snipping off shunks of fins of other fishes• Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in Characidae - same family as S. American tetras. These are sold in the aquarium trade• Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes

Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish

Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba, and Lake Tanganyika

Characidae

• South and Central America

• Approximately 700 species

• One species in N. America

• All have good sets of jaw teeth

• Variety of feeding habits found

• Some species feed largely on scales of other fishes

Serrasalmus manueli

Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin

Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha

Orinoco Basin

Colossoma macropomum

Tambaqui

Amazon and Orinoco Basins

Colossoma teeth

Acestrohynchidae

Lie and wait predators; Brazil

CtenoluciidaePike-characids

Lie and wait predator: S. America

Cynodontidae

Brazil, northern

S. America

Gasteropelecidaehatchetfishes

South America

AnostomidaeHeadstanders

Herbivores or detritivores; S. America

SiluriformesCatfishes

• Active after dark• 2400 species• 1- 4 pairs of barbels• Adipose fin• No scales but may have armored plates• Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal fins• Pectoral spines lock out• Have Weberian apparatus

Callichthyidae

• Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally

• Protected with bony plates and spines

• Often live in stagnant water

• Able to swallow air and absorb in highly vascularized portion of hind gut

• Found in S. America and Panama

Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus

Flagtail catfish

Dianema urostriatum

DoradidaeThorny catfishes

• Found in South America

Megalodoras uranoscopus

Raphael catfishPlatydoras costatus

Ripsaw catfishOxydoras niger 

MochokidaeUpside-down catfish

All from Africa

SiluridaeGlass catfish and sheatfishes

Ghost Catfish Kryptopterus minor; SE Asia

Family Loricariidae

Armored catfishes

• Also called suckermouth catfishes

• Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from bottom in streams

• Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast water

• Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America

Acanthicus adonis

Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus

Chocolate-colored catfishRineloricaria lanceolata

AriidaeHardhead and gafftopsail catfish

• Feed on benthic inverts

• Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral spines and vibration of swimbladder

• Males incubate eggs in mouth

• Primarily marine

Gafftopsail sea catfishBagre marinus

Clariidae

• Walking catfish

• Air breathing

• “Walk” using pectoral fins and swinging from side to side

• Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in Florida

African catfishClarias gariepinus

Walking catfishClarius batrachus

IctaluridaeNorth American catfishes

• Scaleless

• Usually dark in color

• Large flattened heads

• 8 barbels

• High degree of parental care; build nests and guard eggs and young

• Channel catfish #1 aquaculture foodfish in United States

Channel catfishIctalurus punctatus

Blue catfishIctalurus furcatus

Shark catfishesPangasiidae

• Endemic to Mekong Basin

• Rare because of overexploitation

• aquaculture species

Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas

Max. recorded weight, 350kg

CHAPTER 19Smelt, Salmon, and Pike

Class – Osteichthyes

Subclass – Actinopterygii

Subdivision – Teleostei

Infradivision – Euteleostei

Superorder - Protacanthopterygii

Superorder Protacanthopterygii

• This group supposed to contain the presumed ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the world’s oceans

• Contains 310 species in 3 orders

• Lack spines

• Many have adipose fins

• Species in fresh and marine environments

Order Argentiniformes

• Contains more than 160 species from 7 families

• All small fishes with large eyes

• Live in deep sea environments

• All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for grinding up small prey.

• Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth gill arch

Order Argentiniformes (con’t)

• Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where they interdigitate to break up food particles

Family argentinidae

• Herring smelts• Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

Bathylagidae

• Deep sea smelts

  Microstomatidae

Curious wormfishGunnellichthys curiosus

Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora

Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens

Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides

Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica

Opisthoproctidaebarreleyes

Liptochilichthyidae

• Deep sea

Alepocephalidaeslickheads

Platytroctidaetubeshoulders

Order Salmoniformes

• Smelts and salmonids

• Mostly cold water

• Most can easily move between fresh and salt water

• Smelts and salmonids distantly related

Suborder Osmeroidei

• Small elongate fishes• Prey on small invertebrates• Frequently found in large numbers• Favored food fishes• Include:

– Northern smelts– Noodlefishes– Southern smelts

Northern smelts

• Includes Osmeridae (true smelts)

• Approximately only 13 species

• Generally small (< 20cm)

• However, can be enormously abundant in coastal areas of northern hemisphere

• All are excellent food

• They eat zooplankton and small fish

Atlantic rainbow smeltOsmerus mordax mordax

Salangidaenoodlefishes or icefishes

• 11 species

• Abundant

• Important fisheries

• Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia

• Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent because of poorly ossified skeleton

Southern smelts

• Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New Zealand

• Small, trout-like fishes

• Include– Galaxiidae– Retropinnidae– Lepidogalixiidae

Galaxiidae

• Occur in freshwater on all the southern continents except Antartica

• Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics or planktonic , marine larvae

InangaGalaxias maculatus

Chile

Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis 

New Zealand

RetropinnidaeNew Zealand smelts

Cucumberfish Retropinna retropinna

New Zealand

Lepidogalaxiidaesalamander fishes

SalamanderfishLepidogalaxias salamandroides

Only found in southwest corner of Australia in pools and streams

Suborder Salmonoidei

• One family: Salmonidae• Approximately 70 species• Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes of

North America and Eurasia• Most species anadromous• Three subfamilies

– Salmon and trout

– Graylings

– Whitefishes

Salmon and trout

Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch 

Salmon and trout

Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha

Salmon and trout

Sockeye salmonOncorhynchus nerka

Salmon and trout

Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Salmon and trout

Brown troutSalmo trutta fario

Salmon and trout

Brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis

Graylings

Arctic graylingThymallus arcticus arcticus

whitefishes

Common whitefish

Coregonus lavaretus

Order Esociformes

• 10 species

• All freshwater

• Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia

• Lie and wait predators

• 2 families– Esocidae (pikes) can be large– Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small

Esocidae(pikes; 5 species)

Northeren pikeEsox lucius

Pikes

Chain pickerel Esox niger

Pikes

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy

Umbridae (Mudminnows; 5 species)

Central mudminnow Umbra limi 

5. a and b