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Chapter 10- Development• How does development vary amongst
regions?
• How can countries promote development?
• What are future challenges for development?
Development – process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
GOAL?
Health & prosperity of its citizens
Continuous, never-ending process
Closely linked to standard of living
Economic growth of a state
Are there opportunities for their citizens?
Can the citizens live a comfortable life?
Human Development Index (HDI)
10.1
DEVELOPED VERSUSDEVELOPING COUNTRIES• MDCs – More Developed Countries
– Highly developed economy
& advanced technological infrastructure
• I.E. North America, Australia, Europe & Japan
– More manufacturing & service jobs
– Higher income, literacy rates, television, & access to hospitals
– Jobs focus on services
• LDCs – Less Developed Countries
– Lower living standard, underdeveloped industrial base, & lack
technology or infrastructure developing• I.E. Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, Asia, &
Latin America
– Jobs focus on agriculture & mining
- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? - DEVELOPED VERSUS DEVELOPING?
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Measurement used by the UN that calculates development by
A decent standard of living,
Access to knowledge, and
A long as well as healthy life.
Indicator of level of development combines 3 factors:
Economic, social, and demographic variables
Highest possible HDI is 1.0 (100 percent)
Who would have high levels of HDI? Lowest?
Norway has highest (.963) - Niger has lowest (.281)
Western European countries (and Canada) higher level
Sub-Saharan African countries lowest level
Human Development Index, 2019
Fig. 9-1: Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of
development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and
knowledge (schooling and literacy).
What patterns do you see? ___________________________________________________
Who has an HDI of 0.80 or higher? ____________________________________________
9 DEVELOPMENT REGIONS Very High Developed Regions (above 0.79)
North America (US & Canada)
Europe All but handful in Eastern Europe
High Developing Regions (0.70-0.79) Latin America
East Asia
Medium Developing Regions(0.52-0.69) Southwest Asia & Northern Africa
Central Asia (except Afghanistan)
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Less developing Regions (below 0.52) Sub-Saharan Africa
Japan & South Pacific are grouped with other developed regions
Russia is a developing state cause of limited progress (economic & ethnic tensions)
What is infrastructure?
• Basic structures & facilities needed in a society
• Access to communication networks, sanitation, & utilities
• Identify examples of infrastructure:
___________________________________
Is there a difference in infrastructure
between MDCs & LDCs?
GNI (Gross national income)– value of the output of
goods & services produced in a country in a year,
including money that leaves & enters the country
Cannot measure perfectly the level of a country’s development
Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth,
NOT the distribution of wealth
By dividing GNI by total population:
Measures the contribution made by the average individual toward
generating a country’s wealth in a year.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)– value of the output of
goods & services produced in a country in a year.
per capita – per person
10.2 - UN Measures A Decent Standard of Living
• What regions would have the highest per capita income?
• What regions would have the lowest per capita income?
UN MEASURES THE STANDARD OF LIVING: PURCHASING POWER
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences
among countries in the cost of goods.
Primary economic activities _______________ Activities that directly extract from the Earth
EX. agriculture, mining, quarrying, fishing, & forestry
Found in low-income states
Secondary economic activities _______________ Manufacture raw materials into products = consumer goods
Grows quickly as societies industrialize
Tertiary economic activities _________________ Provide goods & services to people in exchange for payment
Service industry
Why & What will YOU do with a COLLEGE DEGREE?
What happens as a country industrializes? ________________________________
TECHNOLOGY plays in determining a country’s level of development
UN Measures the Standard of Living: Economic Structure
Found in ________ states
How does specialized
sectors contribute to
GLOBALIZATION?
CHINA – WEALTH VARIES BY REGION INSIDE A COUNTRY
GDP per capita, China provinces. The highest gross GDP per capita is
found along the eastern coast where manufacturing is
concentrated, while income in much of the interior is far lower.
• Where is there development
inside of China?
• Why is it there?
• What is that region known
for?
• What is going on between
GDP between developed &
developing?
• Hans Video
Are there lower income regions? States in the U.S.?
WHAT IF A STATE HAS TOO MUCH POVERTY?
IS IT DEVELOPED?
WHAT DOES THE WORLD SPEND THEIR MONEY ON?
How has the US
labor force changed
over time?
Productivity – value of a particular product
compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
Workers in developed countries produce more with less effort because
of more technology used for work!
Productivity can be measured by the value added per capita.
Value Added – (in manufacturing) value of the manufactured product
minus the costs of raw materials and energy
Developing states relies more on human & animal power.
UN Measures the Standard of Living: Productivity
URBAN AGRICULTURE
IN INDONESIA
CONSUMER GOODS –
Products people buy & don't use to make other things that are then sold.
Ex. Clothing, food, and jewelry
Is there a difference between how many consumer goods are
purchased between DEVELOPED & DEVELOPING states?
Where in DEVELOPING states would consumer goods be available?
By whom?
UN Measures the Standard of Living: Consumer Goods
WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL CLASSES INSIDE A STATE?
Upper class
Middle class
Poor = Lower class
Breakdown of social
classes in the U.S.
UN MEASURES: ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE & HEALTH
UN considers nutrition & access to medical services important for long & healthy life
Life expectancy– at birth the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.
@ current social, economic, & medical conditions
Developed – 80 life expectancy - Developing 68 Note: variation 75 in Latin America - 65 South Asia
- sub-Saharan Africa is 60
People are healthier in Developed than in Developing countries
MDCs spend $ on health care & protect those unable to work
More accessibility to hospitals, doctors, and nurses
Longer life expectancy, aging population, & lower infant mortality
Health of population influenced by diet
10.3
Difference
between Access
to Health?
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH
SLUMS SAO PAULO, BRAZIL
Where are major slum settlements?____________________
Why can the government can’t keep up with adequate
sanitation during the massive urbanization migration?
__________________
__________________
__________________
How does this
influence life
expectancy? ________
___________________
WHAT TO DO FOR FUN IN JAKARTA?
HOW CAN THIS AFFECT A STATE’S DEVELOPMENT?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A53N
K6DJzVw
UN MEASURES: ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE
Higher the development, greater quantity & quality of an education education is ticket to better jobs & higher social status
Quantity of education
Years of schooling: # of years average person aged 25 or older been in school 11 years = Developed - 6 years in Developing
UN sees years of schooling as the most critical measure of an individual to gain access to KNOWLEDGE needed for DEVELOPMENT Why?
Expected years of schooling: # of years average 5-year old expected to be in school
16 years = Developed - 11 years in Developing
Quality of education
Pupil/Teacher Ratio- Primary school 24 globally
14 in developed - 26 developing (nearly twice as high)
Literacy Rate- % of country can read & write
99% in Developed less than 70% in South Asia & Africa
EDUCATION LITERACY
ACCESS TO . . .
MDCs / DEVELOPED LDCs / DEVELOPING
Health Care
Education
Utilities
(infrastructure)
Sanitation
(infrastructure)
10.5 Gender Inequality
GENDER INEQUALITY TRENDS
How do we learn about
gender roles?
"I'M GLAD I'M A BOY, I'M GLAD I'M A GIRL”
What decade was this book written?
1970
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18 of 23 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars I'm Glad That's In The Past!, April 28, 2006
By Silly Sister (South Carolina) - See all my reviews(VINE VOICE)
This review is from: I'm glad I'm a boy!: I'm glad I'm a girl! (Hardcover)
I was thrilled to get my hands on a copy of this very rare book so I could show
my daughter the sort of attitudes that were prevalent, not only when I
was a girl in the fifties and sixties, but when she was born in 1979.
In the months before I graduated from high school, we were barraged with
catalogs & pamphlets & flyers in our homeroom. The boys got enticements
from colleges & universities, and recruiting literature from various
branches of the military. The girls got unsolicited literature from the local
furniture stores showing the many styles of hope chests available, &
from jewelers selling engagement rings, china and silver. I kid you not.
When the subject comes up, and I try to tell women younger than 30 about
all the obstacles the women of my generation had to hurdle - obstacles
both real and perceived, both external and internal, both surmountable
and not - I usually get a "so-what" sort of a reaction. They just don't have any
idea what we were made to believe our limits were, what our goals
should be, and what were the lines we shouldn't try to cross.
The only reason you've come a long way, baby, is because the generation of
women, who are now probably looking a bit like the over-the-hill-gang to you,
battled it out over attitudes like the ones immortalized in this book. I'll never give
up my copy - it will forever remind me of just how far we've come!
WHAT ARE GENDER ROLES?
Culturally-bound beliefs
about males & females
Includes attitudes and
behaviors:
“masculine” and “feminine”
Socially created gender
traits / characteristics
Behavioral traits
Male example: “act like a man!”
Psychological traits
Female example: mindset that
“looking pretty”
is very important
GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPE
Culturally-bound beliefs about males & females
Example:
Stereotypical masculinity in the United States:
Dominance, assertiveness, strength, &
achievement-orientated
2017 Movies + Change
HOW DO GENDER ROLES DEVELOP?
A child’s gender role socialization can be influenced by many things… Types of toys a child plays with
Conscious or unconscious influence of the family
The type of literature the child reads
Gender role adoption is learned
Reinforcement, modeling, & developing concepts about what is appropriate for one’s sex
IS IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSCEND (EXIST BEYOND
THE NORM LEVEL) TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES?
Yes - gender role transcendence is demonstrated by
someone who chooses behavior that is personally
meaningful, rather than typically feminine or
masculine.
Gender Equity – a measure of the opportunities given to women
compared to men within a given country
Why do some countries lag far behind others?
Cultural traditions have discouraged women’s achievement:
Education, government, & business
Gender Inequality
unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
Societies structured GENDER ROLES Perceptions
Gender Development
Iceland Mandates Equal Pay
10.5
Gender-Inequality Index (GII) – United Nation’s
measurement of a country’s gender inequality
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Examines empowerment, labor, & reproductive health
Higher the GII, the greater the inequality between men & women
0 = men & women are fairly equal - score of 1.0 = inequality exists
How can gender inequality be shown in a society?
What type of countries would have a higher GII?
LDCs / developing countries why?
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, & SW Asia – highest inequality
Note: 10 countries in Europe have GIIs less than 0.1
Greater aspect of gender equality
Gender Development
GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Where is Gender Inequality
high?______________________
HISTORY OF AMERICAN WOMEN’S RIGHTS
Compulsory education
US varied from Massachusetts in 1652 to Mississippi 1917
Federal Law in 1918 with attendance laws
Child labor laws
Suffrage movement
1848 in Seneca Falls, NY
1869 Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton National Woman Suffrage Association
1920 – August 26 – 19th Amendment “The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied because of sex”
Title IX
1972 - federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity
Family Planning
Varies according to culture
Women's suffragists parade down
Fifth Avenue, New York, October
1917, carrying the signatures of a
million women
Susan B.
Anthony +
Elizabeth
Cady
Stanton
HOW DOES A WOMEN’S EDUCATION AFFECT THE STATE? ESPN
Economic _________________________________________________
Social ____________________________________________________
Political ___________________________________________________
State would encourage what kind of population policy? ________________
Nature = Environment ____________________________________
Developing Countries – How to start this Process?
Microloans
TED – Loan
Sandra Day
O’Connor
1st Women on
Supreme Court - 1981
Hillary Rodham
Clinton
Only 1st Lady to
run for a public
office
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Maternal mortality rate- number of women who die
giving birth per 100,000 births.
Adolescent fertility rate- number of births per 1,000
women ages 15–19.
Teenage pregnancy rate is below 10 per 1,000 in most European
countries, where most couples use some form of contraception.
Ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status
economic & political power
Every state (MDCs & LDCs) women hold fewer positions of economic &
political power
Empowerment measured by
Education (% of women who have completed high school)
Worldwide – 54% of women completed some high school vs. 64% men.
Developing countries – boys more likely to be high school graduates
10 boys / 6 females graduate
Gender Empowerment 10.6
Video
Video 2
Empowerment measured by
Political Power (% seats held by women in national legislatures)
More women vote
Few women hold positions of political power US 1/6 are in Congress
Rwanda majority of national parliament or congress is women
Europe highest region with members in national parliaments
Southwest Asia & Northern Africa lowest levels of females involved in
government
Gender Inequality Measures: GII –LABOR FORCE = Employment
• Female labor force participation rate = % of women
holding full-time jobs outside the home. • 100 males to X female
• Developed countries = 75% women
• Developing countries = 65% women
• Lowest rates are in SW Asia & North Africa = 35%
• Why? _________________________________
• Note: sub-Saharan Africa with lowest HDI & 77% women work in
______________ with the world’s highest _________ rate!
UN found Gender Inequality is on the DECLINE
Greatest improvement in SW Asia & North Africa
Why? _______________________ - Why decline? __________________
US GII increased rank 47 in GII versus HDI of 4
Reproductive rights are lower in US than other very high HDI states
Maternal mortality rate: US – 24 versus Canada – 12 Europe – 10
Percentage of women in National Legislature is much lower than other high HDI states
US – 17 women out of 100 senators - 74 of 435 representatives in 2012
Canada – 36 of 105 senators - 76 of 307 members of parliament/H of Commons
Gender Inequality Trends
WORLD TRADE: SELF-SUFFICIENCY VS. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
To promote development, most developing countries choose: SELF-SUFFICIENCY –
Encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses & resources
Protect their businesses from international competition
What are the benefits with this approach? Drawbacks?
Shortcomings/Problems with Self-sufficiency Approach:
Self-sufficiency was rejected for a number of reasons: Inefficient industries. Businesses could sell all they made, at high
government-controlled prices.
Lack of competitiveness. Companies were not pressured to keep abreast of rapid technological changes.
Corruption. A large, complex bureaucracy administered rules and processed documents for permits.
Black market. Ambitious businessmen found that struggling to produce goods was less rewarding than illegally importing goods.
10.8
WORLD TRADE: SELF-SUFFICIENCY VS. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
To promote development, most developing countries choose:
INTERNATIONAL TRADE –
Countries open themselves to foreign investment & international markets
What are the benefits with this approach? Drawbacks?
Transition to International Trade
International trade attracted many developing countries during the late twentieth century.
Exposes a country’s people & businesses to the demands & needs of people and businesses in other countries.
Example: India
Dismantled many of its barriers to international trade through the following changes:
Liberal with permits
Reduced taxes and tariffs
Eliminated monopolies
Video – overview I.T. Video
Benefits of International Trade:
Improved competitiveness of products
Monopolies were eliminated
Improvement in quality of products
With competition, products became better with improvements
Less restrictions (no taxes or quotas)
Drawbacks of International Trade:
Large corporations do not promote interests to poor people
(ties to local communities)
Foreign governments make agreements with international
trade but forget local areas
More immigrants may be
permitted to enter & take away
jobs from natives
WORLD TRADE: SELF-SUFFICIENCY VS. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
FAIR TRADE
Fair Trade- international trade that protects workers & small businesses in developing countries.
Problems with International Trade:
Only a tiny percentage of the price a consumer pays for a good reaches the individual in the developing country who is responsible for making or growing it.
Fair trade 1/3 of the price goes back to the LDC producer
Fair Trade Producer Standards
Business practices designed for economic, social, & environmental goals: Paid fair wages to the worker (eliminated the middlemen)
Promote safe & sustainable farming methods
Promote safe working conditions
Increasing the entrepreneurial and management skills of the producers.
10.10 Video Longer
Reality
FAIR TRADE
Fair Trade Worker Standards
Paid fair wages: enough to cover food, shelter,
education, health care, & other basic needs.
Permitted to organize a union &
right to collective bargaining.
Protected by high environmental and safety standards.
FAIR TRADE
Fair Trade Consumers
Most fair trade sales are in food & crafts
Coffee, tea, banana, chocolate, cocoa, juice, sugar, & honey
products.
Buying fair trade products helps consumers connect
more directly with the producers of the food, clothing,
& household items that they buy.
Video
PROGRESS IN DEVELOPMENT
World Trade Organization
Overall HDI score has increased by about the same
level in developed countries & developing countries.
Therefore, the gap economically between MDCs &
LDCs seem to increase.
10.11
UN: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
UN has set 17 goals to further reduce the gap in development
Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to
achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.
Address the global challenges:
Poverty - Gender Inequality - Climate Change - Peace
Empowerment - Environmental degradation - Hunger
10.11
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CORE & PERIPHERY
CORE = MDCs =
Developed
PERIPHERY = LDCs =
Developing
Involvement in
Colonialism
Economic Sector
- Majority of population
Economic Stability /
Poverty
Food distribution
Level of Education
Gender Equality,
Empowerment, &
Maternal Health
Health Care
- Life Expectancy
- Child mortality
Fair Trade
Environment treatment
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