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Morphology of Flowering
Plants
BIO
LOG
Y
CHAPTER - 05
00
This family was earlier called Papilionoideae, a subfamily of family Leguminosae. It is
distributed all over the world (Figure 5.21).
Vegetative Characters
Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules
Stem : erect or climber
Leaves : alternate, pinnately compound or simple; leaf base, pulvinate; stipulate; venation
reticulate.
Fabaceae
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Floral charactersInflorescence : racemose
Flower : bisexual, zygomorphic
Calyx : sepals five, gamosepalous; valvate/imbricate aestivation
Corolla : petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous, consisting of a posterior
standard, two lateral wings, two anterior ones forming a keel (enclosing stamens
and pistil), vexillary aestivation
Androecium : ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
Gynoecium : ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocular with many ovules, style
single
Fruit : legume ; seed: one to many, non-endospermic
Floral Formula :
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Many plants belonging to the family are sources of pulses (gram, arhar, sem, moong,
soyabean; edible oil (soyabean, groundnut); dye (Indigofera); fibres (sunhemp); fodder
(Sesbania, Trifolium), ornamentals (lupin, sweet pea); medicine (muliathi).
Economic importance
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It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely distributed in
tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones (Figure 5.22).
Vegetative Characters
Plants mostly herbs, shrubs and rarely small trees
Stem : herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow,
hairy or glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Leaves : alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation
reticulate
Solanaceae
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Inflorescence : Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum
Flower : bisexual, actinomorphic
Calyx : sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation
Corolla : petals five, united; valvate aestivation
Androecium : stamens five, epipetalous
Gynoecium : bicarpellary obligately placed, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular,
placenta swollen with many ovules, axile
Fruits : berry or capsule
Seeds : many, endospermous
Floral Formula :
Floral Character
00
Many plants belonging to this family are source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato),
spice (chilli); medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha); fumigatory (tobacco);
ornamentals (petunia).
Economic Importance
00
Commonly called the ‘Lily family’ is a characteristic representative of
monocotyledonous plants. It is distributed world wide (Figure 5.23).
Vegetative characters : Perennial herbs with underground bulbs/corms/ Rhizomes
Leaves mostly basal, alternate, linear, exstipulate with parallel venation
Floral charactersInflorescence : solitary / cymose; often umbellate clusters
Flower : bisexual; actinomorphic
Perianth tepal six (3+3), often united into tube; valvate aestivation
Androecium : stamen six, 3+3, epitepalous
Gynoecium : tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules; axile
placentation
Fruit : capsule, rarely berry
Seed : endospermous
Floral Formula :
Liliaceae
00
Many plants belonging to this family are good ornamentals (tulip, Gloriosa), source
of medicine (Aloe), vegetables (Asparagus), and colchicine (Colchicum autumnale).
Economic Importance
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Floral formula
00Floral formula
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Match the columns I, II and III and choose the correct combination from the
options given
(Family) (Fruit) (Seed)
Column I Column II Column III
a. Fabaceae 1. Berry or capsule K. Endospermic
b. Liliaceae 2. Legume L. Non-endospermic
c. Solananceae 3. Capsule, rarely berry
(A) a-2-K, b-1-K, c-3-L (B) a-2-L, b-3-K, c-1-L
(C) a-2-K, b-3-L, c-1-L (D) a-2-L, b-3-K, c-1-K.
01
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Petunia, Datura and Nicotiana belong to family
(A) Fabacea
(B) Poaceae
(C) Solanaceae
(D) Liliaceae.
02
00
Which family is characteristic representative of
monocotyledonous plants
(A) Liliaceae
(B) Solanaceae
(C) Fabaceae
(D) Brassicaceae.
03
00
Bicarpellary syncarpous ovary with axile
placentation is found in
(A) Solanaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Malvaceae
(D) Fabaceae.
04
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Sunflower belongs to family
(A) Liliaceae
(B) Cruciferace
(C) Fabaceae
(D) Asteraceae.
05
00
Brinjal, Potato, Tomato, Onion, Ginger belong to
(A) A single family
(B) Four different genera
(C) Five different genera
(D) Same genus.
06
00
Trimerous flower, superior ovary with axile
placentation are characteristic of
(A) Liliaceae
(B) Fabaceae
(C) Solanaceae
(D) Asteraceae.
07
00
Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination
from the options given
Column I Column II
a. Monocarpellary, unilocular 1. Fabaceae
b. Bicarpellary, biolcular ovary 2. Solanaceae
c. Tricarpellary, trilocular ovary 3. Liliacea
(A) a-1, b-2, c-3
(B) a-3, b-2, c-1
(C) a-2, b-3, c-1
(D) a-2, b-1, c-3.
08
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The floral characters of liliaceae are
(A) Six tepals, zygomorphic, six stamens, bilocular ovary, axile
placentation
(B) Tet ramerous, act inomorphic, polyphyl lous, unilocular
ovary, axile placentation
(C) Bisexual, actionmorphic, polyandrous, superior ovary, axile
placentation
(D) Bisexual, zygomorphic, gamophyllous, inferior ovary,
marginal placentation.
09
00
In floral formula, (K) denotes
(A) Polysepalous
(B) Gamosepalous
(C) Polypetalous
(D) Gamopetalous.
10
00
Monocarpellary ovary, diadelphous androecium
and marginal placentation occur in
(A) Brassicaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Liliaceae
(D) Fabaceae.
11
00
Perianth occurs in family
(A) Solanaceae
(B) Fabaceae
(C) Brassicaceae
(D) Liliaceae
12
00
Gynoecium having three fused carpels with a
single ovule containing chamber is
(A) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular
(B) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, unilocular
(C) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular
(D) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, trilocular.
13
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Diadelphous condition occurs in
(A) Solanaceae
(B) Fabaceae
(C) Asteraceae
(D) Liliaceae.
14
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Individual components of perianth are called
(A) Sepals
(B) Petals
(C) Tepals
(D) Bracts.
15
00
Four sepals arranged in two whorls is
characteristic of family
(A) Solanaceae
(B) Fabaceae
(C) Brassicaceae
(D) Liliaceae.
16
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Pulses are obtained from
(A) Fabaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Poaceae
(D) Solanaceae.
17
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Flower of Fabaceae is
(A) Complete, zygomorphic, pentamerous
(B) Complete, actinomorphic, trimerous
(C) Incomplete, zygomorphic, trimerous
(D) Incomplete, actinomorphic, pentamerous.
18
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Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from
the options given
Column I Column II
(Medicinal plant) (Family)
a. Aloe 1. Brassicaceae
b. Belladonna 2. Fabaceae
c. Muliathi 3. Solananceae
d. Ashwagandha 4. Liliaceae
(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 (B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1
(C) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-3 (D) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-3.
19
00
In fabaceae, one of the following immediately
encloses the essential organs
(A) Anterior petals
(B) Posterior petal
(C) Lateral petals
(D) Sepals.
20
00
Papilionaceous corolla occurs in
(A) Brassicaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Fabaceae
(D) Poaceae.
21
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A fruit with replum occurs in
(A) Compositae
(B) Brassicaceae
(C) Labiatae
(D) All the above.
22
00
An aspect of flower shown in floral formula but
not in floral diagram is
(A) Position of ovary
(B) Floral symmetry
(C) Astivation
(D) Cohesion of floral parts.
23
00
Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the
options given
Column I Column II
(Ornamental plant) (Family)
a. Tulip 1. Solananceae
b. Lupin 2. Liliaceae
c. Petunia 3. Brassicaceae
d. Gloriosa 4. Fabaceae
e. Sweet pea
(A) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-4, e-2 (B) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-4, e-2
(C) a-4, b-2, c-1, d-2, e-4 (D) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-2, e-4.
24
00
Familiar examples of family Liliaceae are
(A) Allium cepa, Aloe vera and Tamarindus indica
(B) Saraca indica, Allium cepa and Aloe vera
(C) Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Aloe vera
(D) Tamarindus indica, Allium cepa & Allium sativum
25
00
Botanical name of Radish is
(A) Brassica nigra
(B) Brasica oleracea
(C) Raphanus sativus
(D) None of the above.
26
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Plant yielding medicine for checking eye is
(A) Withania coagulens
(B) Atropa belladonna
(C) Hyoscyamus niger
(D) Solanum surattense.
27
00
Oryza sativa belongs to family
(A) Fabaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Malvaceae
(D) Poaceae.
28
00
A family delimited by type of inflorescence is
(A) Fabaceae
(B) Asteraceae
(C) Solanaceae
(D) Liliaceae.
29
00
Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the
options given
Column I Column II
a. Fumigatory 1. Solananceae
b. Colchicine 2. Fabaceae
c. Makoi 3. Liliaceae
d. Fodder
e. Spice
(A) a-1, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-1 (B) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-1, e-2
(C) a-1, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-1 (D) a-1, b-3, c-1, d-1, e-2.
30
00
Plants are always herbs in
(A) Fabaceae
(B) Solanaceae
(C) Brassicaceae
(D) None of the above.
31
00
Most advance family of dicot is
(A) Orchidaceae
(B) Magnoliaceae
(C) Asteraceae
(D) Fabaceae.
32
Genetics AndEvolution
BIO
LOG
Y CHAPTER - 05
00
Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865 but for several
reasons, it remained unrecognised till 1900. Firstly, communication was not easy (as
it is now) in those days and his work could not be widely publicised. Secondly, his
concept of genes (or factors, in Mendel’s words) as stable and discrete units that
controlled the expression of traits and, of the pair of alleles which did not ‘blend’
with each other, was not accepted by his contemporaries as an explanation for the
apparently continuous variation seen in nature. Thirdly, Mendel’s approach of using
mathematics to explain biological phenomena was totally new and unacceptable to
many of the biologists of his time. Finally, though Mendel’s work suggested that
factors (genes) were discrete units, he could not provide any physical proof for the
existence of factors or say what they were made of.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
00
In 1900, three Scientists (de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak) independently
rediscovered Mendel’s results on the inheritance of characters. Also, by this time
due to advancements in microscopy that were taking place, scientists were able to
carefully observe cell division. This led to the discovery of structures in the nucleus
that appeared to double and divide just before each cell division. These were called
chromosomes (colored bodies, as they were visualised by staining). By 1902, the
chromosome movement during meiosis had been worked out. Walter Sutton and
Theodore Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to the
behaviour of genes and used chromosome movement (Figure 5.8) to explain
Mendel’s laws (Table 5.3).
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
00
Recall that you have studied the behaviour
of chromosomes during mitosis
(equational division) and during meiosis
(reduction division). The important things
to remember are that chromosomes as
well as genes occur in pairs. The two
alleles of a gene pair are located on
homologous sites on homologous
chromosomes.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
00
00
During Anaphase of meiosis I, the two chromosome pairs can align at the
metaphase plate independently of each other (Figure 5.9). To understand this,
compare the chromosomes of four different colour in the left and right columns. In
the left column (Possibility I) orange and green is segregating together. But in the
right hand column (Possibility II) the orange chromosome is segregating with the
red chromosomes.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
00
00
00
Sutton and Boveri argued that the pairing and separation of
a pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a
pair of factors they carried. Sutton united the knowledge of
chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and
called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Following
this synthesis of ideas, experimental verification of the
chromosomal theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt
Morgan and his colleagues, led to discovering the basis for
the variation that sexual reproduction produced. Morgan
worked with the tiny fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster
(Figure 5.10), which were found very suitable for such
studies.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
00
They could be grown on simple synthetic medium in the laboratory. They complete
their life cycle in about two weeks, and a single mating could produce a large
number of progeny flies. Also, there was a clear differentiation of the sexes – the
male and female flies are easily distinguishable. Also, it has many types of
hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscopes.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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