Morphology of Flowering

Plants

BIO

LOG

Y

CHAPTER - 05

00

This family was earlier called Papilionoideae, a subfamily of family Leguminosae. It is

distributed all over the world (Figure 5.21).

Vegetative Characters

Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules

Stem : erect or climber

Leaves : alternate, pinnately compound or simple; leaf base, pulvinate; stipulate; venation

reticulate.

Fabaceae

00

00

Floral charactersInflorescence : racemose

Flower : bisexual, zygomorphic

Calyx : sepals five, gamosepalous; valvate/imbricate aestivation

Corolla : petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous, consisting of a posterior

standard, two lateral wings, two anterior ones forming a keel (enclosing stamens

and pistil), vexillary aestivation

Androecium : ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous

Gynoecium : ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocular with many ovules, style

single

Fruit : legume ; seed: one to many, non-endospermic

Floral Formula :

00

Many plants belonging to the family are sources of pulses (gram, arhar, sem, moong,

soyabean; edible oil (soyabean, groundnut); dye (Indigofera); fibres (sunhemp); fodder

(Sesbania, Trifolium), ornamentals (lupin, sweet pea); medicine (muliathi).

Economic importance

00

It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely distributed in

tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones (Figure 5.22).

Vegetative Characters

Plants mostly herbs, shrubs and rarely small trees

Stem : herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow,

hairy or glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Leaves : alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation

reticulate

Solanaceae

00

00

Inflorescence : Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum

Flower : bisexual, actinomorphic

Calyx : sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation

Corolla : petals five, united; valvate aestivation

Androecium : stamens five, epipetalous

Gynoecium : bicarpellary obligately placed, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular,

placenta swollen with many ovules, axile

Fruits : berry or capsule

Seeds : many, endospermous

Floral Formula :

Floral Character

00

Many plants belonging to this family are source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato),

spice (chilli); medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha); fumigatory (tobacco);

ornamentals (petunia).

Economic Importance

00

Commonly called the ‘Lily family’ is a characteristic representative of

monocotyledonous plants. It is distributed world wide (Figure 5.23).

Vegetative characters : Perennial herbs with underground bulbs/corms/ Rhizomes

Leaves mostly basal, alternate, linear, exstipulate with parallel venation

Floral charactersInflorescence : solitary / cymose; often umbellate clusters

Flower : bisexual; actinomorphic

Perianth tepal six (3+3), often united into tube; valvate aestivation

Androecium : stamen six, 3+3, epitepalous

Gynoecium : tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules; axile

placentation

Fruit : capsule, rarely berry

Seed : endospermous

Floral Formula :

Liliaceae

00

Many plants belonging to this family are good ornamentals (tulip, Gloriosa), source

of medicine (Aloe), vegetables (Asparagus), and colchicine (Colchicum autumnale).

Economic Importance

00

00

00

Floral formula

00Floral formula

00

00

Match the columns I, II and III and choose the correct combination from the

options given

(Family) (Fruit) (Seed)

Column I Column II Column III

a. Fabaceae 1. Berry or capsule K. Endospermic

b. Liliaceae 2. Legume L. Non-endospermic

c. Solananceae 3. Capsule, rarely berry

(A) a-2-K, b-1-K, c-3-L (B) a-2-L, b-3-K, c-1-L

(C) a-2-K, b-3-L, c-1-L (D) a-2-L, b-3-K, c-1-K.

01

00

Petunia, Datura and Nicotiana belong to family

(A) Fabacea

(B) Poaceae

(C) Solanaceae

(D) Liliaceae.

02

00

Which family is characteristic representative of

monocotyledonous plants

(A) Liliaceae

(B) Solanaceae

(C) Fabaceae

(D) Brassicaceae.

03

00

Bicarpellary syncarpous ovary with axile

placentation is found in

(A) Solanaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Malvaceae

(D) Fabaceae.

04

00

Sunflower belongs to family

(A) Liliaceae

(B) Cruciferace

(C) Fabaceae

(D) Asteraceae.

05

00

Brinjal, Potato, Tomato, Onion, Ginger belong to

(A) A single family

(B) Four different genera

(C) Five different genera

(D) Same genus.

06

00

Trimerous flower, superior ovary with axile

placentation are characteristic of

(A) Liliaceae

(B) Fabaceae

(C) Solanaceae

(D) Asteraceae.

07

00

Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination

from the options given

Column I Column II

a. Monocarpellary, unilocular 1. Fabaceae

b. Bicarpellary, biolcular ovary 2. Solanaceae

c. Tricarpellary, trilocular ovary 3. Liliacea

(A) a-1, b-2, c-3

(B) a-3, b-2, c-1

(C) a-2, b-3, c-1

(D) a-2, b-1, c-3.

08

00

The floral characters of liliaceae are

(A) Six tepals, zygomorphic, six stamens, bilocular ovary, axile

placentation

(B) Tet ramerous, act inomorphic, polyphyl lous, unilocular

ovary, axile placentation

(C) Bisexual, actionmorphic, polyandrous, superior ovary, axile

placentation

(D) Bisexual, zygomorphic, gamophyllous, inferior ovary,

marginal placentation.

09

00

In floral formula, (K) denotes

(A) Polysepalous

(B) Gamosepalous

(C) Polypetalous

(D) Gamopetalous.

10

00

Monocarpellary ovary, diadelphous androecium

and marginal placentation occur in

(A) Brassicaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Liliaceae

(D) Fabaceae.

11

00

Perianth occurs in family

(A) Solanaceae

(B) Fabaceae

(C) Brassicaceae

(D) Liliaceae

12

00

Gynoecium having three fused carpels with a

single ovule containing chamber is

(A) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular

(B) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, unilocular

(C) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular

(D) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, trilocular.

13

00

Diadelphous condition occurs in

(A) Solanaceae

(B) Fabaceae

(C) Asteraceae

(D) Liliaceae.

14

00

Individual components of perianth are called

(A) Sepals

(B) Petals

(C) Tepals

(D) Bracts.

15

00

Four sepals arranged in two whorls is

characteristic of family

(A) Solanaceae

(B) Fabaceae

(C) Brassicaceae

(D) Liliaceae.

16

00

Pulses are obtained from

(A) Fabaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Poaceae

(D) Solanaceae.

17

00

Flower of Fabaceae is

(A) Complete, zygomorphic, pentamerous

(B) Complete, actinomorphic, trimerous

(C) Incomplete, zygomorphic, trimerous

(D) Incomplete, actinomorphic, pentamerous.

18

00

Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from

the options given

Column I Column II

(Medicinal plant) (Family)

a. Aloe 1. Brassicaceae

b. Belladonna 2. Fabaceae

c. Muliathi 3. Solananceae

d. Ashwagandha 4. Liliaceae

(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 (B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1

(C) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-3 (D) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-3.

19

00

In fabaceae, one of the following immediately

encloses the essential organs

(A) Anterior petals

(B) Posterior petal

(C) Lateral petals

(D) Sepals.

20

00

Papilionaceous corolla occurs in

(A) Brassicaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Fabaceae

(D) Poaceae.

21

00

A fruit with replum occurs in

(A) Compositae

(B) Brassicaceae

(C) Labiatae

(D) All the above.

22

00

An aspect of flower shown in floral formula but

not in floral diagram is

(A) Position of ovary

(B) Floral symmetry

(C) Astivation

(D) Cohesion of floral parts.

23

00

Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the

options given

Column I Column II

(Ornamental plant) (Family)

a. Tulip 1. Solananceae

b. Lupin 2. Liliaceae

c. Petunia 3. Brassicaceae

d. Gloriosa 4. Fabaceae

e. Sweet pea

(A) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-4, e-2 (B) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-4, e-2

(C) a-4, b-2, c-1, d-2, e-4 (D) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-2, e-4.

24

00

Familiar examples of family Liliaceae are

(A) Allium cepa, Aloe vera and Tamarindus indica

(B) Saraca indica, Allium cepa and Aloe vera

(C) Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Aloe vera

(D) Tamarindus indica, Allium cepa & Allium sativum

25

00

Botanical name of Radish is

(A) Brassica nigra

(B) Brasica oleracea

(C) Raphanus sativus

(D) None of the above.

26

00

Plant yielding medicine for checking eye is

(A) Withania coagulens

(B) Atropa belladonna

(C) Hyoscyamus niger

(D) Solanum surattense.

27

00

Oryza sativa belongs to family

(A) Fabaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Malvaceae

(D) Poaceae.

28

00

A family delimited by type of inflorescence is

(A) Fabaceae

(B) Asteraceae

(C) Solanaceae

(D) Liliaceae.

29

00

Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the

options given

Column I Column II

a. Fumigatory 1. Solananceae

b. Colchicine 2. Fabaceae

c. Makoi 3. Liliaceae

d. Fodder

e. Spice

(A) a-1, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-1 (B) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-1, e-2

(C) a-1, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-1 (D) a-1, b-3, c-1, d-1, e-2.

30

00

Plants are always herbs in

(A) Fabaceae

(B) Solanaceae

(C) Brassicaceae

(D) None of the above.

31

00

Most advance family of dicot is

(A) Orchidaceae

(B) Magnoliaceae

(C) Asteraceae

(D) Fabaceae.

32

Genetics AndEvolution

BIO

LOG

Y CHAPTER - 05

00

Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865 but for several

reasons, it remained unrecognised till 1900. Firstly, communication was not easy (as

it is now) in those days and his work could not be widely publicised. Secondly, his

concept of genes (or factors, in Mendel’s words) as stable and discrete units that

controlled the expression of traits and, of the pair of alleles which did not ‘blend’

with each other, was not accepted by his contemporaries as an explanation for the

apparently continuous variation seen in nature. Thirdly, Mendel’s approach of using

mathematics to explain biological phenomena was totally new and unacceptable to

many of the biologists of his time. Finally, though Mendel’s work suggested that

factors (genes) were discrete units, he could not provide any physical proof for the

existence of factors or say what they were made of.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

00

In 1900, three Scientists (de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak) independently

rediscovered Mendel’s results on the inheritance of characters. Also, by this time

due to advancements in microscopy that were taking place, scientists were able to

carefully observe cell division. This led to the discovery of structures in the nucleus

that appeared to double and divide just before each cell division. These were called

chromosomes (colored bodies, as they were visualised by staining). By 1902, the

chromosome movement during meiosis had been worked out. Walter Sutton and

Theodore Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to the

behaviour of genes and used chromosome movement (Figure 5.8) to explain

Mendel’s laws (Table 5.3).

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

00

Recall that you have studied the behaviour

of chromosomes during mitosis

(equational division) and during meiosis

(reduction division). The important things

to remember are that chromosomes as

well as genes occur in pairs. The two

alleles of a gene pair are located on

homologous sites on homologous

chromosomes.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

00

00

During Anaphase of meiosis I, the two chromosome pairs can align at the

metaphase plate independently of each other (Figure 5.9). To understand this,

compare the chromosomes of four different colour in the left and right columns. In

the left column (Possibility I) orange and green is segregating together. But in the

right hand column (Possibility II) the orange chromosome is segregating with the

red chromosomes.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

00

00

00

Sutton and Boveri argued that the pairing and separation of

a pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a

pair of factors they carried. Sutton united the knowledge of

chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and

called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Following

this synthesis of ideas, experimental verification of the

chromosomal theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt

Morgan and his colleagues, led to discovering the basis for

the variation that sexual reproduction produced. Morgan

worked with the tiny fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster

(Figure 5.10), which were found very suitable for such

studies.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

00

They could be grown on simple synthetic medium in the laboratory. They complete

their life cycle in about two weeks, and a single mating could produce a large

number of progeny flies. Also, there was a clear differentiation of the sexes – the

male and female flies are easily distinguishable. Also, it has many types of

hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscopes.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance