View
45
Download
3
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Unconscious Motivation
Chapter 14
Freud’s Dual-Instinct Theory
EROSInstinct for Life
THANATOSInstincts for Death
e.g., instincts for
• sex,
• nurturance,
• affiliation
e.g., instincts for
• aggression toward self,(self-criticism, depression)
• aggression toward others(anger, prejudice)
Contemporary Psychodynamic Perspective
Three Contemporary Views on the Unconscious
AdaptiveUnconscious
Implicit Motivation
Freudian Unconscious
Automatically appraises
theenvironment
e.g., sets goals, makes judgments,
and initiates action
Automatically attend to
emotionally linked
environmental events
Psychodynamics
The clashing of psychological forces
Idea
Desire
Excitation
Cathexis (sexual desire)
Conscious volition (Will) Unconscious Counter-Will
Counter-idea
Repression
Inhibition
Anticathexis (guilt)
Ego ID
Illustration of Psychodynamics
Do the ID and Ego Actually Exist?
Ego Development
Ego Psychology
(Loevinger, 1976)
Ego Development Symbiotic
Infant, ego is immature and overwhelmed by impulses
Welfare depends of and is provided by caretaker
ImpulsiveExternal forces (parental rules) curb a child’s
impulses and desires Self-Protective
Child begins to understand rules and consequences and develops self-control
Rules and consequences are internalized and guide one’s self-protective defense capabilities
Ego Development Conformist
Ego internalizes group accepted rulesAnxiety of group disapproval becomes a
counterforce against impulses Conscientious
Set of internal standards to curb and counter impulses
AutonomousThoughts, plans, goals, and behaviors
originate from within the ego Self regulating and self motivating ego
Motivational Importance of Ego Development
Changes in InternalOr External Reality
• Environmental Dangers
(conflict with environment)
• Instinctual Presses (from Id) (conflict with impulses)
• Superego Demands(conflict with conscience)
Anxiety,Distress,Depression
Defense Mechanisms toBuffer and Reduce Anxiety
Figure 14.1 Role of Defense Mechanisms in Buffering the Ego from Anxiety-Generating Events
Ego Defense
Ego Defense MechanismsPage 408 Denial Fantasy Projection Displacement Identification Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Anticipation Humor Sublimation
Ego Effectance
EffectanceMotivation
Willingness to ExerciseEmerging and ExistingSkills and Capabilities
InevitableEffects on orChanges in theEnvironment
Voluntary AttemptsTo Produce Intentional,Goal-DirectedChanges in the Environment
When Successful, Sense of Competence Increases
White’s Model of Effectance Motivation
Freud’s Drive Theory
Source of Drive Impetus of Drive Object of Drive Aim of Drive
Bodily deficit Intensity of thepsychologicaldiscomfort(anxiety)
Environmentalobject capableof satisfyingbodily deficit
Satisfactionby removing thebodily deficit
Development of mental representations of self through your relationships with others.
The quality of any one’s mental representation of relationships can be characterized by three chief dimensions:
Object Relation Theory
Criticisms of the Psychodynamic Approach
Recommended